The occurrence of diseases has a profound and rich social and cultural background，A complete interpretation of social and cultural bet365 casino bonus cannot be separated from the annotation of disease bet365 casino bonus。Doctors are the earliest researchers of disease bet365 casino bonus，The purpose is to record and analyze causes and treatments。Since the early 20th century，European and American historians "invaded" this doctor's "private territory"。To the 1970s，Research on medical social bet365 casino bonus has become mature，Disease bet365 casino bonus as one of its branches has also made important progress。Among them，The dialogue between disease bet365 casino bonus and social and cultural bet365 casino bonus is an entry point，It affects the present and future of disease bet365 casino bonus research。

　Studying bet365 casino bonus from the perspective of disease bet365 casino bonus

Mid-20th century，The Annals School proposed the "overall view of bet365 casino bonus"，Advocate to expand research horizons to economics、Society、Culture and many other fields，Provides a methodological basis for cross-collaboration between bet365 casino bonus and disease bet365 casino bonus。With the rise of “new cultural bet365 casino bonus”，A series of classic works on the bet365 casino bonus of diseases have emerged，Opens up new ideas for traditional historical research，Promoted the interaction between bet365 casino bonus and disease bet365 casino bonus。Enter the 21st century，Urbanization、Industrialization、Globalization、Colonization and other historical issues，All are added to the writing category of disease bet365 casino bonus，New research results emerge one after another。Reflect human social life by combining the evolution of diseases，Reveal historical phenomena that have been ignored within the framework of traditional historical research and nation-state bet365 casino bonus，Also using new historical methods，such as psychohistory、Oral bet365 casino bonus、Environmental bet365 casino bonus、Measurement bet365 casino bonus, etc.，Make historical research present a fuller outline。

Historians realize the interaction between disease and bet365 casino bonus，Also consciously include the bet365 casino bonus of diseases into the scope of historical investigation and interpretation。Disease can be regarded as a purely biological event，It may also turn into a complex social event，The "butterfly effect" caused by it stirs up the adjustment and innovation of various social functions。Take cholera as an example，1831，This deadly germ was introduced to Britain from the Ganges Delta on the merchant ships of European colonists，Directly promoted public health legislation in British cities and paid attention to the medical profession，Adjusted its urbanization development direction。Meanwhile，Political turmoil and economic crisis in Western Europe prompt thousands of migrants to cross the Atlantic，Causing cholera to spread throughout the European continent。A large number of trade exchanges between Europe and other regions and the influx of immigrants，Cholera has further affected Africa and the Americas，Causing global disaster。The cholera pandemic showed the basic appearance of 19th century society: industrialization、Global Trade、Large-scale urbanization process、Social unrest and population migration。In an era when human beings are increasingly connected，The ecological evolution of diseases has transcended the medical dimension。It interpenetrates with the major stages of historical development，Become a passage that cannot be ignored in social and cultural bet365 casino bonus。

　Understanding diseases from the perspective of social and cultural bet365 casino bonus

With the deepening of human understanding of diseases，The theoretical improvement and diagnosis and treatment practice of the bet365 casino bonus itself increasingly require support and answers from the humanities。1543，Belgian anatomist Vesalius founded the biomedical system。Medicine gradually got rid of witchcraft、The bondage of religious theology，Uncovering the mystery of the human body。By the second half of the 19th century, the Western biomedical system was basically formed。The biomedical model’s understanding of diseases comes from the measurement of human biological indicators or pathological changes。The human body is regarded as a sophisticated machine，bet365 casino bonus is the failure or damage of a certain part。A doctor’s job is to diagnose through clinical examination and laboratory equipment，Then "repair" or eliminate the bet365 casino bonus target based on the similarity of the human body's physiological structure。But by the second half of the 20th century，This biomedical model of “body-body separation” has been highly controversial，And exposed its insurmountable shortcomings in medical practice and medical concepts。

As George Rosen said: "Human diseases are never 'merely natural reactions'，Opposite，Always subject to adjustment and change by social activities and the cultural environment they create。”The biomedical model is based on biological science，But only based on technical advantages，It is difficult for medicine to always make the best choice for patients。For example，The knowledge system of pathology and bacteriology can explain obesity、Diabetes and other diseases，But it can’t be explained like depression、Anxiety、Neurasthenia and other mental illnesses。Because most of these diseases are related to social culture。From a certain perspective，They are also a bet365 casino bonus of civilization。Personal lifestyle、Cultural background、Interpersonal relations and social welfare、Ecological environment, etc.，The interaction of these factors may affect the bet365 casino bonus process。Therefore, the study of diseases cannot only focus on biological pathogenic factors，Beyond the social and cultural background。

