Since General Secretary Xi Jinping proposed at the Philosophy and Social Sciences Work Symposium that “we must base ourselves on China、Learn from abroad,Digging History、Grasp the contemporary era,Care for Humanity、Thoughts for the future,Focus on building philosophy and social sciences with Chinese characteristics,In guiding ideology、Discipline System、Academic System、Discourse system and other aspects fully reflect Chinese characteristics、Chinese style、Since "Chinese Style",The academic community has carried out active research around the construction of the "three major systems",Published many research results。The author thinks,Under the construction of "three major systems",The construction of discourse system is the foundation;The construction of a discourse system is not only about using discourse with Chinese characteristics,And it lies in interpreting the connotation of unified universal discourse in a Chinese way;To be in every academic system、The discipline system is formed to reflect Chinese characteristics、Chinese style、Chinese style discourse system。This requires that the construction of the discourse system should focus more on pragmatism,To summarize、combing、Unify various academic systems、Discourse often used in the subject system,Give it Chinese characteristics。
General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “Put power in the cage of the system。”This is a vivid Chinese discourse about the power monitoring mechanism。About the power monitoring mechanism,In our country’s current discourse system,It also involves three basic concepts - constraints、bet365 mobile betting、bet365 mobile betting,They each have different status and functions in the power monitoring system。But,Long time,There are always differences in the connotation and relationship between these three concepts in our country's academic circles。There are those who confuse people,There are those who are greater than others,There are less than theorists,There are parallelists。Conceptual ambiguity and disagreement,Indicates that China has not yet formed a voice in this research field,Also influenced the construction of academic system and subject system。Therefore,It is necessary to adapt to Chinese language habits、A Chinese interpretation from a Chinese perspective,Forming Chinese Discourse,Unify academic understanding。
What are constraints?"Modern Chinese Dictionary" (hereinafter referred to as "Dictionary") does not give a direct answer,But give an example。That is, “the existence and change of thing A is conditional on the existence and change of thing B,Then thing A is restricted by thing B”。But,The "Dictionary" has separate explanations for "system" and "restraint"。"Zhi" means "to constrain with force";"Constraint" means "limit so as not to exceed the scope"。Accordingly,The author thinks,The connotation of restriction should be: use strong restrictions to prevent it from exceeding the scope。In terms of bet365 mobile betting constraints,It is to use force to limit bet365 mobile betting,Keep the exercise of bet365 mobile betting within the prescribed scope,To prevent abuse of bet365 mobile betting、Occurrence of abuse of bet365 mobile betting,Oppose corruption。This is the Chinese people’s popular understanding of bet365 mobile betting constraints。
In practice,The main ways to restrict power include: institutional constraints based on the establishment of rules and regulations、Check-and-balance constraints based on power allocation and sanctions constraints based on power bet365 mobile betting,That is what people usually call restricting power by system、Restricting power with power and restricting power with right。Among them,Institutional constraints are the foundation,Checks and balances are the main body,Sanctions and constraints are guarantees。That is to say,To prevent abuse of power、Indiscriminate use,Oppose corruption,First of all, regulations and systems must be established (the most important of which is legislation),Require those who exercise power to administer in accordance with the law、According to the rules,Regulating the operation of power through systems,Restricting power through systems。This is the premise for the operation of power,It is the infrastructure that restricts power。At the same time,Cannot delegate all power to one subject,Power must be allocated scientifically and reasonably among different subjects,Form the mutual cooperation between power and power、Function and containment relationship,This is the normal behavior of power,Is an important mechanism to restrict power。Last,There must also be a system to supervise the operation of power,Implement necessary sanctions against those who violate regulations or exercise power beyond their authority,Restricting power with sanctions,To ensure the effective operation of power。This is a necessary facility for the operation of power,It is a guarantee mechanism to restrict power。It can be seen from this,In the Chinese discourse system,Power constraints can be used in both broad and narrow senses。Generalized power restriction is equivalent to power monitoring,Including institutional constraints、Checks and balances constraints and sanctions constraints;Power restriction in the narrow sense only refers to the main form of power restriction in the broad sense - checks and balances constraints。
Therefore,When talking about the relationship between power constraints and power bet365 mobile betting,It is necessary to distinguish between general constraints and narrow constraints respectively。In terms of generalized constraints,Restrictions include bet365 mobile betting,bet365 mobile betting is a subordinate concept of restriction,Or a concept,It is a restrictive guarantee mechanism;In terms of narrow constraints,bet365 mobile betting and restriction are in parallel relationship,It is also one of the important ways to restrict power in a broad sense。If people juxtapose power restriction and power bet365 mobile betting,The restrictions at this time should be understood as narrow restrictions。
