"National Big Book，Enough food comes first”，The food issue is a major issue related to the national economy and people’s livelihood。In ancient Chinese society where agriculture was the main production sector，Due to the season、Climate impacts and limitations of transportation conditions，Grain reserves are crucial。"Book of Rites·Kingdom" says: "The country does not have enough savings for nine years，It’s urgent without six years of savings，A country without three years of savings is not its own country。”Grain storage ensures the normal operation of the national machinery、Adjusting food prices、Famine preparation and disaster relief，And plays a decisive role in maintaining social stability。All dynasties have attached great importance to the production and storage of grain，Regard it as the primary task of governing the country。Two bet365 sign up offer Dynasties，Prone to natural disasters，Frequent wars，The rulers are more concerned about the famine，Attach importance to warehousing and famine relief、Preparation，The warehousing system has been further developed based on inheritance from the previous generation。

Improvement of bet365 sign up offer

Since the Song bet365 sign up offer succeeded the Han and Tang Dynasties, the government has unified management of grain procurement、Reservation method，A complete warehousing system from central to local levels has been set up。Kaifeng, the capital of the Northern Song bet365 sign up offer, has an extensive land and water transportation network，It can be said to be "pai Yinmai Fen"，Xianhui Tianyi”。Kaifeng is the residence of the emperor and hundreds of officials of the central government、A heavily defended place，Hundreds of thousands of troops，Urban population one million，Food supply is the top priority。Early Northern Song bet365 sign up offer，There are more than 20 granaries built in Kaifeng，collectively referred to as Zhucang in Beijing，Divided into three categories: boat warehouse、Tax Warehouse、Discount warehouse。Fanbancang Fifteenth House，Accept the Four Rivers (Bianhe River、Yellow River、Huimin River、Guangji River) Caoliang。The Bianhe River is the most important among the four rivers for water transportation，Every year, about six million tons of grain from Jianghuai and Cao Rivers are transported to the capital via the Bianhe River。The tax warehouse and the compromise warehouse respectively store tax grains in the Gyeonggi region and grains imported by merchants，Accounts for a small proportion among the warehouses in the capital。Late Northern Song bet365 sign up offer，The scale of warehouses in Beijing has further expanded，The number increased to more than fifty，Provides important guarantee for the capital’s food supply。

In order to transport grain from the southeast to the capital，The Northern Song bet365 sign up offer implemented the transfer method in the Jianghuai water transport，Yu Zhen、Yang、Chu、Si Zhuzhou has set up seven transfer warehouses。Zhuanbancang in the Northern Song bet365 sign up offer was not a single transit warehouse，It has two new characteristics: one is that it contains the meaning of peace and prosperity，In addition to meeting the annual payment of six million stones，Also responsible for the rice reserves in Jianghuai、The role of regulating the southeast grain market；The second is the combination of water transportation and salt method，After the ship carrying grain from Jiangnan arrives in Huainan，Rice enters the warehouse，Use return air ships to carry Huainan salt back to the main route，“The capital is shipped and the people are rich”。

Unlike Kaifeng, the capital of the Northern Song bet365 sign up offer, which was a national food supply center，In the Southern Song bet365 sign up offer, due to the imperial army stationed everywhere，Implementing a system of zoning for canal supply，Four supply centers besides Lin’an have been formed，i.e. Huaidong、Huaixi、Huguang、Sichuan Consulate General。The food supply in Lin'an mainly comes from parts of Zhejiang and Jiangnan East Road，But the scale of warehousing is still large，You are good at provincial warehouse、中、Netherworld, etc.。There is a large military warehouse under the Fourth General Consulate，In important transportation areas such as the Yangtze River and canals, transfer warehouses of varying sizes and numbers have been set up according to local conditions，For transshipment、Storing military rations。

In the Song bet365 sign up offer, state warehouses and county warehouses were set up in local areas，Youducang、Provincial warehouse and other titles。The main function of the county warehouses in various states is to collect taxes、Pay salaries to officers and soldiers，And famine relief, etc.。Zhuzhou and county warehouses established during the Song bet365 sign up offer，Except for the decrease in number due to the shrinking territory in the Southern Song bet365 sign up offer，Other changes are little。

The Song bet365 sign up offer also set up a special reserve warehouse。Except for inheriting Changpingcang from the previous generation、Outside Yicang，The Northern Song bet365 sign up offer also created Guanghuicang、Huimincang。Huimincang is used to regulate urban grain prices，The function is similar to that of Changping warehouse；Guanghuicang focuses on regular poverty relief，It is a poverty relief warehouse specially established to cooperate with government welfare institutions。Southern Song bet365 sign up offer，In Lin'an、Building Fengchu warehouse in Jiankang and other places，Purchase, store and buy grain to prepare for famine；A variety of waste preparation warehouses have also been built locally，Rushecang、Pingbiancang、Ping Cangcang, etc.，Become a supplementary force for famine relief。

