"National Benben，Full of food first "，Food issues are major problems related to national economy and people's livelihood。Ancient Chinese society with agriculture as the main production department，Due to the season、Limitation of climate impact and transportation conditions，Grain reserve is important。"Book of Rites · Kings" said: "Nine -year storage of the country is insufficient，Six years of accumulation of emergency，No three years of accumulation said that the country is not the country。"Grain Warehouse is ensuring the normal operation of the state machine、Adjust the price of grain、Prepared for disaster relief，and maintaining social stability and plays a pivotal role。The dynasties of the past have attached great importance to the production and storage of food，regarding it as the primary task of governing the country。The two Song Dynasty，Diverse natural disasters，Frequent war，The rulers are more concerned about the desert government，Pay attention to warehousing rescue、Preparation，The warehousing system has been further developed on the basis of inheriting the previous generation。

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The Song Dynasty has inherited the unified management of grain recruitment by the government since the Han and Tang dynasties、Reserve methods，Set up a storage system from the central to local。Kaifeng, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, has four links of water and land transportation network，can be described as "Patto Pulse，Xianhui Tianyi "。Kaifeng as the Emperor and the Central Government's Hundred Bian Forests、The place where heavy soldiers arch guards，Hundreds of thousands of troops，Million urban population，Grain supply is the top priority。In the early Northern Song Dynasty，There are more than 20 granary in Kaifeng，collective in Beijing，Divided into three categories: boat -like warehouse、tax warehouse、Folding Zhong Cang。Ship -like warehouse 15，Na Sihe (Luohe、Yellow River、Huimin River、Guangji River) Grain。The most important thing in the Luohe River in the four river transportation，About 6 million Shijiang Huai Cao can be transported through Luohe to Jingshi every year。Tax warehouses and compromise warehouses are stored in the Gyeonggi bet365 Play online games region's tax and food and businessmen "enter the middle" grain rice，The proportion of the warehouses in Beijing Division is small。Late Northern Song Dynasty，The scale of the warehouse in Beijing is further expanded，The number increased to more than 50 places，It provides an important guarantee for the capital supply of the capital。

In order to transport the southeast grain to Beijing Master，The Northern Song Dynasty implemented a transition method in the Jianghuai Cao Yun，Yuzhen、Yang、Chu、Si Zhuzhou has seven transformer warehouses。The Northern Song Dynasty's Warehouse is not a single transit position，It has two new features: First, the meaning of flatness，Except for the additional annual supply of 6 million stones，It also bears the reserve in Jianghuai 籴、Adjust the role of the southeast grain market; the second is the combination of transportation and salt method，The outline of Jiangnan Cao Gan to Huainan，rice entry into a warehouse，Use the return to the aircraft to carry Huainan salt back to this road，"Funding ships and the width of the people"。

Different from Kaifeng, the Capital Castle of the Northern Song Dynasty, it is a national food supply center，The Southern Song Dynasty due to the Dajun Army in the Southern Song Dynasty，Implementation of the regional supply system，Four supply centers except Lin'an，That is Huaidong、Huaixi、Huguang、Sichuan Congress。Food supply in Lin'an mainly comes from parts of the two Zhejiang and Jiangnan East Roads，But the scale of the storage is still very large，There is a walk on the provincial warehouse、Middle、Xiajie, etc.。There is a big military warehouse below the four consumer，During the transportation of transportation in the Yangtze River and Canal, there are also different strokes and quantities，Used for transfer、Storage arms。

Set in the Song Dynasty Local Setting Prefecture and County Cang，There is a warehouse、Provincial Warehouse and other names。The main function of Zhuzhou County Cang is the rental tax、Brick officers and soldiers Lulu，and relief disaster, etc.。Zhuzhou County Cang during the Song Dynasty，In addition to the reduction of the number of territories in the Southern Song Dynasty, the number has decreased.，Other changes are not big。

The Song Dynasty also set up a special preparation of deserted storage。Except inheriting the previously -established、Yicang Waiwai，The Northern Song Dynasty also created Guanghui Cang、Huimin Cang。Huimin Warehouse is used for urban food prices，Function Bet365 app download is similar to Changping Warehouse; Guanghui Cang focuses on conventional to nourish poverty，It is a poverty -storage storage for coordinating government welfare agencies。The Southern Song Dynasty，In Lin'an、Create Feng Chukang Creation，Storage and storage and ravioli to prepare for the disaster; there are also a variety of names for the deserted warehouse，Rugao Warehouse、Pingyu Cang、Pingyu Cang, etc.，Become a supplementary force for saving waste。

