2019 is one year for scientific and technological ethics.。Whether it is domestic or foreign，Ethical discussion around gene editing discussions，The ethical principles of big data and artificial intelligence compete for launch，Climate justice、New research directions such as energy justice are also quietly emerging。Scientific and technological ethics not only become a popular issue at the annual meeting and seminar of scientific and technological philosophy and ethics，In Life Science、Computer、Seminar and Annual Meeting of scientific and technical majors such as artificial intelligence，There are often sounds of research on scientific and technological ethics。Science and technology ethics related major national projects and the number of projects and scientific research funds increase significantly，Data sharing and privacy protection、Algorithm prejudice and genetic discrimination, which is not only a professional term for philosophers and ethicalists，and gradually become public topics that various media and the public are concerned。Science and Technology Ethics，This is almost forgotten marginal research field，Welcome to rapid development。

　　Bet365 app download

As an emerging crossover，Science and technology ethics was born in the 1970s。After World War II，Nuclear Technology、Biological engineering and genetic technology、The rapid development of modern science and technology such as information technology，In addition to the strong interest and excitement of people，also caused worry and fear。Gene -improvement、Gene -improvement、New technologies such as the Internet and other new technologies have never occurred before，It even directly impacted the existing ethical specifications。German American philosopher, H. Jonas, pointed out，Traditional ethics based on individual ethics can no longer cover and respond to ethical problems that occur in modern scientific and technological activities，Humans face a "vacuum of ethics"。From this，UNAS bet365 Play online games calls to build "A behavior that regulates people，Ensure ethics that humans have renewed for a long time "，Such ethics should be responsible ethics centered on responsibility。Whether the principle and technology of responsibility and technology that follows should become a big discussion for the object of ethics research，Drive the "ethical steering" of technical philosophy and the "technical steering" of ethics，It also marks the birth of science and technology ethics as applied ethics。

Research on science and technology ethics starts along two paths from the beginning: First, follow the tradition of critical philosophy，Facing modern technology from the theoretical level adopting a criticism and questioning attitude，What is "good technology"，What kind of technical activities can be defended ethically，The ethical principles of exploring scientific and technological activities -for example, the principles of Yonus's responsibility: "Your behavior impact must be consistent with the continuous existence of the lives of the real people on the earth。"Another path is from the traditional ethical principles，For specific technology，For example, security and risks in nuclear technology、Gene engineering intervention of human nature and the ethics of the species、Privacy and digital gap problems in computers and the Internet conduct standardized review，Point out the challenges of the principles of dignity and social justice of people -its basic position is mostly warning or prophecy、Critical，or "The Enlightenment of Fear" as UNAN。That is to say，Early scientific and technological ethics research，It mainly focuses on critical reflection，Scholars who follow this field mostly come from the field of technical philosophy and ethics。

　　Focus on contemporary steering

Looking back in recent years，Especially the discussion of scientific and technological ethics since 2019，We found，Research on Science and Technology Ethics，Both the research team and the research path have produced large changes。The main feature is diversity and interdisciplinary: In the original marginalized scientific and technological ethics research team，Not only law、Scholars in the fields of sociology and other fields formed "Ethics、Legal and Social Issues "(Ethical, Legal and Social Isues，referred to as ELSI) Bet365 app download Research Group，And many scholars focusing on "metaphysics" (usually we believe that scientific and technological ethics belongs to the category of applied philosophy and applied ethics) also issued ethical questioning about gene enhancement and algorithm discrimination。The particularly worthy of attention is，Many computers and artificial intelligence experts、Life scientists and the public joined the reflection team of emerging technologies。

The diversity and interdisciplinary of the research team，It also brings the diversity and interdisciplinary nature of the research path。People are no longer satisfied with new technologies from traditional ethical specifications，Starting to find and explore ethical principles and standard paths suitable for emerging technologies。Especially in the field of artificial intelligence ethics research that the public is more concerned about，Ethical specifications and principles at different levels、Competition to introduce，Although people have not reached a consensus on "What is artificial intelligence"，But there are many same or similar conclusions for "what should not be artificial intelligence"。

This shows a major turning point in the research of scientific and technological ethics: scientific and technological ethics will no longer be satisfied with the current science and technology，Instead, trying to play a shape in scientific and technological progress，That is, the research of science and technology ethics.。Scientific and technological ethics began to speculate from the possibility of negative consequences of science and technology，Exploration of the feasibility and acceptability of science and technology。

