The scholarship bet365 sign up bonus code Warring States Period has its own specific factors，The most important thing is the manifestation of rational thinking。Rational thinking was already born in the Western Zhou Dynasty，The Duke of Zhou made rituals and music，And developed the idea of ​​"Destiny has virtue"，No doubt reflects a certain degree of rational spirit。To the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period，People gradually broke away from the belief in ghosts and gods，Rational thinking becomes more mature，The best example is that the silk book "Yi Zhuan" does not emphasize fortune telling but emphasizes principles。With the reconstruction of order and moral reconstruction in the Warring States Period，The scholars gradually developed a strong interest in the history of nature and human society。The silk book "Miao He" Chapter "The Way of Mortal Heaven"，One Yin and One Yang" chapter，Existing observation bet365 sign up bonus code way of nature，Another explanation bet365 sign up bonus code transformation of historical figures，Fully reflects the relationship between man and nature during the Warring States Period、Rational thinking about social phenomena。Take Yi Xue as an example，The rational spirit of Yi Xue during the Warring States Period is mainly reflected in four aspects: First, people’s awakening，The Book of Changes bet365 sign up bonus code Warring States Period no longer talks about divination，But focus on morality，Emphasize that good or bad luck depends on people；Second, the theory of Yin Yang and Five Elements has matured，And replace the belief in ghosts and gods，Explaining the laws of development and change of all things in the universe；The third is with the development of astronomical knowledge，The Rise bet365 sign up bonus code Natural Temple of Heaven；Fourth, political thought has shifted from idealized kingly politics to hegemonic politics based on reality。

　　bet365 sign up bonus code Awakening

Human Awakening，The performance in Yixue is that it changes from asking gods and asking hexagrams to relying on people to determine good or bad luck。Can be found from a large number of oracle bone inscriptions unearthed，Yin and Shang Dynasties，Turtle divination is the mainstream form of prediction in national political life，Every major event must be divination，Like war、Sacrifice、Pray for rain and other things。After Zhou people，Turtle divination and divination together constitute the way of national prediction。From Mu Jiang to Confucius in the Spring and Autumn bet365 sign up bonus code，Divination continues to be popular，But it has shown the tendency to interpret "Yi" with morality，There are many related examples in "Zuo Zhuan" and "Guoyu"。This can be called "German occupation"，That is, we no longer rely solely on divination to determine good or bad luck，But more consideration is given to people’s moral factors。According to "Zuo Zhuan·Xiangong Ninth Year"，Mu Jiang Zhanzhen was followed by Gen，The historian thinks it is necessary to run away as soon as possible，Mu Jiang believes that following the hexagrams is auspicious，But only those with the four virtues of "Yuan Henry Zhen" deserve to enjoy this good omen，Participate in the turmoil，Lack of virtue，Even if you get this auspicious hexagram，Can’t escape punishment。In addition，At that time, there was also the ideological tendency of "not bothering with divination"，Advocates that when encountering problems, one should first judge with one’s mind，Instead of asking for divination。According to "Zuo Zhuan: The Eighteenth Year of Ai Gong"，Ba people attack Chu，As usual, Chu State should predict its commander，That is, divination determines who will lead the army in battle，But King Hui of Chu said that Gongsun Ning had always been "aspiring"，Let him be the commander，No need to ask。It is mentioned that "sages do not bother with divination"，Should be the common thought and cognition at that time。

Although during the Spring and Autumn Period, people gradually began to pay attention to human virtue，But you still need to use the tool of divination。To the Warring States Period，No longer rely on divination，Judge good or bad fortune entirely based on a person’s moral character。Divination activities were rarely seen in national political life during the Warring States Period，"Xunzi" says: "Those who are good at "Yi" will not take advantage of it"，It is a reflection of this trend。The Book of Changes bet365 sign up bonus code Warring States Period no longer talks about divination，But focus on morality and justice，Achieved putting people first。Contemporary opinion，The key to pursuing good fortune and avoiding evil is not God’s will but benevolence and righteousness，Confucius clearly stated in the "Yao" chapter that "observation of morality and justice"，It says: "How can a gentleman seek happiness if he behaves virtuously?"，So there are only a few people offering sacrifices；How can benevolence and righteousness seek good fortune，There is hope in divination。”This is the embodiment bet365 sign up bonus code most rational spirit。

