The occurrence of the disease has a profound and rich social and cultural background，The complete interpretation of social and cultural history is also inseparable from the annotation of the history of disease。Doctor is the earliest researcher at history of disease，Its purpose is to record and analyze the cause and therapy。Starting since the early 20th century，European and American historians "invade" the doctor's "private leader"。By the 1970s，Research on medical and social history has become mature，History of diseases as one of the branches has also gained important progress。Among them，Dialogue between the history of disease and social and cultural history is a entry point，It affects the current and future of the study of disease history。

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mid -20th century，Nian Jian School proposed the "Overall History Concept"，Promote the expansion of the research field to the economy、Society、Culture and other areas，provides a methodology basis for the cross -cooperation of the history of history and disease。With the rise of the "history of new culture"，A series of classic works of disease history emerged，I opened a new idea for traditional historical research，Promoting the interaction of history and disease history。Enter the 21st century，Urbanization、Industrialization、Globalization、History issues such as colonization，The scope of writing of the history of the disease，New research results are endless。Combined with the evolution of the disease to reflect human social life，Revealing historical phenomena that is ignored in traditional historical research and national national historical Bet365 lotto review framework，Use new historical methods at the same time，Ru psychological history、Oral history、Environmental History、Measurement History, etc.，Make historical research more full outlines。

Historians realize the interaction between disease and history，Also consciously incorporates the history of diseases into the category of historical investigation and interpretation。Diseases can be regarded as a simple biological event，It may also be converted into complex social events，The "Butterfly Effect" caused by it stirred up the adjustment and innovation of various functions of the society。Take cholera as an example，1831，This fatal germs follow the European colonists' merchant ships from the Ganges Delta to the UK，Directly drive the public health legislation of British cities and pay attention to the doctors industry，Adjust its urbanization development direction。At the same time，Western European political turmoil and economic crisis caused thousands of immigrants to cross the Atlantic，Make cholera to the entire European continent。A large number of business exchanges in Europe and other regions and immigrants influx，cholera further reaches Africa and America，Causes global disaster。The popularity of cholera shows the basic appearance of the 19th century society: industrialization、Global Trade、Large -scale urbanization process、Social turmoil and population migration。In the era of increasingly close human contact，The ecological evolution of the disease has surpassed the direction of medicine。It penetrates each other with the major stage of historical development，Become a paragraph that cannot be ignored in the history of social and cultural。

　Awareness of the disease with the perspective of social and cultural history

With the deepening of human understanding of diseases，The theoretical improvement of the disease itself and the practice Bet365 app download of diagnosis and treatment also require the support and answer of humanities disciplines。1543，Belgian anatomist Weshari Chu Chuchuang Biomedical System。Medicine gradually got rid of witchcraft、The restraint of religious theology，Open the curtain of the mysteries of the human body。By the second half of the 19th century。The understanding of the disease of the disease from the biomedical mode comes from the measurement or pathological change of the biological indicators of human beings。The human body is regarded as a precision machine，The disease is a part of a certain part of the parts fail or damage。The work of the doctor is to diagnose through clinical examinations and laboratory instruments，"Repair" or eliminate lesions based on the similarity of the physiological structure of the human body。But by the second half of the 20th century，This "physical and mental separation" biomedical model has been controversial，and exposed the shortcomings that are difficult to overcome in medical practice and medical views。

As George Rosen said: "Human diseases will not be‘ simple natural reactions ’anywhere’，On the contrary，The adjustment and change of social activities and the cultural environment created by it。"Biomedical Model Based on Biological Science，But only technical advantages，It is difficult for medicine to make the best choice for patients。For example，Pathological and bacterial knowledge system can explain obesity、Diabetes and other diseases，But it cannot explain the depression、anxiety、Psychological diseases such as neurasthenia。Because most of these diseases are related to social and cultural。From a certain angle，They are also a civilized disease。Personal lifestyle、Cultural background、Interpersonal relationships and social welfare、Ecological Environment, etc.，The interaction of these factors Bet365 lotto review may affect the disease process。Therefore, the study of diseases cannot only pay attention to biological pathogenic factors，Pour from the background of social culture。

