The same symbols such as "ten" and "卍"，"Pentagon" (☆) appeared in all parts of the world，and given all kinds of special meanings。We call this symbol today as "Pentagon" or "Penta Star"，By default it is "Star"。In children's paintings，Pentagon is a common manifestation of the stars。Although the pentagram is also used as a symbol of the stars in history (such as in ancient Egypt)，But more time，It is a geometric symbol that is not directly associated with the stars。Pentagon is called "Pentagram"，This name comes from ancient Greek，The original meaning is "five lines"，That is a pattern made of five straight line intersection。

If you return to Chinese civilization，When can the earliest pentagram go back? What is the connotation?。

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West Asia、North Africa、East Asia is the earliest region that entered the country in the world，With the dawn of civilization，There are also pentagrams that appear in these three regions。

It is generally considered in the past，West Asia Basin is the first area where five -pointed star symbols appear。If it belongs to the Jemdet NASR period (5100-4700 years)、On the vase，Describe a pentagram。This kind of five -pointed star is not simply decoration or symbol，but characters，Converted as Latin letters as UB，It can be used to represent "corners" and other meaning。Since it is character rather than simple decoration，Therefore, with the continuous simplification of its wedge text writing，Akkad (Akkad) This character's writing is difficult to connect with Pentagon。

In ancient Egypt，Sirius Star Goddess -Sopdet (Sopdet，or translated as Soper) is portrayed as the image of the pentagram above the head。Pentagon is often used as a symbol of the stars，It is used to embellish the ancient Egyptian relief、Starry sky of murals。In ancient Egyptian holy books，Pentagon bet365 live casino games is also a character，Converted as Latin letters as SBA or DUA，It is a pictograph that means "star"，In addition, you can also indicate "hour", "morning", etc.。When there is a circle around the Pentagon，It means the underworld。What needs attention is，Ancient Egypt's Pentagon Symbol，The central center is the ball shape，Express the planet; the "five horns" extending around，It is not a real "horns"，They are slender as lines，Express the light of the stars。

Visible，Pentagon in ancient Egypt and the five -pointed star in the two river basins, whether it is shape or connotation，Nothing can be equivalent。The pattern closer to the five -pointed star shape of the two river basins，Seeing a pottery plate in Liangzhu Culture (5300-4300 years ago)。Mr. Wang Renxiang has introduced this ceramic plate，It was unearthed at Tomb, No. 204, Shanghai Maqiao Site，About 5000 years to this。It depicts a pentagram pattern for its inner bottom，There are spiral lines around the pentagram。Mr. Wang Renxiang also introduced it in another Liangzhu cultural utensils -the pentagram star on the M249 pottery pot of Pinghuzhuang Bridge, Zhejiang。This pentagram shape，It is exactly the same as a pentagonal star in the two river basins。

Visible，It is also about 5000 years away from today，civilization of the two river basins、Ancient Egyptian civilization、Chinese civilization has a symbol of pentagram，Reflecting each other。Pentagon is a kind of balance，Geometric graphics containing a golden segmentation ratio。Five petals in nature、Stars can be inspired by the creation of geometric figures of Pentagon，The ancestors from all over the country invariably depict the pattern of the five -pointed star，It is not difficult to understand。

So，What information did the pentagram of Liangzhu culture convey to us? Mr. Wang Renxiang thinks，This pentagram is more likely to symbolize a certain celestial body，Its periphery line indicates the operation of the celestial body。What is the body? Mr. Wang has no words。In the past, some people pointed out that Pentagon Bet365 lotto review was inspired by the running trajectory of Venus: within 8 years，Venus has 5 chances to rise earlier than the sun，These 5 points are connected to the pentagram。This statement is adopted by the best -selling novel "Da Vinci Code" and spreads widely，but there is no clear evidence indicating the two river basins、Pentagonal stars that appear in these areas are related to Venus。