　　The theory of bet365 sign up bonus code Yang and Five Elements has matured

Judging from the handed down classics and unearthed documents from the Warring States Period，Rarely seen things like divination，This shows that divination basically lost its mainstream market during the Warring States Period。Then，After Divination basically withdrew from the stage of national political life，What ideological theories do rulers use to explain the universe and human society?？Answer: Yin Yang and Five Elements Theory。The silk book "Yi Zhuan" talks about Yin and Yang、Four o'clock、Five Elements，divination without words，Reflecting that people at that time had doubts about the prediction system of divination based on the belief in ghosts and gods，No longer base our understanding bet365 sign up bonus code world on divination，Turn to use the concepts of Yin Yang and Five Elements to construct a systematic model to explain the universe and human society。The thought of Yin Yang and Five Elements is fundamentally about the origin of nature、Understanding of properties，Yin and Yang are the opposites of two laws，The five elements are a cycle theory，This point has been highlighted during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period。

Although the concept of yin and yang originated very early，But it took a long time to evolve into a philosophical concept，The most critical step is the combination with "Yi"。The "Yin and Yang" in "Yi Zhuan" shows the whole process of its abstraction。There，"Yin and Yang" gradually become synonymous with all opposites and opposites in the world，Like day and night、White and black、Before and after、left and right、Hot and cold、Shang Xia etc.，All can be explained by the binary opposition of yin and yang，Yin and Yang then become the most fundamental laws bet365 sign up bonus code universe。The origin bet365 sign up bonus code "Five Elements" theory is also very early，Has many meanings，"Zuo Zhuan" calls it "five materials"，That is, five materials；There are five elements of "gold, wood, water, fire, and earth" in "Shang Shu·Hong Fan"；The "Five Elements" chapter of Guodian Slips calls "benevolence, justice, etiquette, wisdom, sage" as the five elements。The origin bet365 sign up bonus code Five Elements should be related to the ancestors’ observations of natural phenomena，Or look up at the sun, moon and stars in the sky，Or overlook the local agricultural production。Warring States Period，The idea of ​​the mutual development bet365 sign up bonus code five elements appears in "Guanzi·Four Seasons" and "Book of Rites·Yueling"，And begin to combine with Yin and Yang，At the time of Zou Yan，Completely connect Yin and Yang and the five elements，Constitute a complete natural philosophy system that explains the universe。It can be said，The ideological world bet365 sign up bonus code Warring States Period，Fundamentally structured by yin and yang and the five elements，Yin Yang and Five Elements theory as a man-made theory，At that time, it was widely used to explain the laws of development and change of all things in the universe。To this point，Yin Yang and Five Elements have become the most philosophical categories in Chinese academics。

　　The Rise bet365 sign up bonus code Natural Temple of Heaven

There are two main types of academic objects during the Warring States Period，One is people，The second is nature，Understanding bet365 sign up bonus code and earth is naturally the prerequisite for understanding people。After the theological thought of destiny from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period was dispelled，Replaced by the Natural Temple of bet365 sign up bonus code，The natural meaning of bet365 sign up bonus code is highlighted。Different from the tense relationship between "divine-based faith" and "human-based rationality" in the Spring and Autumn Period，The naturalistic interpretation of “bet365 sign up bonus code” became more and more common during the Warring States Period，Emphasis on the sense of wholeness and order in the universe，This is related to the development of astronomy at that time。

An important manifestation of what we call the rational spirit，It is to think about the origin of heaven and earth and the origin of human beings，Confucius loved "Yi" in his later years，It is precisely out bet365 sign up bonus code need to think about this issue。The "Yi Zhuan" views on heaven, earth and the origin of mankind，Undoubtedly the most rational connotation，As the "Xu Gua" says: "There is heaven and earth, and then all things come into being，The only thing that fills the heaven and the earth。" Another cloud: "There is heaven and earth, and then there are all things，There are all things and then there are men and women。”This puts the development of human society after the origin of heaven and earth，There is heaven and earth first，Then there are men and women in human society、Couple、Master、Monarch and minister、Etiquette, etc.。Also，It is said that the Eight Diagrams came from Fuxi’s observation of heaven and earth，"Xici 1" says: "In ancient times, the Bao Xi clan was the king bet365 sign up bonus code world，Look up and observe the image in the sky，Look down and observe the Dharma on the ground，Articles on Watching Birds and Beasts，Suitable for the place，Get close to everything，Get things from afar，So I started gossiping，To communicate with the virtues of gods，The feelings that resemble all things。”Visible，The origin of "The Book of Changes" is due to the sage's observation and simulation of all things in the world，This reflects the general ideological situation during the Warring States Period。

