The county system is the infrastructure of China's local administration，It is also an important part of Chinese political civilization。Limited by the simplified record of the handed down，The development of our ancient county system is easy to form from simplicity and complex、from coarse to fine、from low to high linear cognition。But，The specific situation of entering history，An interesting question will be presented: in the evaluation of local administration in the Chinese dynasties，Often "thick and thin today"，Push the "Han Dynasty"。Modern scholar Yan Gengwang also obtained a similar conclusion after a detailed research of the system。He has explained more about the "advantages of the Han Dynasty's local administrative system" in the "History of the Chinese Political System"，It is also said that "the governance of local officials in the past is the best as the two Hansters，This eternal theory，No one depends "，"All these，All shows that the beauty of local officials in the Han Dynasty is beautiful, so it is outstanding，Non -accident "。Today's Research and Ancient Cognition Gather，Indications to the same early days，Fear non -accident，It is worthy of deepening academic topics。Thanks to the emergence of the new Jane Jane，Effectively illustrates the characteristics of the county system in the Han Dynasty.。Not only that，We also further discovered，The Qin Dynasty county system where the origin of the Han system has shown a quite mature and complete look，It is unknown in the past。These initial characteristics and clues for re -positioning the ancient Chinese bureaucracy and local administration，quite beneficial。

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It is generally considered in the past，Qinhan County System developed until Emperor Hanwu gradually matured，The main sign is that the county court started to set up the history of Zhu Cao，Show the appearance of Cao Zhi's business。About this，Senior scholar Ru Yan Gengwang、Chen Mengjia and others call it "Lie Cao" or "Zhu Cao"。After the Qin Jian of Sleeping Tiger is found，Local governments bet365 best casino games from the Warring States Period to the Qin Dynasty once set up many "husband -in -law" officials，Start pay attention。After some scholars call the husband's host agency as "Gong Officer"，But I still believe that "there is no Cao at all before Han"。2002，Liye No. 1 Ancient Well found Qin Jian。The Qianling County of the Jane Qian Ling County is affiliated to Dongting County in the Qin Dynasty，Twenty -five years of Qin Wangzheng (before 222)，Located in Liye Town, Longshan County, Xiangxi, Hunan, today，Remote geographical location。As one of the thousands of Qin County at that time，Qianling not only has small number of households，The size of the county seat is also very limited，The remaining part of the area is nearly 20,000 square meters，It is the smallest of the "Yicheng City" of more than 30 "Special Small County" in the archaeological Qin and Han dynasties。Cut in such a small specimen from Qianling County，We found that the county -level administrative organization of the Qin Dynasty has clearly presented Cao、Official two points。There are officials in the county court、Home、Warehouse、Sikong et al. Cao，There is a position outside the county court、Sikong、Tian、Shao Ni and other officials。

"Cao" from Ling Shi Dama Cao Qi Ren，No seal，The documents issued must be stamped with county commands、丞，reflect the will of the county court;、History composition，There is a small official seal，Have a certain independence。For reference with modern administrative organizations，"Cao" is the "composition department" of the county court，"Official" is the "subordinate institution" of the county court。The former may attend the county court meeting through the "period meeting"，Participate in the discussion; most of the latter does not have such a symbol。Qianling County is very small，But Cao is around 10 (Gold Cloth、Cao Cao、House Cao、Ling Cao、Official Cao、Wei Cao、Prison East Cao、Prison South Cao、Cao Cao、Sikong Cao)，There are only 6 than Chi County in the Tang Dynasty (Si Gong、Sicang、Sihu、Si Bing、Justice、Si Shi)、There are only two below Zhuzhou Shangxian (Division、Justice) Obviously more。At the same time，Qianling County officials are also around 10 (Sikong、Tian Guan、Tian、Warehouse、Library、Animal bet365 best casino games Officer、Shao Ni、Duxiang、贰、Qiling Township)，Exclude 3 towns，There are still 7，Plus the study of the training students，There is a prison for Shangxian County, Zhuzhou, Tang Dynasty、City、Three institutions in the warehouse and county learning also need a lot。These all reflect the degree of presence of the administrative organization of Qin County。other，Cao of the same name、Officials are not completely opposed to affairs，Instead of operating due to things，From this,。Take Cang Cao and Cang as an example，Jane 8-481 "Cang Cao Du" except "Cross Plan"，There are still "animal plan", "animal officer cattle", "horse plan", "sheep plan", "Tian Guan plan" and animal officers、Statistics related to Tian Guan。From this,，The institution of Qin County sets the form and business operation method, but it is more similar to modern administrative organizations。

