Many factors of the Warring States Period academic own，The most critical of which is the manifestation of rational thinking。Performance thinking in the Western Zhou Dynasty，Zhou Gong's Cultural Rites，and develop the idea of ​​"destiny with virtue"，undoubtedly reflect a certain degree of rational spirit。From the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period，When people gradually get rid of the beliefs of ghosts and gods，Rawnal thinking is becoming more mature，The book "Yi Chuan" does not take over the same, and the reason is the best manifestation。With the order reconstruction and moral reconstruction of the Warring States Period，The sons gradually have a strong interest in the history of nature and human society。Book "Miao He" articles "Fan Tian Way，One Yin and Yiyang，Observation of Nature Tiandao，There is also a explanation of the transformation of historical figures，fully reflects the people during the Warring States Period to nature、Rough thinking of social phenomena。Take Yixue as an example，The spirit of easy learning rationality during the Warring States Period is mainly reflected in four aspects: one is human awakening，The Warring States Period is easy to learn.，Instead of focusing on morality，Emphasize the good and bad people; the second is the development of the doctrine of the five elements of yin and yang，And replaced the ghost and god belief，Explain the laws of the development and change of all things in the universe; third, with the development of astronomy knowledge，The rise of natural Tiandao; the fourth is that political thoughts shifted from the ideal king's politics to the domineering politics based on reality。

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Awakening of a person，The performance in Yi Xue is from asking God and asking hexagrams to good or bad people。It can be found from a large number of oracle essay unearthed，Yin Shang period，Turtle is a mainstream prediction form in national political life，Any event must be turtle，Rulai、Sacrifice、bet365 live casino games Seeking rain and other things。Zhou people after people，Turtle Bu and Zhanzhang together constitute a national prediction method。From Mu Jiang from the Spring and Autumn Period to Confucius，Although Zhanye continues to be popular，But it has shown the trend of "Yi" with virtue，Related examples in "Zuo Zhuan" and "Mandarin"。This can be called "Dezhan"，No longer relying on Zhan Gua to determine good and bad，Instead, consider more people's morality factors。"Zuo Zhuan · Xianggong Nine Years" record，Mu Jiang Zhan Zhendongzhi，The historian believes that he should go out quickly，Mu Jiang believes that although the hexagram is auspicious，But only the talents with the "Yuan Henry" four virtues enjoy this auspicious sign，Participate in the turmoil yourself，Loss of Yu De，Even if it takes up this good hexagram，It is difficult to escape punishment。，At that time, the ideological tendency of "not annoying" appeared，It is advisable to judge with your mind first，instead of asking for help。"Zuo Zhuan · Ai Gong 18 Years" record，Baba people cut Chu，According to the example of Chu, it should be handsome，That is, the divination determines who is handsome to fight，But King Chu Hui said that Gongsun Ning has always been "Ruzhi"，He is handsome，No need to ask。Among them, "the sage is not annoyed"，It should be a common ideological cognition at that time。

Although the Spring and Autumn Period gradually began to pay attention to people's virtue，But still needs to be used by the tool。To the Warring States Period，Then no longer rely on Buyu，Fully judge good and bad from the morality of people。It is rarely seen in national political life during the Warring States Period，"Xunzi" Cloud: "Good for" Yi "does not occupy"，It is the reflection of this trend。The Warring States Period is easy to learn.，but mainly morality，Realized people first。People think，The key to avoiding evil is not God, but in benevolence，Confucius explicitly proposed "Observing its morality"，Its cloud: "Gentleman's virtue and blessing，So sacrifice and widow;，So Bu Ying and Greek。"This is the most reasonable manifestation of the spirit of rationality。