　　Pointing to the future development

From the date of birth，Scientific and technological ethics is regarded as a future -oriented discipline，Especially in biotechnology、Artificial Intelligence、nanotechnology and other technologies are still in the forefront of the budding period，Due to the uncertainty of technical consequences，complexity on social impact、Long -term、Cumulative，Many predictions on ethical issues，with some speculation (Speculative)。Nordmann (A. Nordmann) refers to this research mode of scientific and technological ethics as "if and then" mode。For example，Whether artificial intelligence is "angel" or "devil" question，It has some kind of imaginary and speculative nature。If science and bet365 best casino games technology ethics only stays in speculation and criticism of consequences，So it is inevitable to cause such an impression，The purpose of the research of scientific and technological ethics is to hinder the development of science and technology。Especially when people find that some predictions are biased，It will question the research methods of scientific and technological ethics more。But this is not to say，The negative consequences of evaluation and prediction technology are not reasonable。Just the opposite，Ethics evaluation of early scientific and technological consequences，It is to avoid the "Colinuric Dilemma" that avoids technology -once the technology develops mature，It is difficult for people to control its consequences。From this perspective，The important thing is how to avoid and control the negative consequences brought by technology，instead of restricting or even hindering the development of technology itself。That is to say，The question is not "Do" or "Don't Do"，How to do it、Do it under what conditions。Because the birth of almost every technology originated from society's expectations of it。Therefore，To truly solve the negative consequences of technology and related ethical problems，What is important is how to spend with technology experts in the early days，Exploring the acceptable boundary and its normative conditions of technical activities and technical consequences in the era of science and technology civilization。

Obviously，Social shaping participating in science and technology progress will be an important direction for future development of science and technology ethics。The evolution and development of science and technology is not the same as the progress of science and technology。Progress of the concept of norm means good、Acceptable、Development of defense。But the evolution and development of science and technology is not linear，It is by no means a decision theory。The shape of the society's progress in scientific and technological progress is a manifestation of active interaction between science and technology and society。In recent years，The "responsible innovation" concept proposed by the European Union，The purpose is to want to create a sense of responsibility and responsibility.，Lead the progress of science and technology as moral progress。Social shaping of science and technology ethics participating in scientific and technological progress，The following paths are the following。

First，In the process Bet365 app download of technical design，Possibly space of the analysis as an intermediary technology，Especially found "potential possibilities"，Convert acceptable moral value into acceptable technical functions，Try to compress the potential、Unreliable、Unprecedented "Possibility Space"，Make the "original intention" of the technology and the consequences of technology as consistent。Dutch scholar P. F. Verbeek、"Moralization" and the value design path proposed by Van Denden Hoven and others can be regarded as a beneficial attempt in this direction。In value design，Ethicsists are not only bystanders of science and technology，but a member of the partner and engineer of scientists and engineers。The role of ethics is no longer just moral demonstration and concept reflection。The point of value design is to integrate moral principles and value specifications into technical processes and technical products。

Next，If we think of the previous way as the "externalization of morality"，So，Article 2 is also the most important path，is the internalization of morality and responsibility in the heart，Then it is externalized by scientists and engineers -the creation of artificial goods depends to a large extent on their wisdom and labor。Very true，As H. Arendt said，"The world of early artificial articles gives mankind a solid stability and sense of security，Make people this change of impermanence、The creatures that are difficult to escape have a place to habitat on the earth，Makes people have a stable homeland "。But today，The power of technology sometimes gives people a sense of security，Sometimes it also gives people fear。As Einstein said，"Scientists and engineers are responsible for particularly heavy moral responsibility"。Scientists and engineers should recognize，They not only assume the responsibility of creating technical artificial material，And instruct the potential power release direction and moral point of the technical artificial material。Science and technology ethics education is imperative，Integrate scientific and technological ethical knowledge into the knowledge system and method of scientists and engineers，Perhaps the highest state of "moral embedding"。

again，Through systems and policies,，To ensure Bet365 lotto review the feasibility of specific technical applications and the acceptability of the public。Appropriate、can be corrected、Dynamic scientific and technological policy is an important means to promote technological responsibility and innovation。Therefore，Future scientific and technological ethics research will break through the current conceptual framework，Ethical problems focusing on real world，While not giving up the analysis of the moral principles，With the help of interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary social science experience description methods，In -depth understanding of the public's value expectations for technology。Based on this，Determine "What is acceptable technology", "Where is the boundary of technical feasibility", etc.，Provide ethical foundation and moral defense for the formulation of scientific and technological policies。Study of scientific and technological ethics，cannot be separated from the support of social science。

Last，Although we share common、A human moral principles can provide an abstract foundation for moral integration，But to build a value specification based on feasibility and acceptability，It is also necessary to based on the corresponding science and technology culture，Understand the wishes and needs of those who are stakeholders。The future of technology is also the future of human beings，The convenient and comfortable life brought by science and technology in the whole society，Build a safe and beautiful home，It is also the common responsibility of the whole society。Therefore，Create a peaceful and wise discourse space and discourse environment，is the cultural basis for the construction of science and technology ethics。

New year，Scientific and technological ethics will not stop at the normative reflection on ethical and social issues in scientific and technological progress，Instead, I will work hard to participate in the shape of scientific and technological progress。In a sense，Scientific and technological ethics will move from "sitting" to "unity of knowledge and action"。The parallel parallel of technology and ethics can be treated。

　(This article is the State Natural Science Foundation Emergency Project "Research on Scientific Research Ethics and Scientific Research Integrity Governance" (71843009)、The phased achievement of the "Ethics and Social Governance of Big Data and Social Governance" of the Project of the School of Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Sciences)

(Author Unit: School of Philosophy of Fudan University)