1818，Hegel, who originally taught at the University of Heidelberg, was called to transfer to the University of Berlin，Taking over the chair left vacant after Fichte's death，And was ordered to open legal philosophy courses。Principles bet365 sign up bonus code (1820), which he carefully wrote for this purpose，This is the teaching syllabus for students at the University of Berlin。The standard course name in the course announcement is "Natural Law and National Studies"，This is the origin of another title ("Outline of Natural Law and National Science") on the cover of the first edition of "Principles bet365 sign up bonus code"。This book was not written just for the occasion，Opposite，Hegel has done enough preliminary preparations: first，Relying on the two-volume "Logic" (1812-1816) to clarify the nature and methodology of speculative knowledge；Second，Declare the overall plan of the entire system and the exclusive position bet365 sign up bonus code through the 1817 Heidelberg edition of the "Compendium of Philosophical Sciences" (sections 400-452，That is, "objective spirit")；Third，With Jena、Accumulation bet365 sign up bonus code knowledge during the Heidelberg and Berlin periods。This textbook has aroused interest since the publication of the manuscript of Marx's "Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right"，Also due to the Hegelian revival movement and the stimulation of awareness of the problems bet365 sign up bonus code itself，Becomes Hegel’s most concerned and controversial work。Academic circles currently tend to assume that "Principles bet365 sign up bonus code" is a purely academic work，Little talk about the pedagogical considerations of the book。

　　bet365 sign up bonus code Mission

In terms of Hegel’s philosophical principles，Legal philosophy is not of special relative importance。In view of this，Hegel, who was in his fifties, suddenly devoted all his energy to creating and publishing a large textbook on legal philosophy，Quite intriguing。This phenomenon shows the important teaching mission of "Principles bet365 sign up bonus code": to cultivate morality and cultivate people。

The central task of establishing moral character and cultivating people is to educate，The connotation of education varies from time to time, place and person。In Hegel’s view，So-called enlightenment，It is to carve out the uniqueness of people，Make it consistent with rational goals or the essence of things，It is to set something as a universal thing in consciousness through thinking，Thus overcoming purely emotional things，It is to get rid of the directness and simplicity of nature，Turn to the pursuit of systematization (that is, the promotion of universal objects)。Education is an arduous and scientific work，It is neither suitable to borrow methods from lower sciences such as mathematics，It is not advisable to let the assertions of inner intuition or the reasoning of external reflection。Implementing enlightenment in the concrete kingdom of Dharma，More difficult than simply imparting bet365 sign up bonus code knowledge and bet365 sign up bonus code skills，And its significance is not trivial，There are two more special backgrounds than enlightenment in the field of pure philosophy: first，In terms of the Greek and Hebrew traditions that Hegel cherished，“Dharma” has a divine source，It is the link between earthly life and the order of the universe (human law imitates divine law，A city-state is a miniature universe)，It is also the teaching and admonition given by God (it can be said，The law itself is the most important enlightenment)，And then serve as the basis for disasters and punishments from heaven；Second，Related concepts and systems of law have developed over two thousand years，By the time of Hegel, a solid body had been accumulated (from the Roman "Twelve Tables" to the "Napoleonic Code")，The definition of its meaning is directly related to everyone’s lives、Liberty and Property，Directly related to everyone’s rights, obligations and action expectations，Cannot be modified or reshaped solely based on the subjective understanding of individual thinkers。Faced with such a solemn and magnificent teaching topic，Hegel, on the one hand, through text sorting and classroom explanation，Strive to guide students to gradually become familiar with the movement of spirit, that is, the inner development of concepts (this is the absolute method of understanding，It is also the inner soul of the content itself)，We hope that the audience will be upgraded from a practical perspective to a scientific perspective；On the other hand, the conventional meaning of bet365 sign up bonus code materials must be adopted to a considerable extent (although a unique narrative framework is built for it)，And such adoption is predicated on a good grasp of the existing European bet365 sign up bonus code civilization, especially the Roman law tradition。