　　Yin and Yang Five Elements Theory develops mature

From the perspective of the tracts and unearthed bet365 best casino games literatures during the Warring States Periods in the Warring States Period，Law of Buyu，This indicates that Bu Yan basically lost the mainstream market during the Warring States Period。So，After the basics of Bao Basically withdrawn from the stage of political life，What kind of ideas do the rulers explain the universe world and human society from generation to generation? Answer: Yin Yang Five Elements Theory。帛 Book "Yi Chuan" is happy to say yin and yang、Four o'clock、Five Elements，Don’t say a bitter，It reflects that people have doubts about the prediction system based on the fortune -telling of divination，No more understanding of the world on the world，Instead of using the concept of Yin and Yang Five Elements, a system mode explains the world and human society。Yin and Yang Five Elements Thought is fundamental to nature、Knowledge of nature，Among them, yin and yang is the two rhythmic pairs，Five Elements is a cycle theory，This has been highlighted at the occasion of the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods。

Although the concept of yin and yang is very early，But after a long period of time, it evolved into a philosophical concept，The most critical step is the combination of "Yi"。"Yin and Yang" in "Yizhuan" shows the whole process of its abstraction summary。Where，"Yin and Yang" gradually becomes all pronouns for all opposite things in the world，Ru Day and Night、White Black、Before and after、Left and right、Hot and cold、up and down，can be explained by the dual opposition of yin and yang，Then yin and yang becomes the most fundamental cosmic rule。"Five Elements" also said very early，There are many meanings，"Zuo Zhuan" is called "five materials"，That is the five materials; "Shang Shu · Hong Fan" has the five elements of "Jinmu Water, Fire and Land"; Guodian Jian's "Five Elements" is called "Renyi Li Zhi Sheng" as the five elements。The origin of the five elements should be related to the observation of natural phenomena in the ancestors，or look up at the sky of the day of heaven，or the agricultural production of the local area。The Warring States Period，"Tube · Four Osh" and "Book of Rites · Monthly" appeared in the five elements.，and start combining bet365 Play online games with yin and yang，To Zou Yan，Throughout the yin and yang five elements，constitutes a complete explanation of the natural philosophy system of the universe world。It can be said，The ideological world of the Warring States Period，Basically, it is arranged from yin and yang and five elements，Yin and Yang Five Elements Theory as a kind of artificial construction，The laws that were generally used to explain the development and changes of all things in the universe。So far，Yin and Yang Five Elements have become the most philosophical category in Chinese academics。

　　The rise of natural Tiandao view

There are two main types of academics during the Warring States Period，One is a person，The second is nature，Understanding the world is naturally a prerequisite for understanding people。The destiny theological thoughts from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period were eliminated，The view of natural Tiandao from it，The natural meaning of the sky is highlighted。Different from the tension between the "belief of God's Book" and "rationality of human beings" during the Spring and Autumn Period，The explanation of naturalism of "heaven" during the Warring States Period is becoming more and more common，Emphasize the sense of overall and order of the universe，This is related to the development of astronomy at that time。

An important manifestation of what we call the spirit of rationality，Think about the origin of heaven and earth and the origin of human origin，Confucius in his old age likes "Yi"，It is because of the need to think about this problem。and "Yi Chuan" on the view of heaven and earth and the origin of human beings，undoubtedly the most rational connotation，As "Preface Gua" cloud: "There is a heaven and earth, then everything is born，Those who are between the heavens and the earth are only everything。"Youyun:" There is a heaven and earth and then everything，There are all things and then there are men and women。"This is about the development of human society after the origin of the world，First there is heaven and earth，Then there are men and women in human society、couple、Master、Junchen、Liyi, etc.。Another，It is rumored that the gossip comes from Fuxi's pitch observation of heaven and earth，"Fairy Ci" said: "，The view of the Yang is in the sky，bet365 best casino games Performing Perspective Method in the ground，Bird Watching and Beast Text，Yishi，Take the body near，Take away all things，So began to make gossip，Ethics of the gods，Love with everything。""，The origin of "Zhou Yi" benefits from the saint's observation simulation of all things in the world，This reflects the general ideological status of the Warring States Period。

