Since the dispute between Simon and Waldo，Western bet365 Play online games Public administration Positioning in Discipline、Research Paradigm、Practice function and value orientation on basic issues are increasingly intensified。1960s，Phenomenal philosopher Alberto Guerreiro Ramos came to the University of Southern California，Affected Michael Harmon、Jong Jun and other youth scholars，Starting the perspective of phenomenon -based perspectives and methods, the mainstream research of the public administration reflects。1970s，The center of the Public Administrative Phenomenon Movement moved to George Washington University，Guy Adams and Jay White are activists。The 1980s，Research further differentiation，But the phenomenal position that is upholds together makes the phenomenology movement further，Public Administrative Theoretical Network (PAT-Net) can find many participants and the figures of their heirs。These scholars use phenomenology to reflect on the ontology of mainstream public administration、Identification Theory、Practice and values，Model for Western Public Administration、Entry and temperament has a profound impact。

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The birth of Western bet365 Play online games Public administration is based on the political -administrative two -point method，and take efficiency as a value -oriented，Taking bureaucratic production as an organizational form。This reflects the rational background of the instrument of traditional public administration，Administrative personnel are passive -atomic existence，Acting according to stimulus -reaction behaviorist logic。But，Performance of people's intentions of phenomenology，Especially in the world of life, the intention of the intention of the experience of others, that is, the emphasis of the inter -subjectivity，revealing the active of people in the administrative world -the essence of socialization。

Western bet365 Play online games Public administration is relieved from the fetters of behaviorism，The way bet365 Play online games to advance in actionism is opened。The interaction of action becomes the basic analysis unit，Politics -Administrative Two Denuction and Value behind it、Objectives —— The means of means of interpretation on the basis of interaction。This unified view of action is extremely important for resolving a series of dual -point methods in public administration，Integrity of the basic division of public administrative disciplines in the context of the context of behaviorism is proposed。The core of this scheme is，Avoid understanding public administrative practice only as a technical application practice (Practice)，Calling Praxis with critical and reflection (PRAXIS)。Speaking，The basic connotation is the human body、Public administrative practice of reflection and social history。This ancient and complicated philosophical concept reflects the care of the source of Western philosophy for the social world，The world faced by public administration is the world where this concept lives，The knowledge you want to produce is also the knowledge contained in this world。

The division of the foundation foundation of Western bet365 Play online games Public administration Discipline is due to the lack of an internal integration，Ignoring how the administrative interaction subject experiences the prerequisite for the experience of administrative practice。Public administrative practice，It is necessary to work hard through deep narrative to produce a highly general theory，Restrictions from administrative interaction to seek universality is tantamount to fishing in the water。Actions in the situation will be eliminated in the preview explanation of the structure before it is understood，Complex practical questions have a simple theoretical answer.。So，The task of public administrative scholars is to determine what the practitioners are doing，Only follow the attitude of phenomenon to follow the manager and practice，Construct an objective significance to construct an objective significance from the discovery of the subjective meaning of the interactor，is the only possible basis for consolidating the legitimacy of the subject。

　　Administrative Knowledge Reconstruction 

Public Administrative Phenomenon Movement resists Bet365 lotto review the dominance of empiricalism in the production of public administrative knowledge。From the history of the development of social science，Since modern times, the pioneer of systematic doubt about the nature of empiricalism is phenomenology，It tries not to use other disciplines，Especially the theory and assumption of natural science，Description The empirical structure appeared in human consciousness。

Participants of the Phenomenon Movement recognized three public administrative research models: Explanation Research、Interpretive Research and Critical Research，and the research and standardized research of phenomenal meaning in phenomenon are positioned in interpretation research and critical research。mainstream social science is a typical explanation research，Interpretation Study from the case of administrative interaction itself rather than the production of public administrative knowledge from the essence of administrative，Pay attention to knowledge environment dependence and characteristics of silence。So，Objectively，Interpretation Study attempts to correct the knowledge structure of propositionalization and principled knowledge of bet365 Play online games Public administration。Administrative interaction subjects are all social historic existence，This requires some aspects of public administration to bear the heavy responsibility of understanding the significance of specific action。Interpretation Study does not set in advance variables and independent variables，No assumptions for inspection，But is committed to understanding the process of social situations and phenomena and social situations that affect each other。

The complexity of public administrative practice activities has never been verified by verification causality、Discovery general laws and forecasting future trends can cover，Interpretation Study requires the reader to vividly describe its research with the author's unique practical experience。The value of this narrative is not just to reveal the phenomenon of specific space -time，More importantly to help us understand the action of people in the field that is opposite to us in the common world，bet365 live casino games Specifically, the relatively closed sectarian organization and the bureaucratic action among them。The role of interpretation research is based on a deep -drawn local public administrative narrative based on the world's surrounding world，First transform into a local knowledge that understands the significance of the main body of administrative interaction，Then through local accumulation, we can obtain universal concepts and general theories on the common world of bet365 Play online games Public administration。So，Phenomenology Movement gives public administration，Nothing is scientific research，Not just examining the meaning of the individual's interaction and action in individual cases，Instead, keep an open knowledge production orientation，It takes understanding as a hub，Take care of、Connect and open the instructions、Interpretation and criticism。