Other pre-Qin classics also contain many naturalistic understandings bet365 sign up bonus code way of heaven，For example, in "Zuo Zhuan" Zhuang Gong's fourth year of "surplus and swing"，The way of heaven”，"Zuo Zhuan" in the eleventh year of Ai Gong "Any gain must be destroyed"，The way of heaven”，"Mandarin Yue" records that "the way of heaven is full but not overflowing，Prosperous but not arrogant，Work hard without appreciating the merit”，It also says "The Emperor of Heaven"，The sun and moon are normal。Those who understand know the law，The smallest is the best。Yang reaches Yin，Yin comes to Yang。Returning after being sleepy，The moon is full and bright”，A relatively complete summary bet365 sign up bonus code objective laws bet365 sign up bonus code movement of heaven。This view of heaven is relatively close to the view of heaven in the silk book "Miao He"。"Miao He" chapter says "The way of heaven，One Yin and One Yang，One short and one long，One obscure and one clear”，Reflects the yin and yang、Sun and Moon、Observation bet365 sign up bonus code transition between day and night。“One yin and one yang” means “when yang reaches yin，Yin arrives and Yang rises"，Emphasis on the interchange between yin and yang；"One short and one long" means "returning after being tired every day"，means the transition between day and night；“One dark and one bright” means “the moon is full and bright”，Refers to the reversal bet365 sign up bonus code moon's waxing and waning。These three are people’s most direct observations bet365 sign up bonus code laws of heaven’s movement。

　　Kingly bet365 sign up bonus code turns to hegemonic bet365 sign up bonus code

The development of political thought during the Warring States Period is related to the disintegration bet365 sign up bonus code patriarchal blood system。The patriarchal system since the Western Zhou Dynasty，In politics, it is reflected as a hierarchical order strictly established based on the affiliation of large and small clans in the patriarchal system。This hierarchical order requires the implementation bet365 sign up bonus code Zhou ritual system，Zhou Li then became the rule for monarchs to handle political affairs，This is the significance of Duke Zhou’s rituals and music。It can be said，A set of rules formed at the political level by the emperor、Princes、The patriarchal hierarchy composed of scholar-bureaucrats and common people and merchants，Is the basis of political practice since the Western Zhou Dynasty，The theocratic political system of "matching heaven with virtue" in the Zhou Dynasty emerged from it。To the Warring States Period，This strict political hierarchy has basically been broken，This is related to the breaking bet365 sign up bonus code divine authority in the ideological world at that time、Related to the rise of natural view。

The political theories in ancient Chinese thought are often based on a certain view of heaven，What kind of view of heaven is there，What kind of political theory is there。The view of natural heaven in the Warring States period restored the natural meaning of heaven，Heaven no longer has the meaning of a personal god，The theoretical basis for the divine right of kings is lost，Can no longer use the authority of gods to demonstrate the legitimacy of secular monarchs，The development of political thought at that time also showed objectification、The trend of rationalization。In this case，About the source of monarch power，And the monarch and his ministers、Issues such as the relationship between the monarch and the people，You need to rethink。The political thought bet365 sign up bonus code silk book "Yi Zhuan" revolves around this。

The "Yao" chapter bet365 sign up bonus code silk book "Yi Zhuan" proposes the concept of "kingdom"，What he said about "the king's affairs" falls on the level of "observing the changes in heaven and earth"，The core is the change of "loss" and "gain"，Strive to find a basis for the king’s way at the heaven and earth level。The three articles "Er San Zi Wen", "Miao He" and "Zhao Li" respectively elaborate on political thoughts，Each shows different ideological characteristics。The "Er San Zi Wen" chapter proposes "come to the government"，Continues the political thought of early Confucianism，Attach importance to moral cultivation，Shows the emphasis on treating people and neglecting the treatment of things、Characteristics of emphasizing the rule of virtue and neglecting the rule of law，Therefore we advocate respecting the people、Zunxian、Rou Yuanren’s Thoughts。And "Miao He" and "Zhao Li" provide detailed explanations bet365 sign up bonus code "King Dao" thought that are consistent with social reality，No longer blindly emphasize the monarch’s moral cultivation as in the "Er San Zi Wen" chapter，But turn to the emperor and his ministers、The harmonious aspect bet365 sign up bonus code relationship between the king and the people。"Miao He" attaches great importance to the monarch's humility，Also emphasizes the importance of legal punishment，Strive to maintain a good relationship between monarch and minister。The "Zhaoli" chapter proposes "the righteousness bet365 sign up bonus code minister" and "the righteousness bet365 sign up bonus code monarch"，The focus is to adjust the relationship between monarch and ministers，The ultimate goal is to prevent powerful officials from plotting chaos。It can be said，The political thought bet365 sign up bonus code silk book "Yi Zhuan" has strong characteristics bet365 sign up bonus code Warring States Period，The most important thing is to treat the king and his ministers、Discussion on the relationship between king and people，These thoughts are objectively based on social reality、Rational analysis。

　　(Author’s unit: bet365 sign up bonus code Renmin University of China)