Of course, the education bet365 sign up bonus code will not be smooth sailing: natural or traditional sense of legal rights，And the legal doctrines popular throughout the ages，They are all competing for ideological dominance over students。So Hegel in the appended commentary，Spare no effort to criticize the ancient or oriental pure substantive national concept that devalues ​​subjective particularity，The set of non-organic constitutional principles that criticizes feudal monarchy and autocratic monarchy，The background of empirical psychology in criticizing natural law theory in early modern times，Criticizing the foundation of personal will created by Rousseau’s social contract theory for the political community，Critical political economists’ approach of equating or reducing the state to civil society，Criticizing Kant’s formal ethics and contractualist view of marriage，Criticize the French revolutionaries’ negative view of freedom that requires a new world to be reestablished，Criticizing Napoleon for creating a constitutional structure for a country based on assumptions，Criticize the anti-rational view of the country represented by Haller，Criticize Savigny’s distrust of Germany’s ability to compile national codes，Criticize the subjectivist democratic theory represented by Frith that caters to the academic trend，Criticize the repeated calls for the unity of politics and religion in the intellectual circles at that time or (contrary to it) atheism in the spiritual world。Once the young elites studying in Berlin are indulged in any of the above thoughts，All may have a negative or even catastrophic impact on Prussia in the future。The introduction of the Carlsbad Resolution of 1819，Further strengthening restrictive considerations in this regard，Forcing Hegel to temporarily withdraw the submitted first draft and make substantial revisions。It can be said，Criticisms scattered throughout "Principles bet365 sign up bonus code"，It is the result of philosophical discussion，It is also due to political responsibility。

Hegel pointed out，Legal philosophy as a teaching content is no longer a private skill，But it has clear public value，Mainly or purely serving the country。Specific historical background of Prussia，Legal philosophy must urge students to take the cause of post-war national reconstruction and national rejuvenation seriously from a correct standpoint，After all, it was an era when the three factions of the left, center and right were flying in the country's founding strategies。For this，"Principles bet365 sign up bonus code" clearly attributes its content to "an attempt to grasp and explain the state as a rational thing in its own right"，That is, the architecture of a rational state。The political structure deduced by "Principles bet365 sign up bonus code"，It is a constitutional monarchy with hereditary kingship as its starting point and culmination: it inherits and improves the empire’s former hierarchy and hierarchical meetings，Use the principle of political organism to fight France’s radical democratization and reign of terror，Accommodate the subjective freedom of modern civil society and make it fully display its vitality，But through justice、The police and trade unions will provide protection、Restrictions and corrections，Overcome to a certain extent the tendency of unlimited egoism in the industrial and commercial movement，Laying the foundation for the transition from civil society to the state。This plan is by no means a defense of Prussia’s status quo，The German standard of modernity、A compromise between French and British scales，Thus it can be regarded as a textbook example of combining academic logic and political logic。

　　Planning the layout

Hegel is concerned about the effectiveness of teaching，Promote active guidance for students who are not yet accustomed to thinking，This creates several characteristics of the style of "Principles bet365 sign up bonus code": First，Written in sections according to the progress of the class discussion，And in every article、Each chapter、The beginning of each topic，Introduction or preview of placement summary，For example, Sections 1-33, etc.。This kind of discourse structure cannot be seen in Hegel’s writings that are not teaching results。Second，The whole book is divided into the first part "Abstract Method"、Part 2 "Morality" and Part 2 "Ethics"。This cataloging is by no means a superficial classification of existing materials based on extraneous reasons，And it is regarded as an intrinsic distinction of the concept itself: it is a medium and marker that facilitates students to grasp the overall situation，Not equal to the division of the field itself；Opposite，Each part of the content is internally connected along certain clues (for example, see Chapter 71、81、104、128、141、181、256 verses)，In principle, it excludes duality or even multiplicity of system development，It is also not allowed to reverse the order or quote out of context。Third，Many texts are followed by “notes”，These explanatory notes were added by Hegel himself and repeatedly added to them，To compare various similar or different concepts，Make the abstract content of the text clearer，Draw further conclusions from it。The famous German scholar Karl-Heinz Ilting in the 20th century compiled and published Hegel's lectures on legal philosophy，allows us to systematically and directly appreciate Hegel’s teaching style in different semesters，It became a famous story。

Leaving aside some of Hegel’s biased stance and limitations of the times，"Principles bet365 sign up bonus code" is not only based on careful thinking in teaching and educating people，And the density and thickness of knowledge are beyond imagination，covers almost all the achievements of European legal culture since ancient Greece and integrates them，It can be said to be a comprehensive legal textbook and a legal thought history textbook。Looks like this，Marx was indeed far-sighted in choosing "Principles bet365 sign up bonus code" as the ultimate target of criticism in his youth，It is equivalent to creating an opportunity for yourself to systematically reflect on the core categories and modern standards of Western secular civilization，Only the historical materialism born out of this is truly qualified to illuminate the new life of human civilization。

　　(This article is the result of the National Social Science Fund general project "Research on the French Origins of Marx's bet365 sign up bonus code Thought" (17BFX161) and the Jiangsu University Brand Major Construction Project Funding Project)

(The author is an associate professor at Nanjing Normal University School of Law and China Institute of bet365 sign up bonus code Modernization)