2019 is a year of great vitality for science bet365 sign up bonus code research。Whether at home or abroad，Ethical discussions surrounding gene editing are in the ascendant，Ethical principles of big data and artificial intelligence are competing to be launched，And climate justice、New research directions such as energy justice are also quietly emerging。Technology ethics has become a hot topic not only at annual conferences and seminars on the philosophy of science and technology and ethics，In Life Sciences、Computer、Seminars and annual conferences on artificial intelligence and other science and technology majors，There are often voices researching ethical issues in science and technology。The number of national major projects related to science bet365 sign up bonus code and the amount of scientific research funds have increased significantly，Data Sharing and Privacy Protection、Algorithmic bias and genetic discrimination are no longer just professional terms that philosophers and ethicists talk about，And it has gradually become a public topic of concern to various media and the public。Technology Ethics，This originally almost forgotten fringe research field，Ushered in rapid development。

　　Looking back at the origin bet365 sign up bonus code discipline

As an emerging interdisciplinary subject，Technology ethics was born in the 1970s。After World War II，Nuclear technology、Bioengineering and Gene Technology、The rapid development of modern science and technology such as information technology，While arousing strong interest and excitement，Also causes worry and fear。And clone、Genetic improvement、New problems that have never appeared before caused by new technologies such as the Internet，It directly impacts the existing ethical norms。German-American philosopher Jonas (H. Jonas) pointed out，Traditional ethics based on individual ethics can no longer cover and respond to ethical issues that arise in modern scientific and technological activities，Humanity is facing an "ethical vacuum"。Therefore，Yunas calls for the construction of "a behavior that regulates people，Ethics to ensure the long-term survival of mankind”，Such ethics should be responsibility ethics centered on responsibility。The ensuing discussion surrounding the principle of responsibility and whether technology should be the object of ethical research，Driving the "ethical turn" in the philosophy of technology and the "technical turn" in ethics，Also marks the birth of science bet365 sign up bonus code as applied ethics。

The research on science bet365 sign up bonus code has been carried out along two paths from the beginning: one is to follow the tradition of critical philosophy，Adopt a critical and questioning attitude towards modern technology from a theoretical level，Asking what is “good technology”，What kind of technological activities can be ethically defended，Explore the ethical principles of scientific and technological activities - such as Yunus's principle of responsibility: "The impact of your actions must be consistent with the continued existence of real human life on earth。”Another path is to start from traditional ethical principles，For specific technologies，For example, safety and risks in nuclear technology、Genetic engineering’s interference in human nature and its species ethical issues、Normative review of privacy and digital divide issues in computers and the Internet，Points out challenges to principles such as human dignity and social justice—its basic stance is mostly warning or prophetic、Critical，Or as Yunus calls it "the enlightenment of fear"。In other words，Early research on ethics of science and technology，Mainly focus on critical reflection，The scholars who pay attention to this field mostly come from the fields of philosophy of technology and ethics。

　　Focus bet365 sign up bonus code contemporary turn

Looking back on recent years，Especially the discussion surrounding science bet365 sign up bonus code since 2019，We found out，Research on Science bet365 sign up bonus code，Both the research team and research paths have undergone major changes。The most important characteristics are diversity and interdisciplinarity: in the originally marginalized research team of ethics of science and technology，Not only law、Scholars in sociology and other fields together with researchers in philosophy and ethics formed the "Ethics"、Law and Social Issues” (Ethical, Legal and Social Issues，ELSI for short) research group，And many scholars who focus on "metaphysics" (usually we think of science bet365 sign up bonus code as belonging to the category of applied philosophy and applied ethics) have also raised ethical questions on issues such as genetic enhancement and algorithmic discrimination。What deserves special attention is，Many computer and artificial intelligence experts、Life scientists and the public have joined the team to reflect on emerging technologies。

Diversity and interdisciplinarity of the research team，Also brings diversity and interdisciplinarity in research paths。People are no longer satisfied with examining new technologies from the perspective of traditional ethical norms，Start to find and explore ethical principles and normative paths applicable to emerging technologies。Especially in the field of artificial intelligence bet365 sign up bonus code research that the public is more concerned about，There are various ethical norms and principles at different levels、Competing to introduce，Although there is no consensus on "what artificial intelligence is"，But there are many same or similar conclusions about "what artificial intelligence should not be"。

This indicates a major turning point in the study of science bet365 sign up bonus code: science bet365 sign up bonus code will no longer be satisfied with evaluating or criticizing current science and technology，Instead, it tries to play a shaping role in the progress of science and technology，That is, research on science bet365 sign up bonus code strives to be more involved in the social shaping and construction of science and technology。Technology ethics begins to speculate on the possibility of negative consequences of science and technology，Toward the exploration of the feasibility and acceptability conditions of science and technology。