　1977，Psychiatry, University of Rochester, USA、Professor of internal medicine Engel proposed the bio-psycho-social medical model。This model emphasizes people in addition to their biological attributes，Also has social attributes，There are extremely complex psychological activities that are interconnected，This has led to changes in medical practice and medical concepts。It advocates expanding the focus from physiological and pathological changes to psychological and social levels；Expand from simple disease treatment to comprehensive management of social environment，From focusing on treatment and neglecting prevention to focusing on both prevention and control，Expand the depth and breadth of understanding of diseases。The study of disease bet365 casino bonus is no longer limited to the narrow garden of doctors in the past，And adopt a more open attitude to accept the addition of social and cultural bet365 casino bonus，In order to comprehensively interpret the impact and countermeasures of diseases beyond biological significance。

　The development trend of disease bet365 casino bonus in Europe and America

The second half of the 20th century，As people pay more attention to medical and health，And the development needs of historical research itself，Disease bet365 casino bonus has gradually become a research hotspot，Begins to enter a period of transformation from narrow to wide，Showing diversity of research objects、Specialization of research methods、Research perspective on the development trend of globalization。

First，Diversified research objects。Cultural Race、Religious Tradition、Social and cultural factors such as family life are included in the study of disease bet365 casino bonus，Researchers are increasingly paying attention to the multicultural construction of disease，And the medical system、Doctor-patient relationship、Ethical and practical interpretation of realistic propositions such as disease concepts。The intersection of research content and methods brings infinite possibilities to the in-depth development of disease bet365 casino bonus。Interdisciplinary and cross-cultural research have become distinctive features of disease bet365 casino bonus research。On the one hand, writing the bet365 casino bonus of disease needs to be combined with sociology、Psychology、Anthropology、Literature、Collaboration between archeology and other disciplines can better unearth the truth of bet365 casino bonus，Satisfy the diverse value orientations of its social culture。On the other hand, the spread of diseases does not have a fixed concept of geographical space，Many countries and regions are connected in the context of disease、Integration，Thus transcending traditional nation-state boundaries。Tracking and recording these complex processes，Research paradigm beyond traditional bet365 casino bonus，Brings opportunities and challenges to the writing of disease bet365 casino bonus。

Second，Research team specialization。Early medical bet365 casino bonus research was once caricatured as “the bet365 casino bonus of medicine without medicine”。Obscure and difficult medical knowledge makes bet365 casino bonus writing difficult，Instinctively avoided and rejected by historians，We can only emphasize “disease and social culture”。Due to lack of professional medical background knowledge，Relevant research results are also difficult to gain general recognition from the historians and medical circles。Today’s disease bet365 casino bonus research pays more attention to the dual knowledge background of researchers and interdisciplinary collaboration，Encourage the integration of hot medical issues，Focus on expanding historical understanding while serving medical practice。For example，The Center for the bet365 casino bonus of Medicine at the University of Exeter, established in 1997, has formed a virtuous cycle that combines humanities and social science research with medical practice。This center brings together bet365 casino bonus、Sociology、Psychology、Classical Literature、Modern Literature、Professionals in health sciences and other disciplines，Union and Social Genetics Research Center、University of Exeter Medical School、Collaboration with the European Research Center for Environment and Human Health，Promote the development of methods and fields in medical bet365 casino bonus and related historical research。

Third，Research perspective globalization。Most early disease bet365 casino bonus research was conducted within the framework of nation-state or local medicine，The rise of global historical perspective has provided new space for the development of disease bet365 casino bonus in the past 30 years，Historians try to put aside strict regional and national distinctions，Place disease bet365 casino bonus research in a broader geographical space。This shift does not mean sorting out the bet365 casino bonus of global diseases in a “grand narrative”，And emphasize cross-cultural and cross-national understanding of disease、The necessity of health and medicine。Pay special attention to the transfer of pathogens、Evolution and social change、Cultural Preference、Ecological environment，Even more subtle relationships between lifestyles，To reveal the interaction and impact between disease and globalization。

Disease is never a purely natural science，It connects all aspects of human civilization。It shares advanced scientific and technological achievements，Also exploring the roots of human culture and the source of life。It encourages scholars to examine the minutiae of bet365 casino bonus with a global perspective，Also drives us to break through the traditional boundaries between natural sciences and social sciences，Think about and improve the ethical connotation of medicine。Today’s disease discourse has broken through the original biological boundaries，Opens up a multi-dimensional space with rich social and cultural changes。This is a science related to life，Closely related to the fate of mankind。In the future, humans will pay more attention to and understand their own diseases and health，The process of conquering disease will never stop，This is exactly the motivation and value of disease bet365 casino bonus research。

　　(Author’s unit: School of bet365 casino bonus Development, Nanjing Normal University)