　　Democratic Administrative Reconstruction 

Phenomenology Movement is divided between the scientific world that inherits the objective facts and the life experience of survival experience，Then the public administrative research task is focused on the meaning of understanding the world of living and other people，instead of using those meaning as an object or imposing the existing theory on it。Further talk，Understanding is not the way of behavior of the subject，Instead of the way of existence in itself，Understanding has become a phenomenal interpretation of the existence of people。This understanding -based cognitive interest also re -directed the democratic administration。

The issue of democratic administration is the key issue in the series of centuries of public administrative studies in Western bet365 Play online games Public administration。Whether it is the dispute between Carl Friedrich and Herman Finer，Still the dispute between Simon and Waldo，Both the democratic attributes of public administration and their implementation methods are fiercely debated。In the final analysis，All are asking for the legitimacy of a sectarian system that has not been elected but in daily life.，How does its commitment to democracy reflected in the specific administrative process。Phenomenology Movement will introduce the subject of the subject bet365 live casino games into public administration，Makes democratic participation governance has a more solid foundation in ontology and epistemology -it requires social reality between subjects，instead of holding the individual preference。Democratic administration includes democracy in the process of interacting with the public，also includes democracy in the interaction of public organizations，is the democracy and management of governance。Democratic administration needs to realize the dialogue and fusion of different action subjects in the interaction，instead of monologue and pressure。It promises to solve problems and change society through the democratic process，Let citizens participate in governance、Let the lower level participate in management，condense the consensus of society in a way of participation、The power of gathering the organization。

What needs to be clarified is，Democratic administration may be developed from participation to a social autonomy and self -management in the extreme sense，This is also in line with the critical attitude of the phenomenal movement on the values ​​at the values ​​level。But with the changes in the social environment and the flow of phenomenal movement，Some scholars finally admit，Even in post -modern bet365 Play online games Public administration，The sectarian system may still be the most common governance arrangement。So，The orientation of democratic administration cannot be equivalent to disintegrating or alternative to the sectors，should take a critical attitude of pragmatism，From different interactive situations、Different cultural backgrounds、In the experience of different system foundations, seeking more feasible power allocation and restriction paths，Promote the communication and trust of officials and the people，Integrate to improve the democratic consciousness and skills of administrative interaction，Democracy of modern administration and postmodern administration、The combination of democracy constructed and deconstructed democracy，Makes democratic administration from a political value slogan of affairs to a pragmatic governance performance representation。

　　Reconstruction of administrative ethics 

bet365 Play online games Public administration is a career that co -izes different actors because of the noble goal of public interest，Publicity should always become the background of public administration。But，I saw that the public technical rationality of the administrative administration once monopolized the theory and practice of western public administration。Phenomenology research echoed the discussion of standardized issues such as social fairness and administrative ethics in the trend of the new public administrative movement，But later, it clearly advocates a point of view that is very different from traditional normative ethics。This view is considered，Even in a camp that values ​​administrative ethics，The need for ethics is still limited to legal and moral standards，This obligation theory ignores individual experience、Emotion and habits。Administrative personnel need to act in accordance with the law and moral standards are just the basic dimension of the public administrative spirit，In ethical decision，At least the same important dimension as the former also includes the emphasis on virtue。So，Even if the phenomenon background is not deep, H. George Fredrickson，The ultimate summary of the spirit of public administrative spirit is also based on virtue -like -minded patriotism。

Phenomenon of Western bet365 Play online games Public administration Sports Movement has not simply fallen into objective responsibility and subjective responsibility、External control and internal control、Organizational ethics and individual ethics，but based on the inter -subjectivity，Absorbing some of the claims of pragmatism ethics，Build a relationship -oriented administrative ethics。This kind of administrative ethics requires the administrative personnel to create virtuous administrative staff，Its positioning is a citizen who takes responsibility，Its morality is the expansion of citizen virtue。At the same time，Due to the basic position of action，Especially the qualitative of the real actions of the social essence of administrative actions towards others and seeking to influence others，The meaning of responsibility pays more attention to the call of the subjectivity of the administrative personnel on the basis of recognizing Bet365 lotto review the subjectivity，And a counter -body perspective warns the administrative person to act responsible for the responsible action，Its action significance is preferred by results judgment and objective review，So that administrative ethics can be transformed from a certain objective norm to confirmation and transcendence of self。

　 (Author is an associate professor at the School of Administration of Jilin University、Director of the Department of Public Management)