Beast faces appeared in the early bronze wares of Shang Dynasty，Simple geometric patterns before change，Putting a mysterious coat for bronze wares，It is an important innovation in the history of Chinese early art。Careful review can be found，These animal faces are basically composed of two relative dragons，A double dragon pattern belonging to the face -prominent face，Coupled with the most popular monolithic dragon pattern that was originally popular in this period，It can be said that the dragon pattern is a tattoo with a dominant status on the Bronze of the Shang Dynasty to the early Western Zhou Dynasty。

Not only that，Most of the most popular patterns on bronze and jade in the mid -Western Zhou Dynasty are closely related to dragon patterns。These decorations are deformation or reduction of dragon patterns，such as stealing curvature、螭、虺 虺;，such as ripples、Dynamic scales、heavy ring pattern (horizontal scales), etc.。This shows that the importance of dragons during the Shang and Zhou dynasties exceeded the past cognition of the academic circles。The current application is as follows。

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There is generally a vertical lapse in the beast lines of the Shang and Zhou dynasties，Divide the entire beast face into two relative dragons。Actually，Two kiss parts down the dragon are connected together，can all form a complete beast facial pattern。A double animal pattern is an important mother question for bronze ornaments，It is a special manifestation of the same type of animal。This is also the case of a double beast face composed of two dragons，It still belongs to the dragon pattern。

Beast faces belong to a double dragon pattern，can be confirmed from Bet365 app download the Panlong pattern。Panlong pattern is centered on the head of the dragon、The circular dragon pattern of the torso coat，Common inner bottom of the bronze plate during the Shang and Zhou Dynasties。For example，Yinxu Women's Tomb and Guojiazhuang M160 unearthed from the copper plate decorative Panlong pattern，Its dragon is the typical animal face pattern，Prove that the beast face pattern is actually a dragon pattern that highlights the facial form。What needs attention is，After the mid -Western Zhou Dynasty，Traditional animal facial patterns tend to disappear，But the dragon pattern has not declined，Instead, it turns into stealing patterns、Bogu line、Dynamic scales、heavy ring line、螭、虺 虺、Put head and other forms，Continue to popularize in bronze wares、Jade and other important utensils。

　　Bogou pattern, vertical scales and heavy ring linesIs the abstract pattern of the dragon

Ma Chengyuan、Zhu Fenghan and others believe that Boge pattern is closely related to dragon patterns，Qi Yan during the Zhao King's period unearthed from Longkou, Shandong confirmed this。Qiyi covered with the waveded ribs is currently the earliest Bogen pattern，Its shape is exactly the same as that of a double dragon pattern on the neck，and also decorated with scales，Fully illustrates the abstraction of the ripple pattern is the torso of the dragon。This method of decorating scales next to the Burled pattern is generally existed on the bronze wares of the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Warring States Periods。other，The natural scene of mountains and rivers enters the decorative field of Chinese bronze wares，It is after the appearance of the portrait of the character in the late spring and autumn，Before the Central Plains bronze wares have not seen a solid pattern depicting natural landscapes，Bobo Mountain 簋 should also be like this。

The age of the Bobo Mountains has been cast for more than 50 years，When people'bet365 Play online games s original meaning to the Bogee pattern (the trunk of the dragon) may not be clear，Plus the wave -shaped decorative shape on the Gabobo Mountain Cover looks like Yuanshan，Perhaps the Bogu pattern is called Baoshan pattern。This "connotation" phenomenon is more common in cultural communication，When something is from the original cultural realm of its generation，The original cultural connotation usually has a certain degree of dissolution，The longer the time、The farther the spread of the propagation，The more obvious the phenomenon of connotation dissolution，It will even completely eliminate。

other，Shang Zhou period，Fish patterns have never become the mainstream pattern on the bronze in Central Plains，From this point of view，Fish scales are also unlikely to become the mainstream decoration on the bronze in the Central Plains。The dragon body surface created by the snake as the prototype also has scales，plus dragon pattern is a tattoo that has a dominant status on the bronze in the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty，There are many bronze examples of bronze decorative scales with dragon body，Therefore, vertical scales that begin to become popular in the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty、The scales of heavy ring pattern (horizontal scales)，Should be a dragon scale，but not a fish scale。

　虺 虺 is a thumbnail version of 螭 螭

"Mandarin · Wu Yu" Cloud "For the Efforts，What is the snake "，Wei Zhao Note: "虺，Snake。"Since the Song Dynasty，Many scholars will connect each other on the prevailing of bronze in the late spring and autumn bronze wares、Densely arranged patterns are called 虺，regarding it as a kind of snake pattern。But actually，Snake pattern has never become the mainstream pattern on the Central Plains bronze，Logically speaking，Snake pattern is unlikely to become the mainstream decoration of the bronze in the Central Plains in the late Spring and Autumn Period。During the popularity of the pupae and before and before，bet365 best casino games Bronze wares are prevalent by many dragons entangled with each other、螭 螭，These tattoos are likely to be a reduced version or a simple version of the puppet pattern，So that the head of most dragons is difficult to identify，It is easy to be mistaken for snake。

Ma Chengyuan believes that "虺" is a "miniature" product formed by the decorative dragon pattern on a smaller size，No need to be called 虺。This can be confirmed on the bronze wares from the late Spring and Autumn Period to the Warring States Period，Such as the 虺，Ding Gai and the abdomen's decorations are very fine，A kind of "虺 虺"，But after enlarging, the so -called snake is actually a dragon that is entangled with each other。Therefore，虺 虺 should be a thumbnail or simplified version of 螭 螭，It is also a form of expression of dragon pattern。