Support Qin County for operation，It also needs system and personnel guarantee。Qin Law、Allows a lot of provisions involving administrative management，such as "Cang Law", "Gold Cloth Law", "Guanshi Law", "Sikong Law", etc.，Government Affairs Process、Official responsibilities have clearly stipulated。As for the size of the officials，"Qianling Officials" to Qianling County is officially compiled by the officials of the Ling County，Compared to the county and the population under the jurisdiction，and Yinwan Hanjian "East China County Official Book" in the late Han Dynasty in the Western Han Dynasty，Large scale。This does not include the officials outside the preparation，and the service of the supply government、More death group。

from above，Qin County -level administrative organizations basically meet the hierarchical system、The characteristics of the three rational bureaucratic systems of division of labor and law。and "Hanshu · Bai Gong Gongtong Table", "Continuation Hanshu · Bai Guanzhi" mainly reflect the county system from Western Han Dynasty to Eastern Han Dynasty。The "Han system" cited in later generations，Actually it is the appearance after the change of the county system of the Qin Dynasty。

　　The "掾" of the officials and the early history of the cause

As a document official，Ling Shi played an important role in county -level administration。Qin Dynasty Ling Shi, regardless of "Zhi Cao" in the county Bet365 app download court，Still the work of the officials in the county officials，Still calling history，Number -level unchanged，Do not have a seal because of this。This is essentially presenting the nature of the matter for things，Can be divided into "Ting inner Resessing" and "Tingwai sent"。Qin and Early Han Dynasty，"掾" seen by Jane is a verb，for review、Check the meaning of the verification。According to the Yuelu Academy, Qin Jian、Zhou Jiatai Qin Jian，"掾" is still a verb，"掾" as the title and identity of the officials has not appeared。As for the "Historical Records", Xiao He is "the official official"、Cao Shen is a familiar record of "prison"，Actually it is Sima Qian used to recording the official officials of the Qin Dynasty in the middle of the Western Han Dynasty。This also explains，Emperor Wudi appeared "掾" in the history of officials at the time of the official nature。"掾" of "History" "掾 习 习 习，Is the nounization of the verb "掾"。

Since Emperor Wudi，"掾" is a certain department、A person who is responsible for the main document，Expansion of representatives of historical officials。As far as the history of the county is concerned，Whether Cao Yan or Tingji，All belong to the cause of the county and outside the county's court，Behind the county court power。Development of History in the Mid -Western Han Dynasty，There is a correlation with the decline in the status of the county ("official") of the county ("official")。With the gradual decline of the country's control of resources，County court to strengthen management，More ways to send them to officials for incidents。County officials responsible for specific matters，Also known as "Some (things) 掾"，The ownership and responsibility ownership of the responsibility，More clear。County outer faction，Back to court，Participate in the Job。This change shows the expansion of the county's organization，The concentration trend of the county is strengthened.。To Sun Wuchu Nian，Whenever Malaysia, Wu Jian saw that the township officials are more villagers to persuade farmers、Dian Tian 掾。At that time，Township persuaded farmers beyond the persuasion of farmers，Also accept the temporary assignment of superiors，Go to Hidden Nuclear New Zhanmin、State military officials and bet365 Play online games their father and brother、Pattraftage Mu，True Private School。Think from the development of the development，This reality reflects the continuation of the character of Qin and Han dynasties.。As Wu Jianzhong's，The term of the term will，Later, I served as Dian Tian、Dian Dian，The former Counselor County Court，Most of the latter go to leave home。One person has served as related positions，Show internal、Flexibility of discharging outside。