Various types of warehousing in the Song bet365 sign up offer，More detailed division of functions，Serving as an official、Military rations arrive to prepare for famine and disaster relief、Relief for the poor and the weak，Established a complete system。But the various warehouses are not completely separated，But cooperate with each other、mutually accommodating，Capital Zhucang、State and county warehouses, etc., not only supply the army but also have shortage functions，Chang Ping Cang、It is also very common for warehouses to be used as military supplies。

The development of Changping bet365 sign up offer and free bet365 sign up offer

Chang Ping Cang、Although Yicang began in the Han and Tang Dynasties，But its full development was in the Song bet365 sign up offer。Chang Ping Cang "When encountering high volume, the market price will be reduced and sold"，In case of low volume, the market price increases”，Levelized grain prices，Regulating the grain market。After the establishment of the Song bet365 sign up offer，Establish regular warehouses in various places。Dong Jin of the Southern Song bet365 sign up offer said: "The Changping of Han bet365 sign up offer ends in the north，It was not as good as south of the Jianghuai River during the Li and Tang Dynasties，The method of Chang Ping in this bet365 sign up offer is spread all over the world，It was beyond the reach of the Han and Tang dynasties。”

An important change in the development of Changpingcang in the Song bet365 sign up offer was the implementation of Changping New Law。Declined from the Renzong bet365 sign up offer in the Northern Song bet365 sign up offer，Loss of warehouse capital during Changping warehouse operation、The disadvantages of not buying things in time are gradually emerging，Having affected the performance of its famine relief function。The second year of Xining (1069)，Wang Anshi implements the green seedling method，Also Changping New Law，Reform Changpingcang。The specific operation is to close the original normal position、Exchange Guanghui Cangqiangu into cash，By loan，Lending to urban and rural residents。Besides running mode，Also from Kuramoto source、Reform Changping warehouse in terms of warehousing management and other aspects，And combined with other new legal measures，Form an interconnected organic whole。The reformed Changpingcang can solve the problem of farmers’ lack of money and food during the lean period，Preventing loan sharking and exploitation in merger houses，Can save more、Bei Jihuang，Promote agricultural development，Compared with the old law, it is a positive famine relief policy。Changping’s new law is an important innovation in the warehousing system，It is also a manifestation of the Song bet365 sign up offer’s national power to implement the “barbaric policy”，Although criticized and denied，But the impact is far-reaching。

Another manifestation of the development of Chang Pingcang in the Song bet365 sign up offer is the extensive application of its purchasing function。Changpingcang has always been the main type of warehouse for preparing for waste in the Song bet365 sign up offer，Although Chang Pingcang was repeatedly used as military rations, the trend became more and more intense in the Southern Song bet365 sign up offer，However, the Song bet365 sign up offer always regarded Changpingcang as an important measure in famine relief and never changed，Part of the local chronicles of the Song bet365 sign up offer recorded in the warehouse，Changpingcang occupies the most prominent position is proof。The constant function of "cheap buying and high selling" not only dominates the operation of the constant warehouse system，And generally promoted in other warehouses。Whether it is a national emergency warehouse or a Huimin warehouse、Fengchucang，It is still a local preparation for waste, Cang Ping Cang, etc.、Ping Cangcang, etc.，Most of them adopt Changpingcang’s operation method of “cheap buying and high selling”。

Free warehouse as an important famine preparedness and disaster relief system，Established in the early Northern Song bet365 sign up offer，Afterwards, it went through a repeated process，Finally became customized in the late Northern Song bet365 sign up offer。The development of Yicang in the Song bet365 sign up offer mainly had two aspects: first, the merger with Changpingcang，First, the expansion of the "Yi Cang" spirit。Song Shenzong Period，To ensure the implementation of the Young Crops Law，Set up promotion divisions on various roads。Promote Chang Ping's function and fix the back palm Chang Ping、Yi Cang、Exemption from military service and other matters。The unification of power makes Chang Pingcang、There is a trend of convergence in the functions of free warehouses。According to the classification method of the Song bet365 sign up offer，Changping warehouse to provide relief、Relief mainly，The charity warehouse is mainly for relief，This boundary was broken in the late Northern Song bet365 sign up offer，The charity warehouse appears in the form of being used for relief。After the Southern Song bet365 sign up offer，Legalized selling of free warehouses，Further integration with Changpingcang。Chang Ping Cang、Instances of the use of warehouses for famine relief are very common in the literature。

Yicanggu mainly comes from the grain paid by the third-class households in proportion to the second tax，Dedicated to famine relief。After the Southern Song bet365 sign up offer，Due to storage conditions，Free warehouse grain is often “mixed with provincial warehouses”，It is common for state and county warehouses to be used as military rations。Although most of the free warehouses are in a state of being unworthy of their name，However, the "voluntary warehouse" spirit of collecting household taxes to provide relief to the poor has been fully developed。On the one hand，The Song bet365 sign up offer intensified its efforts to “persuade separation” in famine relief，That is, the famine relief method of advising the rich to provide rice to help the poor，Practice the Yicang spirit from a broader perspective；On the other hand，Calling state and county warehouses during times of famine、Provide rice and other supplies to provide relief to poor households，Utilize national reserves to lead disaster relief。