There are also many naturalism of naturalism in other pre -Qin classics，Such as "Zuo Zhuan" Zhuang Gong's four -year "profit and swing，The Tao of Heaven also "，"Zuo Zhuan" Ai Gong for 11 years "Ying will destroy，The Tao of Heaven also "，"Mandarin · Vietnamese" records "Heavenly Daiming instead of overflowing，Sheng but not arrogant，hard work without reference "，Also Cloud "Tiandao Emperor，Sun and Moon think it is frequent。Ming people think that law，Micro -person is doing it。Yang to Yin，Yin to Yang and Yang。Difficult to pay back，Yueying and Kuang "，A relatively complete summary of the objective laws running on Tiandao。This kind of heavenly Taoist view is closer to the heavenly Taoist view of the book "Miao He"。"Miao He" chapter "Fan Tian Tao，Yiyin and Yiyang，Short and one long，One obscurity "，It reflects the yin and yang、Sun Moon、Observation of the law of day and night conversion。"One Yin and One Yang" means "Yang to Yin，Yin to Yang Yang "，Emphasize the interoperability between yin and yang;，It means the interoperability between day and night;，refers to the mutual transfer of the month of the month。These three are the most direct observation of people's operating laws。

　　Wangdao politics shifts to domineering politics

The development of political thought during the Warring States Period is related to the disintegration of the blood system of the law。The ancestral law system since the Western Zhou Dynasty，Politically reflected the level order established by the affiliation of the Grand Sect in the ancestral law system。This level of order requirements are required to pursue Zhou Li system，Zhou Li Sui became a guidelines for the monarch to deal with political affairs，The meaning of Zhou Gong's ceremony is here。It can be said，A set formed by the emperor at the political level、Princes、The ancestral level system Bet365 lotto review composed of doctors and people's industry and commerce，The basis for political practice since the Western Zhou Dynasty，The divine power political system "with virtue with virtue" in the Zhou Dynasty is generated from it。To the Warring States Period，This strict political hierarchy is basically broken，This and the thoughts of the ideological world at that time were broken、The rise of the concept of nature。

Politics in ancient Chinese thought is often based on a certain view of heaven，What kind of heaven view，What kind of political doctrine is there。The natural Taoist view of the Warring States Period restored the natural meaning of heaven，Tian no longer has the meaning of personality，The theoretical basis of the monarchy is lost，Can no longer use the authority of heaven to demonstrate the legitimacy of the secular monarch，The development of political thought at that time also showed objectiveization、Trend of rationalization。In this case，Source about the power of the monarch，and Junchen、Relationships such as monarchy，You need to rethink。The political thought of the book "Yi Chuan" is based on this。

The book "Easy Chuan" "Odd" proposes the concept of "Jun Tao"，The "Master of the King" said on the level of "the change of the world"，The core is the change of "loss" and "Yi"，Strive to find the basis for the level of the world。"Two Three Son Questions", "Miao He", "Zhaoli", respectively explained the political thoughts，each presents different ideological characteristics。"Two Three Son Questions" proposes to "come to politics"，Continuing the political thought of the early Confucianism，Pay attention to the level of morality，presents the healing of people and governance、The characteristics of the rule of law and the rule of law，Therefore, it is advocated to emphasize the people、Zunxian、Rouyuan people and other thoughts。and "Miao He" and "Zhaoli" conducted a detailed explanation of the "monarchy" thought in detail，No longer blindly emphasizes the moral cultivation of the monarch like the "Two Three Son Questions"，but turn to the monarch、Concerning the reconciliation of monarchy relations。"Miao He" attaches great importance to the monarch's modesty，At the same time, it also emphasizes bet365 best casino games the importance of legal punishment，Strive to maintain a good monarchy relationship。"Zhaoli" chapter proposes "the righteousness of the doctor" and "the righteousness of the monarch"，The focus is to adjust the relationship between the monarch and minister，The ultimate goal is to prevent the ministers from seeking chaos。It can be said，The political thought of the book "Yi Chuan" has the characteristics of strong thoughts of the Warring States Period，The most important of which is to the monarch、Discussion on the relationship between monarchy，These thinking are the objective based on social reality、Analysis of rational rational。

　　(Author Unit: National College of Renmin University of China)