Dragon's importance in the Shang and Zhou dynasties again

Comprehensive analysis above，Nine most popular main decorations on the bronze wares of Shang and Zhou Dynasties -Beast Facial Pattern、Dragon pattern、Bird pattern、stealing patterns、Bogu line、Dynamic scales、heavy ring line、螭、虺 虺，Only bird patterns have nothing to do with dragon patterns，and，Even in the late Shang Dynasty in the most popular Shang Dynasty to the mid -western period，The total amount of bird pattern is far less than the beast facial pattern and the dragon pattern。Obviously，Dragon pattern occupies an absolute dominant position in the main decoration of the Bronze Bronze in Shang and Zhou Dynasties，It is the most important decoration in the Bronze Age of China，Its importance far exceeds our existing cognition。

Zhang Guangzhi thinks，Animals on the bronze ware "use energy to cooperate up and down，To Cheng Tianxiu "，is the medium of communicating man and God。"Said the text" cloud，"Dragon，Can be fine and giant。Being Young，Can be fine and giant，Can be short and long。Spring equinox and climb the sky，Autumn equinox and Qianyuan "。Long Ke is big and small、long or short，Change Wanfang，bet365 best casino games can be soared outside nine days，can be deeply dive below the nine Yuan，Therefore, it has become the best medium for the ancients to communicate the world。Under this background，Dragons exist on many utensils during the Shang and Weekly periods in many changes。

Brief words，The dragon created by the Chinese ancestors has a thorough ability，It is the main medium to communicate with the ancestors and the gods。The dragon pattern of the Shang and Zhou dynasties completed a qualitative leap in the basis of inheriting the Xia Dynasty，Established its dominance in the communication ancestors and the media medium，Become a bronze at that time、The main theme of the decoration of giftware such as jade ware，The foundation of thought for the symbol of the dragon to become emperor and the Chinese nation later。A large number of dragon patterns appear on the sacred Shang Zhou ceremony，Most of its morphological changes、The length of the duration、The proportion of proportion，Reflect that the importance and sacredness of the unparalleledness and sacredness of the dragon's concept of Shang and Zhou dynasties。

　　Dragon pattern witnessed the Chinese civilizationcontinuity and unity

China's dragon shape is more discovered in the Neolithic era，For example, the site of the Fuxin Chahai site in Liaoning is more than 8,000 years ago.，Henan Puyang Xishui Po site is more than 6,000 years old mussel shell pile plastic dragon，Hubei Huangmei Jiao Dun Site is about 6,000 years of pebble pile plastic dragon，Inner Mongolia Weng Niuteqi Samsung, Samsung's Village, 5,000 years of Yulong，Zhejiang Yuhang Anti -Mountain Cemetery is about 5,000 years of carving dragon white jade cards，Inner Mongolia Aohan Banner Dadianzi and Shanxi Tao Temple ruins are about 4,000 years old dragon -patterned painted pottery。

The dragon image of the bronze era is based on the inheritance of the Neolithic Age，There is a big development again。For example, the two miles ruins found a pottery bet365 Play online games related to the dragon、Tao Fan、Green Pine Jewelry and other utensils reached more than 30 pieces，Especially the turquoise dragon，It means that the dragon is more important than before the Xia Dynasty。and to the Shang Dynasty，Not only bronze、Jade "Because of Xiaoli"，The dragon pattern decorated with it also inherits the Xia Dynasty，and more popular than Xia Dai、More important。During the two weeks, the image of Shang Dragon and the tradition of emphasis on dragons，Dragon pattern in bronze ware、Jade and other etiquettes still occupy the dominant position，The foundation laid the foundation for the symbols of the dragon to become emperor and the Chinese nation later。

It is worth noting that，The dragon shape from the Neolithic era to the bronze era spreads throughout the river north and south、Inside and outside the Great Wall，Except for the dragon image of the Neolithic Age mentioned earlier，Dragon images of the bronze era are more common，Such as the early animal facial pattern (a double dragon pattern) of the Zhukaigou Shang Dynasty in Inner Mongolia，Shanxi Shilou Taohuazhuang Shang Dynasty Shang Dynasty Dragon -shaped，Early Panlong Gai in the early Western Zhou Dynasty, Kaizuo Beidong Village, Liaoning，Gansu Bai Cao Po Western Zhou Dynasty Dragon Ear -shaped，Sichuan Guanghan Sanxingdui Shangdai Late Dragon Pillar -shaped device、Dragon Climbing Cover、Long Dragon on the Bronze God Tree，Dragon Plate of the Shang Dynasty, Wenling, Wenling, Zhejiang，The Western Zhou Dragon Equipment of the Western Zhou Dynasty in Xinyi, Guangdong，endless plums。This shows that as early as the pre -Qin period，Dragon has a high degree of recognition，It is an important testimony of the unity of Chinese civilization。

Among all animals，Only Dragon represents China。Dragon image appears from Xinglongwa Culture Chahai site，In the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, it became the most important medium bet365 best casino games for communication ancestors and gods，Then to the symbol of the emperor during the Qin and Han dynasties，Finally sublimated the spiritual symbol and cultural logo of the Chinese nation，After at least 8,000 years of continuous journey。It can be said，History of Dragon，The origin of Chinese civilization、Development、Fusion、History of spread。

　　(This article is the Study Research Research on the National Social Science Foundation Project "Ancient Chinese Bronze Inspection" (19xkg009) phase results)

(The author is a professor at the China Bronze Culture Research Center of Shaanxi Normal University)