Diverse storage types in the Song Dynasty，The functional division of labor is thinner，From the officer、Military Food Capital to prepare for disaster relief、Ji Geng's poor，Established a complete system。But all kinds of warehouses are not completely separated，but cooperate with each other、Together with each other，Jingshi Zhucang、State and county warehouses, etc., have both the function while supplying the army，Changping position、The situation of Yicang was moved as military food. It is also very common。

Development of Changping Cang and Yicang 

Changping position、​​Although Yicang started from the Han and Tang dynasties，But its comprehensive development is in the Song Dynasty。Changping Cang "In the event of a valuable amount of market price，Increase market price in the event of cheap "，Pingquan grain price，Adjust the food market。After the establishment of the Song Dynasty，Frequently settle in various places。Dong Song said in the Southern Song Dynasty: "The Changzhi of the Han Dynasty stands in the north，Li Tang's time is not as good as south of Jianghuai，The method of Changping of this dynasty all over the world，Gai Fei Han and Tang dynasties can also。”

The important changes in the development of Changping warehouse in the Song Dynasty are the implementation of the new law of Changping。The Renzong Dynasty in the Northern Song Dynasty to descend，Changping warehouse operations in the middle of the position、籴粜 Not timely and other disadvantages gradually appear，Affected the play of its rescue function。In the second year of Xining (1069)，Wang Anshi implements the blue seedlings，That is the new method of Changping，Reform of Changping Warehouse。Specific operation is to put the original Changping position、Guanghui Cang Qiangu exchange to present money，Borrowing method，Loan to urban and rural residents。In addition to running，Also from the source of the warehouse、Storage management and other aspects to reform Changping Warehouse，combined with other new methods，bet365 best casino games Form an interactive organic overall。Chang Pingcang after the reform can solve the problem of the lack of money and grain when the green and yellow do not pick up，Prevention of mergers and high -profile exploitation，can be widely saved、Prepare murderous，Promoting agricultural development，Compared with the old law is a positive waste of rescue。Changping New Law is an important innovation of the warehousing system，It is also the manifestation of the "waste administration" of the national power of the Song Dynasty，Although criticized and denied，But the impact is far -reaching。

Another manifestation of Chang Pingcang's development in the Song Dynasty is the widely used application of its flat function。Chang Pingcang from beginning to end is the main preparation of barren warehouses in the Song Dynasty，Although Chang Pingcang has been repeatedly moved as military food, there is a strongest situation in the Southern Song Dynasty，But the Song Dynasty always took Chang Pingcang as an important measure to save the wasteland.，The local records of the Song Dynasty in the Song Dynasty recorded the warehouse，Chang Pingcang occupies the most important position is proof。The Changping Function of "Bachemids and Guidi" not only dominates the operation of the Changping position system，And is generally promoted in other storage。Regardless of national preparation of Wild Warehouse Huimin Warehouse、Feng Chukang，Still local preparation of barren warehouse、Pingyu Cang, etc.，Most of them use the operation method of Changping's "cheap and expensive"。

Yicang as an important system of disaster relief，Established in the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty，After a repeated process afterwards，Finally became customized in the late Northern Song Dynasty。The development of Yicang in the Song Dynasty is mainly two aspects: First, the flow of Changping positions，First is the expansion of the spirit of "Yicang"。Song Shenzong period，To ensure the implementation of the blue seedlings，Set up Changping Division。Holding Chang Ping Division's functions Fixed Palm Changping、Yicang、Exemption and other things。Planning of the right to make Changchun、Yicang has a trend of integration in fun。According to the Song of the Song people，Chang Ping Cang to help、Loan is mainly，Yicang is mainly religious，This boundary was broken in the late Northern Song Dynasty，The form of Yicang is used in the form of help。After the Southern Song Dynasty，Legalization of Yicang 粜，Further flow Bet365 lotto review with Chang Pingchang。Changping position、The case of Yicanglang's use of disaster relief is very common in the literature。

Yicang Valley is mainly derived from the grain that the previous third -class households paid by the two taxes in proportion，Dedicated in disaster relief。After the Southern Song Dynasty，Limitation due to storage conditions，Yicang Grain is often "mixed in the provincial warehouse"，The situation of being moved by the state and county warehouses is more common。Although Yicang is mostly in a state of unrealistic state，However, the spirit of "Yicang", which is a lack of poverty -stricken households, has been fully developed。On the one hand，The Song Dynasty increased the "persuasion" in the rescue，That is to persuade the people to rescue the people from the people to help the poor，Practice the spirit of the warehouse from a wider level; on the other hand，Call the state county warehouse、Supplementary Mi and others to help the poor，Use the national reserve force to dominate the disaster relief。