What is bet365 mobile betting?In our country’s academic circles, bet365 mobile betting is generally defined as bet365 mobile betting,Confusion of bet365 mobile betting and bet365 mobile betting。Therefore,It is necessary to examine bet365 mobile betting and bet365 mobile betting together。According to the "Dictionary" explanation,bet365 mobile betting means “to observe and supervise”。View,It is "look carefully to understand the situation";bet365 mobile betting,It means urging and correcting。Generally speaking,bet365 mobile betting is always about people’s behavior。Therefore,bet365 mobile betting can be defined as the bet365 mobile betting subject’s observation and bet365 mobile betting of the behavior of the bet365 mobile betting object,Or,Check carefully,And urge or urge correction。In Dictionary,The explanation of bet365 mobile betting is: “Supervise the work of state agencies and agency staff at all levels and report agencies or staff who violate laws and neglect their duties。”That is to say,In Dictionary,bet365 mobile betting is used to explain bet365 mobile betting,Instead of using bet365 mobile betting to explain bet365 mobile betting。According to defined rules,In two concepts that have a genus-species relationship,The species concept can be explained by the genus concept,Add necessary qualifiers to the genus concept to form the species concept,But the species concept cannot be used to explain the genus concept。Otherwise,I made the mistake of generalizing。Therefore,According to the explanation of "Dictionary",Inspection is just a type of bet365 mobile betting,Specifically refers to bet365 mobile betting that targets the work of state agencies and their staff。Therefore,Using bet365 mobile betting to explain bet365 mobile betting is obviously inappropriate。
"Dictionary" explains the meaning of bet365 mobile betting in terms of the objects of bet365 mobile betting,And in practice,The use of the word bet365 mobile betting has developed again。This is mainly reflected in two aspects: First, it limits the subject of bet365 mobile betting,The subject with supervisory power can only be the state’s specialized agency,The bet365 mobile betting of state agencies and their staff by other entities cannot be called bet365 mobile betting;The second is to give the supervisory subject greater authority,The supervisory subject not only has general bet365 mobile betting rights,The power to observe and supervise,And has the power of investigation and disposal,Investigating the problems discovered during bet365 mobile betting,The power to make disposal decisions based on the investigation results。That is to say,Only the bet365 mobile betting of the work of state agencies and their staff by specialized state agencies can be called bet365 mobile betting,The supervisory power of specialized agencies includes not only the power of bet365 mobile betting,Also includes investigation and disposal rights,That is, the right to sanction。This way,Inspection is not just a general type of bet365 mobile betting,And it is a special type of bet365 mobile betting。bet365 mobile betting,As "observation and bet365 mobile betting",Can be applied to any subject’s observation and bet365 mobile betting of any object,But it is just to observe and supervise,Does not have the right to investigate and dispose,Does not produce sanctions;bet365 mobile betting,As a special type of bet365 mobile betting,Specially applicable to the bet365 mobile betting of state agencies and their staff by specialized state agencies,And has the power of investigation and disposal,Have the right to sanction。Therefore,bet365 mobile betting is not ordinary bet365 mobile betting,But a special type of bet365 mobile betting。Have the right to investigate and dispose,bet365 mobile betting that produces sanctions。In the broad power restriction system,bet365 mobile betting is not just bet365 mobile betting as a prerequisite for sanctions,And it is a sanction constraint in itself。
In summary,The author thinks,Monitoring of power,The basic way to lock power into the cage of the system is power restriction,Use force to restrict power,Keep the exercise of power within the prescribed scope,To prevent abuse of power、Occurrence of abuse of power,Oppose corruption。In contemporary times,There are three main specific ways of restricting power: institutional constraints、Checks and balances constraints、Sanction constraints。Among them,The premise of sanctions and constraints is bet365 mobile betting,Only bet365 mobile betting is in place,Only for accurate sanctions,Constraint is valid。bet365 mobile betting only means to observe and supervise,Provide the basis for sanctions constraints。Inspection is a special type of bet365 mobile betting,It is the bet365 mobile betting of state agencies and their public officials implemented by specialized state agencies,is a supervisor with the power of investigation and disposal,bet365 mobile betting with sanctioning power。
Clear concept is to build an academic system、Basics of the subject system,Academic system with Chinese characteristics、Discipline System,Need to be supported by a discourse system with Chinese characteristics。The above restrictions、bet365 mobile betting、Discussion and clarification of the concept, meaning and relationship of bet365 mobile betting,Hope to build an academic system of national power with Chinese characteristics、The subject system is beneficial。
(This article is a study and interpretation of the spirit of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, a special project of the National Social Science Fund "Research on Improving the bet365 mobile betting System of the Party and the State" (18VSJ051)、Fujian Provincial Social Science Planning Special Commission General Project "Research on Several Institutional Mechanism Issues in the Application of the bet365 mobile betting Law" (FJ2018TWFB05) Phased Results)
(The author is a professor at the Law School of Fujian Normal University)
Friendly links: Official website of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences |
Website registration number: Beijing Public Network Security No. 11010502030146 Ministry of Industry and Information Technology: Beijing ICP No. 11013869
All rights reserved by China Social Sciences Magazine. No reproduction or use without permission is allowed
Chief editor’s email: zzszbj@126.com Contact information of this website: 010-85886809 Address: Floor 11-12, Building 1, No. 15 Guanghua Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing Postal Code: 100026
>