1977，Psychiatry at the University of Rochester、Professor Engel, a professor of internal science, proposed a biological -psychological -social medicine mode。This model emphasizes people except biological attributes，It also has social attributes，and have extremely complicated psychological activities with interconnected，This has driven the transformation of medical practice and medical concept。It advocates the expansion of expansion from the changes in physiological pathological to the psychological and social level; the comprehensive governance from simple disease treatment to the social environment，From the governance light defense to the prevention and treatment，Expand the depth and breadth of the disease。Disease History Research has no longer been in the past to doctors' specialized narrow gardens，and accept the addition of social and cultural history with a more open attitude，To interpret the impact and countermeasures of the disease outside the biological significance。

　The development trend of the history of European and American diseases

In the second half of the 20th century，With people's attention to medical and health，and the development needs of history research，History of diseases gradually become research hotspots，Began to enter a transition period from narrow to width，presents the diversification of the research object、Professionalization of research means、Research on the development trend of globalization of perspective。

First，Diversification of research objects。Religious tradition、Religious tradition、Social and cultural factors such as family life are all included in the research category of the history of disease，Researchers bet365 best casino games pay more attention to the multicultural construction of diseases，and medical system、doctor -patient relationship、Ethics and Practical Interpretation of Real Propaganda and other real propositions。The cross of the research content and methods to the depth of the history of the disease brings unlimited possibilities。Interdisciplinary and cross -cultural research has become a significant feature of the study of disease history。On the one hand, the writing of disease history needs to be combined with sociology、Psychology、Anthropology、Literature、Archeology and other disciplines can better dig the truth of history，Diversified value orientation that satisfies its social and cultural。On the other hand, the spread of the disease does not have a fixed concept of geographical space，Many countries and regions are connected in the context of the disease、Integrated，Therefore, surpassing the traditional national national boundary。Tracking and Record These complex processes，Research paradigm beyond traditional history，Writing the history of disease has brought opportunities and challenges。

Second，Professionalization of the research team。Early medical history research has been ironic as "medical history without medicine"。Obligatory and difficult medical knowledge causes difficulties in historical writing，Avoidance and rejection by historians，It can only emphasize "from diseases and perspective social culture"。Due to the lack of professional medical background knowledge，Related research results are also difficult to obtain universal identity in the historical and medical circles。The research on the history of disease today pays more attention to the dual knowledge background of the researcher and the collaboration of interdisciplinary，Encourage medical hotspot issues，Strongly serving medical bet365 best casino games practice while expanding historical cognition。For example，The Medical History Research Center, which was established in 1997, has formed a virtuous cycle of humanities and social science research and medical practice.。This center brings together historical science、Sociology、Psychology、Classical Literature、Modern Literature、Professionals in disciplines such as health，and Social Gene Research Center、Academy School of Medicine、Cooperation of the Environment and Human Health European Research Center，Methods and field development of medical history and related historical research。

third，Research perspective globalization。Early history of disease history is mostly performed in the framework of ethnic countries or local medicine，The rise of global historical views has provided new space for the development of disease history in the past 30 years，Historians try to put aside strict regions and ethnic differences，Place the study of disease history in a wider geographical space。This change does not mean that it is necessary to sort out the history of global diseases in a "grand narrative" way，Emphasize cross -cultural and cross -state understanding diseases、The necessity of health and medicine。Especially pay attention to the metastasis of the pathogen、evolution and social changes、Cultural preference、Ecological Environment，Even the relationship between the more subtle lifelong method，To reveal the interaction and influence between the disease and the globalization。

Diseases have never been pure natural science，It connects all aspects of human civilization。It shares advanced scientific and technological achievements，also explore the root of human culture and the source of life。It encourages scholars to inspect the fine branches in history from a global perspective，It also drives us to break through the traditional Bet365 lotto review boundary between natural science and social sciences，Think and improve the ethical connotation of medicine。Today's disease discourse has broken through the original biology boundary，Opening a multi -dimensional space that is rich in social and cultural。This is a learning related to life，It is closely related to the fate of humans。In the future, human beings will pay more attention and understanding of their own diseases and health，The process of conquering the disease will never stop，This is the power and value of the research of disease history。

　　(Author Unit: School of Social Development, Nanjing Normal University)