Chang Ping Cang、Various drawbacks occurred during the operation of the charity warehouse，Criticized by people at the time，Thought it was in name only。But judging from the development of the entire warehousing industry in the Song bet365 sign up offer，The purchasing function of Changpingcang and the disaster relief function of Yicang have been widely used as never before，Chang Ping Cang、The free warehouse system truly became custom-made in the Song bet365 sign up offer。

The establishment of social warehouses and grassroots forces assisting bet365 sign up offer construction

Before the Song bet365 sign up offer, the main types of warehouses for emergency storage were Changping warehouse and Yi warehouse，Changpingcang is only located in prefectures and counties，And it has been operated and managed by the state since its establishment；Yicang was established in Sui bet365 sign up offer，Although it was originally established in a rural community，Managed by the private sector，But soon it gradually belonged to the government，and moved to the city。Southern Song bet365 sign up offer，Due to local financial difficulties，Chang Ping Cang、Insufficient reserves in charity warehouse，All regions are trying to use local resources to store grain to prepare for shortages。Five years of Qiandao (1169)，Zhu Xi based on the Qingmiao method，Establishing a social warehouse in Wufuli, Kaiyao Township, Chong'an County, Jianning Prefecture，And independently operated by the private sector，Get good results。December of the eighth year of Chunxi period (1181)，The Song bet365 sign up offer issued an edict to enforce the "Zhu Xi Shecang Law" on all roads。The establishment of Shecang made up for Changpingcang、The shortcomings of locating official warehouses such as free warehouses in cities，Extend warehousing construction to the countryside，Becoming an important institutional guarantee for rural food security。With the construction of the warehouse，Spring up in local areas or run by the government、Or various types of local waste storage warehouses run by the government and the private sector。

Judging from the records of Song bet365 sign up offer Cangji and other documents，The establishment and management of Shecang and other local waste preparation warehouses，Existing local government participation，There are also scholars、Enrich the people、Monks and others participated，Reflects the influence of grassroots forces in local warehousing construction。Many warehouses are used by local officials to save costs、Established by actively raising funds，If Yu Rong stays behind in Jiankang Mansion, it will save money，Disposal of the purchase price of 150,000 yuan，Establish and close positions。Yuanzhou County Governor Teng Qiangshu saves money，Buy 20,000 dendrobium of rice，Jianzhou Warehouse。Li Hua, the governor of Tingzhou County, donated 6,000 yuan as a gift，Jianjunjicang。Rural lay scholars are the active driving force behind the development of prepared waste warehouses in Shecang and other places，Zhu Xi initiated the establishment of Shecang as a rural layman，And "many officials who live in the local area or live in the country and have good deeds of justice" are entrusted to manage it。The later widespread promotion of Shecang also benefited from the strong support of Zhu Xi’s disciples and Neo-Confucian colleagues。Rich people are important funders and participants in local reserve warehouses，Such as Fuzhou Tongjicang，From the rich man Cao Yaozi, "that is, his family established Yuliu"。Lizhou’s Ten Thousand People Town imitated Zhu Xi’s method，"Lead the rich and virtuous people in the village" to establish a social warehouse。In addition，Monks also play an important role in the management of warehouses，For example, the governor of the Xinghua Army once used a tiger to level the warehouse，“Choose two monks to guard，Officials don’t agree”。Jianan County Juzicang，By Chang Ping、Shuaisi co-management，In the township, there are the names of attached township officials and chiefs，The chief monk is responsible for cashiering”。Under the leadership of local government，Rural laymen and officials、The rich and others care about the countryside，Contribute money and efforts，Jointly promoted local famine relief、The development of warehousing industry。

Shecang was vigorously promoted by the imperial court，Build warehouses in various places according to local conditions，Although most are under the supervision of the government，But its folk attributes have not changed。In the process of implementation，Shecang returns to Baojia、Volunteer Service、Unite clans, etc.，Become the Song bet365 sign up offer to carry out grassroots social governance、An important way to ensure the stability of rural society。The establishment of Shecang has injected new vitality into the development of the reserve warehousing system，Started a new tradition，Episodes、Ming，Finally achieved great development in the Qing bet365 sign up offer。

In short，Song bet365 sign up offer warehousing in terms of types，It is still greatly expanded in terms of distribution scope and functions，The warehousing system becomes more mature、Perfect。There was a Song bet365 sign up offer，Although natural and man-made disasters continue to occur，But there has never been a large-scale one、Hungry people's rebellion endangering the bet365 sign up offer's rule；Although there are many disasters，But it lasted for three hundred years，Not unrelated to the progress of the warehousing system。In the Song bet365 sign up offer，Chang Ping Cang、Free warehouse and social warehouse and three warehouses are available，Laid the Yuan、Ming、Basic pattern of the development of warehousing system for clearance and shortage，It also had a profound impact on later generations。

(The author is the person in charge of the National Social Science Fund Project "Research on Warehousing and Food Security in the Song bet365 sign up offer"、Associate professor, School of History and Culture, Northwest Normal University)