　　Pointing to future bet365 sign up bonus code

From the day of birth，Technology ethics is regarded as a future-oriented discipline，Especially in biotechnology、Artificial Intelligence、Nanotechnology and other cutting-edge fields where many technologies are still in their infancy，Due to uncertainty of technological consequences，And the complexity of its impact on society、Long term、Cumulative，Many predictions about ethical issues，All are speculative。Nordman (A. Nordmann) calls this research model of science bet365 sign up bonus code the “If and then” model。For example，The question of whether artificial intelligence is an “angel” or a “devil”，It has the nature of some kind of hypothesis and speculation。If science bet365 sign up bonus code only stops at speculation and criticism of consequences，So it is inevitable to create such an impression，That is, the purpose of scientific and technological ethics research is to hinder the development of science and technology。Especially when people find that some predictions are biased，This will make you question the research methods of science bet365 sign up bonus code even more。But this does not mean，There is no rationale for assessing and predicting the future negative consequences of technology。Quite the opposite，Early Ethical Assessment of the Consequences of Technology，It is precisely to avoid encountering the "Collingridge Dilemma" of technology-once the technology develops and matures，It is difficult to control the consequences anymore。From this point of view，What matters is how to avoid and control the negative consequences of technology，Rather than restrict or even hinder the development of technology itself。In other words，The question is not “do” or “not do”，But how to do it、Under what conditions。Because the birth of almost every technology stems from society’s expectations for it。Therefore，To truly address the negative consequences of technology and related ethical issues，The important thing is how to work with technology experts in the early days，Exploring the acceptable boundaries and normative conditions of technological activities and consequences in the era of scientific and technological civilization。

　Obviously，Participating in the social shaping of scientific and technological progress will be an important direction for the development of science bet365 sign up bonus code in the future。The evolution and development of science and technology are not equivalent to the progress of science and technology。Progress as a normative concept means good、Acceptable、defensible development。But the evolution and development of science and technology are not linear，It is by no means deterministic。Society’s shaping of scientific and technological progress is a reflection of the positive interaction between science and technology and society。In recent years，The concept of “responsible innovation” proposed by the European Union，The purpose is to create a sense of responsibility and responsible behavior，Leading the progress of science and technology as moral progress。Technological ethics participates in the social shaping of scientific and technological progress，The influence paths are as follows。

First，In the process of technical design，Through analysis as the possibility space of intermediary bet365 sign up bonus code，Especially discovering "potential possibilities"，Translate acceptable moral values ​​into acceptable technical functionality，Compact potential as much as possible、Unreliable、Uncontrollable "possibility space"，Make the "original intention" of bet365 sign up bonus code and the consequences of bet365 sign up bonus code as consistent as possible。Dutch scholar Verbeek (P. F. Verbeek）、Vanden Horn (V. D. Hoven) and others’ “moral materialization” and value design paths can be seen as useful attempts in this direction。In Value Design，Ethicists are no longer just spectators of science and bet365 sign up bonus code，But a collaborator of scientists and engineers and a member of the scientific and technological community。The role of ethics is no longer just moral argumentation and conceptual reflection。The essence of value design is to integrate ethical principles and value norms into technical processes and technical products。

Secondly，If we regard the former path as "externalizing morality to things"，Then，The second and most important path，It is to internalize the concepts of morality and responsibility，And then externalized to the journey of scientists and engineers - the creation of artificial objects depends to a large extent on their wisdom and labor。Admittedly，Like Arendt (H. Arendt) said，“The world of early man-made objects gave humans a sense of solid stability and security，What makes people changeable、Creatures that cannot escape death have a place to live on the earth，Let people have a stable home”。But today，The power of bet365 sign up bonus code sometimes gives people a sense of security，Sometimes it also brings fear to people。As Einstein said，“Scientists and engineers bear an especially heavy moral responsibility”。Scientists and engineers should realize，They not only bear the responsibility of creating technological artifacts，And guides the potential release direction and moral direction of technological artifacts。bet365 sign up bonus code ethics education is imperative，Integrate scientific and technological ethics knowledge into the knowledge system and thinking methods of scientists and engineers，Perhaps the highest state of "moral embedding"。

AGAIN，Adoption of regulations and policies，To ensure the feasibility of specific technical applications and public acceptability。Appropriate、Can be corrected、Dynamic science and technology policy is an important means to promote responsible technological innovation。Therefore，Future research on ethics of science and technology will break through the current conceptual framework in terms of methodology，Focus on real-world ethical issues，While not giving up the analysis of moral principles，Empirical description methods with the help of interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary social sciences，In-depth understanding of the public’s value expectations for technology。On this basis，Determine "what is acceptable technology", "where is the boundary of technical feasibility", etc.，Provide ethical basis and moral defense for the formulation of science and technology policy。Normative research on science bet365 sign up bonus code，Inseparable from the support of social sciences。

Finally，Despite what we share、Human-based moral principles can provide an abstract basis for moral integration，But construct value specifications based on feasibility and acceptability，It is also necessary to be based on the corresponding science, technology and culture，Understand the wishes and needs of stakeholders。The future of technology is also the future of mankind，While the whole society shares the convenient and comfortable life brought by science and technology，Build a safe and beautiful home together，It is also the common responsibility of the whole society。Therefore，Create a peaceful and wise discourse space and environment，Is the cultural foundation for the construction of science bet365 sign up bonus code。

New Year，Technological ethics will not stop at normative reflections on ethical and social issues in scientific and technological progress，Instead, we will strive to participate in the shaping of scientific and technological progress。In a sense，Science bet365 sign up bonus code will move from "sitting down and discussing the truth" to "unity of knowledge and action"。The parallel between technology and ethics can be expected。

　(This article is part of the National Natural Science Foundation of China emergency project “Research on Research bet365 sign up bonus code and Research Integrity Governance” (71843009)、Phase results of the Chinese Academy of Sciences’ project “Ethical Issues and Social Governance of Big Data”)

(Author’s affiliation: School of bet365 sign up bonus code, Fudan University)