The pentagram of Liangzhu culture may be just an abstract geometric figure，There is no special meaning。If it symbolizes a certain celestial body，It does not rule out the connection between it and the sun worship。Seeing Gao Temple Culture、Lingjiatan Culture、Dawenkou Culture、Songze Culture、The so -called octagonal star pattern of archeological culture such as Liangzhu Culture，The performance is the sun。Gao Temple Cultural Pottery Pattern Seeing，Four Mang in the sun、Six Mang、Eight Mang and other shapes。Neolithic Age in China，This type of pattern with "horns" (actually expressed light)，Often symbolizes the sun。

worship in the sun、Bird worship、God、Jade artifacts and other aspects are profoundly influenced by Liangzhu culture，It is found that there is a so -called "bronze sun wheel"。This wheels resemble the steering wheel of today's car，In the middle is the ball shape，Emailing to the surrounding five rays，There is another circle in the periphery。This shape，Pentagonic stars in the underworld in ancient Egypt are very similar，But the two can not be easily more attached。Look at the endless sun worship factors combined with Sanxingdui culture，The possibility of the rotor related to the sun is greater。There are also circle lines around the pentagram of Liangzhu culture，Although Liangzhu Culture and Sanxingdui culture are separated for nearly a thousand years，But considering the close connection between Liangzhu culture and Sanxingdui culture in spiritual beliefs，Sanxingdui wheel shape device may provide enlightenment for us to know the nature of Liangzhu culture pentagram。Of course，Limited to materials，Bet365 lotto review The connotation of the pentagram of Liangzhu Culture is still difficult to understand，To further explore。

　Mathematics and Music:The Cosmic Rules behind Pentagon

In the newly released Tsinghua Jian No. 13 in December 2023，Including a book that reflects the concept of pre -Qin music，Organization group is called "Five Sounds"。On the occasion of Tsinghua University in Tsinghua University in 2008，The editing rope of the "Five Sounds" has been scattered。Effective efforts of the organizational group，This literature that has been lost for more than 2,000 years can be dotted，Showing in front of us，Is a central pentagram、Five groups of fame (or "sound names", "step name" and "sound steps") each extended to。

Five groups of reputation corresponding to the pentagram，If the central palace group is the axis，Observation in the direction of the needle，It just corresponds to the five righteous sounds- "Gong -Shang -Horn -Zheng -Yu"。Pentagon in the Central Government，It is a pentagram of pentagrams we know，What does it mean?

The organizational group discovery，If the palace group is the base point，The connection order of a pentagram is "Gong → Zheng → Shang → Yu → Corner"，It happens to be the five -sound phase -like order recorded in documents such as "Pipe · Earth Members" and "Huainanzi · Terrain Training"。The basic principle behind this order of life，It is the "three -point profit and loss method"。

The ancients found it very early，String or the length of the tube and the height has a certain corresponding relationship。Under the same diameter,，String or the shorter of the rhythm pipe，The higher the sound。So here，Invisible notes，You can pass the intermediary of length，Converted to calculated value。According to the "Tube · Earth Members"，Assume that the value represented by the palace sound is 81，If you will 81 "three points to one"，Increases one -third of 81，You can get value 108，The corresponding is the sound; the sound of the signs is "three points of damage and one"，Subtract one -third of 108，is 72，is the business voice;，Get value 96，is Bet365 lotto review the sound of feather; the sound of the feathers is "three points of damage and one"，Value 64，角。

It also used the "three -point profit and loss method"，"Tube · Earth Member" is "first beneficial and then damaged"，"Historical Records · Law Book" is "first damage and then gain"。The larger the value you obtained，It means that the longer the string or the rhythmic management，The lower the sound。Nu value calculated based on "Pipeline · Earth Members"，The order of from the bass to the treble is "Zheng -Yu -Palace —— Business -Corner"。Nu value calculated based on the Book of Law，The order of from the bass to the treble is the more familiar "Gong -Business -Corner -Zheng -Yu"。