Changping position、Yicang has various disadvantages during the operation，Criticism of people when they are received，I thought it is famous。But from the perspective of the development of the entire wasteland storage of the Song Dynasty，Chang Pingcang's Pingxuan function and the disaster relief function of Yicang have been widely used in unprecedentedly widely used，Changping position、The Yicang system really becomes customized in the Song Dynasty。

Establishment of social warehouses and grassroots forces help warehousing construction 

The preparation of the waste warehousing before the Song Dynasty was mainly Changping and Yicang，Changping warehouse is only located in the state county，and the date of its own establishment, it has been managed by the state; Yicang stands in Sui，Although it was set at the township society at first，Management by the folk，But it will gradually belong to the government soon，and move in the city。The Southern Song Dynasty，Due to local fiscal distress，Changping position、Insufficient storage reserves，All places then try to use local resources to store food for waste。Five Years of Dao Road (1169)，Zhu Xi on the basis of drawing on the blue seedlings，Create a social warehouse in Wufu Li, Kaiyao Township, Chong'an County, Jianning Prefecture，and operate by the folks，Get a good effect。Eight years of Chunxi (1181) December，Song Tingxu's "Zhu Xi Society's Warehouse Law" on the road。The establishment of social warehouses make up for Changchun、Yicang and other official warehouses bet365 best casino games set in the deficiencies of the city，Extend the warehousing construction to the countryside，An important institutional guarantee for becoming a rural food safety。With the construction of the social position，Activities appear on the local area or officially run officials、or various types of local preparation barriers of officials and supervisors。

From the records such as the Song Dynasty Cangji，Social Cang and other local preparations for barren strokes are founding and management，Both local governments participate，There are also scholars、Fumin、Monk and other participation，Reflects the influence of grassroots forces in local warehousing construction。Many prepared barren warehouses are local officials、Actively raising funds，Rujian Kangfu's stay in Yu Yan saved funds，Treatment of 籴 籴 籴 籴，Jianping stopped warehouse。Yuanzhou County Shou Teng Qiangshu saves funds，Buy Mi 20,000 Dendrobium，Jianzhou Storage Warehouse。Tingzhou County guards Li Hua to donate money for 6,000 缗 缗，Jianjun Jicang。Villagers are active promotion forces for the development of barren warehouses such as social warehouses，Zhu Xi launched the establishment of a social position as a native，and "Multi -Division of Local Lands or Scholars Resident Officials and Scholars" Management。Later, the general promotion of social warehouses also benefited from the strong support of Zhu Ximen and Confucianism。The rich is an important funder and participant in the local prepared barren warehouse，Ruchang Jicang，Fumin Cao Yao consultation "That is his family Li Zixiu"。澧，"Those who are rich in the hometown and have virtues" establish a social position。other，The monk also plays an important role in the management of the storage，Ru Xinghua Junshou once used Tiger Chuangping，"Select two monks and keep，Officials are not with "。Jian'an County Rare Zicang，from Changping、Handsome Division Co -Management，Township "The name of the owner of the native officials，Master Special Division of the Master "。Under the leadership of the local government，Rich people and other caring towns、Rich people and other caring towns，Disputes of money，jointly promoted local rescue、Development of the warehousing business。

State Warehouse Vigorously Promoting the Court，Understand of local conditions，Although most of them are supervised by the government，But its folk attributes have not changed。During the implementation process，bet365 Play online games Social Warehouse is still with Baojia、Righteousness、clan, etc.，Become the Song Dynasty for grass -roots social governance、An important way to ensure the stability of rural society。The establishment of the social warehouse injected new vitality into the development of the wasteland storage system，opened a new tradition，After Yuan、Ming，Finally gained a long development in the Qing Dynasty。

In short，Song Dynasty warehousing, in terms of type，Still expand the distribution range and functions，The warehousing system becomes more mature、Perfect。There is Song Yizhao，Although natural disasters and human disasters continue to occur，But there is no large -scale、Endering of the hungry people ruled by the dynasty; although there are more disasters and difficult，But stretching for 300 years，The progress of the warehousing system is not related。In the Song Dynasty，Changping position、Yicang and Society Warehouse Sancang Qi，Lile of Yuan、Ming、Basic pattern of the development of the wasteland storage system，It also had a profound impact on later generations。

(The author is the person in charge of the State Social Science Fund project "Research on the Song Dynasty Warehouse and Grain Security"、Associate Professor of the School of History and Culture of Northwest Normal University)