In short，The emergence of "掾" in the Han Dynasty，The essence is the development of sent by the matter。"掾"，Not a fixed person in charge of a subordinate agency，Therefore, there is no official seal and use private seal。"掾" this re -definition，can be extended to the central government、Local "掾" initially set understanding and grasp。In a sense,，The formal form of the descendants of the officer of the officer has been designed and implemented in the early dynasties of China。

　"Township Officer" original meaning and Qin and Han grassroots governance capabilities

Qin and Han "Township Officers" is very important for understanding the governance of the grassroots level in ancient China，However, the basic meaning has been misunderstood for a long time。It is believed that "township officials" are other three olds with the township officials、filial piety、Lotian and other civilians。This may be influenced by Zhao Yi, the Qing people，Zhao's quotation is also from "Hou Han Book", Prince Zhang Huai, Li Xian Note。Tracing of Shiyuan，Tang people Li Xian will be a husband、Three Lao、filial piety、Lotian is regarded as a township official，Including both township officials，Also includes civil officials，Is a broad concept，Therefore, it cannot be established here。Tang people Du You's "Tong Dian" also remembers the Han Dynasty "township officials" including township officials and other township officials、Pavilion、Li Guan and Three Lao Civil Officers，Flows refers to the small officials in the township，More broad。But，No matter Li Xianzheng or Du You's statement，Actually there are problems。

Qin and Han "Officials" can refer to institutions，can also refer to the officials of the agency。Qin and Han "Township Officers" refers to the township officials and the host agency，Including Township Husband and Township、bet365 best casino games History，That is, regular civil servants with Lujun in rural institutions。Pavilion official、Civil officials are not in the category of township officials，The official is a service or an official。Because there is no township institution in the Tang Dynasty，There is no township official，Mainly the upper part of the county in the county，Processing Township First -level Affairs，Therefore, in the virtual village system、Tang Dynasty, which has long been there, has no pavilion，History in history、Pavilion、Little officials are called "Township Officer"，Or the Township Officer、Civil officials are generally called "Township Officer"，You can understand。But，This can not represent the actual situation of the Qin and Han "township officials"，It exactly explains，The rural system on the occasion of the Han and Tang dynasties has changed greatly，Tang people are already familiar with the Qin and Han dynasties。

So，We spend a little pen and ink，Analysis of the righteousness of the township official，What is the intention? Western cautious attitude towards Qin and Han grassroots governance capabilities。Politicians、Historian Samuel E. Fenner mentioned in "History of Rule" that "China does not retain how much literature describing the actual operation of the Han Dynasty in the Han Dynasty，... We have no way of knowing how Chinese local governments implement governance in reality。First，How much can they violate the instructions of the central government，A guess display，Their action mode will be more flexible "。In fact，Qin Han Jianyu provided "Actual Operation Literature"，Under the technical conditions of still using Muzhuzhu as a writing carrier，Qin and Han dynasties have set up formal institutions composed of formal officials in the county in the county，Realize the deeper and effective governance of grassroots society。At that time，Qin Qinqian Ling County has three townships，Six miles under the jurisdiction，Isli、Township to make a household registration for the unit，Including names、Each household message information including the title，Attached to the identity and slave。The county is not only reclamation、Field rents have exact statistics，and have a detailed investigation of land and resources。Bet365 lotto review such as "Junchun Township (Capricorn) Wet"，Number of plants of fruit trees in the township、Occupy area、Branches Height、undulating peaks and peaks、The results are recorded。Land in Qianling County，The mountain towering，undulating peaks and peaks，Today is still a remote area with inconvenient transportation，But Qin passes through bureaucratic organization and document system，Deep in control over local grassroots、Specific understanding of personnel and materials，far exceeding imagination。

Based on the new Jane，Qinhan County System presents the above new features。Local administration of the offspring of the future dynasty is divided into division of the division of duty、The relaxation of the villagers and the control of the township，Lie Qin and Han dynasties is not only the foundation period of the county system in China，It is also the establishment of the formation of the classic paradigm。Related design implementation，Not only the new form of the ancient Chinese governance model and the relationship between grassroots power，and provide new possibilities for re -grasping the historical significance of early Chinese local administration。

　　(The author is the head of the State Social Science Foundation Project "New Jane and Qinhan County System Study"、Professor of the National College of Renmin University of China)