According to our music knowledge today，String or law management length ratio is 2: 1，The ratio of the sound height or frequency is 1: 2，Eight differences; length ratio is 3: 2，The ratio of the sound height or frequency is 2: 3，Different five degrees; length ratio is 4: 3，The ratio of the height or frequency is 3: 4，Simple differences。Therefore，The length ratio of "three points to one" is 3: 4，It is a relationship with a different four degrees; the length ratio of "three -point damage and one" is 3: 2，It is a relationship with five degrees difference。

Uniqueness，Pythagoras in ancient Greece also found that the high ratio of the sound is 2: 3 or 3: 4，Lein is the most harmonious and peaceful。The masterpiece of Raffaello Santi during the Renaissance "Athens College"，In the mural, Pythagoras shows 2: 3 (pure five degrees) or 3: 4 (pure four degrees) music theory。

According to legend, Pythagoras also invented the famous "Five Degree Law" (also known as "Bi Shi Tuyin"，pythagorean tuning)，It is similar to the "three -point profit and loss method" in ancient China，Even today people often mix the two。Actually，"Three -point profit and loss method" and "five degrees of birth" are growing in the soil of Chinese civilization and ancient Greek civilization。The two have their commonality，If you use the relationship between 2: 3 (the difference is five degrees); but the two also have differences，The sound obtained by Bet365 lotto review the "five degrees of birth" is based on the relationship of 2: 3，"Three -point profit or loss method" has two processes of "three -point damage and one" and "three -point benefits one"。

Pythagoras believes that "all things are included"，Numbers are the basic laws that implement in the universe。His research on music theory，Also mathematical。Looking at the Qin and Han Documents of the Warring States Period，Our ancestors also emphasize the cosmic laws contained in mathematics。"Three -point Profit and Loss" reflected in literature such as "Pipeline · Earth Members"，Based on the number of basis。Peking University Qin Jian's "Lu Jiu Ji Question Yu Chen Qi" is called "the things in the world，None of them "，"Things of the World" here，Also includes "five sounds and six rhythms"。

What is worth playing is，Pentagon not only appeared in "Five Sounds"，According to legend, it is also a sign of the Pythagras school。Specifically，Pythagoras School Pentagon's five horns are marked with a Greek letter。The sharp corner above the top is υ，Represents water;，From the direction of clockwise，γ (soil)、ι (Heart)、ει (Sun)、α (Qi)。Five letters together are υ υυιεια，means "health"。Some people think，Pythagras School has already seen the mystery of the golden segmentation rate in the Pentagon。

5000 years away from this time，The dawn of civilization shines into the Diris River、Euphorhara River、Nile River、Yellow River、Yangtze River and other Dajiang River，The ancestors did not appreciate the balanced beauty behind the geometric figures of Pentagon。600 -BC 300 BC，Karl theodor Jaspers referred to，The philosophers of Chinese civilization and ancient Greek civilization are seeking numbers and the universe rules behind music，and give the pentagram special connotation。From this we can see the similar rhythm of the development of human civilization，The same psychology of the ancients，This is the so -called "East China Sea West Sea，Psychological Same "。

Pentagon has similar shapes in different civilizations，Bet365 app download But the meaning it carries is different。Even if it is the product of Chinese civilization，The pentagram of the Liangzhu Cultural Panpan is very different from the five -pointed star of "Five Sounds"。In the long river of human history，Pentagon may be regarded as a symbol of truth，or symbols that are regarded as victory，Or it is engraved on the national flag of various countries，or by Christian、Religions such as Wita religion and other religions。Through civilization and mutual learning，We can touch the common rhythm of human civilization，At the same time, you can also see the mirror of human civilization and multi -edge。

　(The author is the International Cultural Research Base of the Capital of Beijing Language University、Associate Researcher of the Academy of Literature)