January 2017，Japanese media have revealed that the scientific governor of the Ministry of Culture has participated in the "Organized Bulletin Millet" for a long time。Around this event，Minister of Science and Culture of the Ministry of Culture Matsuno Matsuni announced on February 21, 2017 to the outside world to investigate the mid -term report，Acknowledge that there are as many as 27 illegal cases of illegal cases of "bureaucratic bureaucracy"。For this，"New Overseas Chinese Daily" in Japan stated: "Recent，With the official ‘Xiafan’ is engaged in the red -top agency East Window,，Japan, which is responsible for 'teaching and educating people' ', is already ice and snow，Quickly fall into public opinion vortex。On its momentum，It is no less than the Japanese and American relations that frequently create new hotspots under the Trump New Deal。”

　　bet365 live casino games

"Xiafan" (Japanese: Tianxia り) This is Shinto Library，Original meaning is God from the sky，Later refers，so、Related enterprises、Independent administrative legal person、Senior positions of national university legal persons and special legal persons。

For senior bureaucrats of successful "Xia Fan"，They can not only get a considerable retirement deposit at the time of departure，And can also get rich remuneration in the name of an office in the re -inauguration agency。For the quasi -government agencies and private enterprises that accept the "bureaucracy"，High -level legal policy and high management level，At the same time, the "Xia Fan bureaucrat", which has a wide range of connections in both political and business realms, can provide them with intangible profit or development guarantee。This kind of "bureaucracy" is not only easy to destroy bet365 best casino games the reasonable allocation of social resources and the principles of fair competition，and it is very easy to form a hotbed of collusion and corruption in government and business。This kind of highly criticized and repeated "bureaucrat" problem，The official respect and the people who exist in the Japanese bureaucracy、Identity level、Terrament of structural issues such as official hidden rules and bureaucratic leading politics。

　　Construction and features of modern Japanese bureaucracy

The modern Japanese bureaucratic system was born in the Meiji Restoration period 1885-1899。During this period，Meiji government created the cabinet system to integrate administrative institutions，After the Imperial Parliament is opened and actively cultivated senior bureaucrats with professional knowledge and technology。1886，The Meiji Government led the "Imperial University Law University" with the mission of training senior bureaucrats (later renamed the Ministry of Law of Tokyo Imperial University，That is the Law Department of the University of Tokyo today)。until 1893，Graduates of Fa Science University of Empire University can be abolished before they can become a higher level of civil servants.。After that，The Meiji government has obtained the talents required by the government from the whole society，successively promulgated the order of civil officials、Rules for the Civilian Exam、The bureaucratic system such as the punishment order of the civilian officer and the civilian limit order，Therefore, build a modern Japanese bureaucratic system。

The modern Japanese bureaucratic system formed during the Meiji Restoration is based on the "qualification appointment system" as the basic principle，Divided the bureaucrats from high to low, divided into pro -appointment officials、敕 敕、Leading officer and judge，Perform the Emperor's sovereignty concept at the same time，It is stipulated that all bureaucrats are the servants of the Emperor and ask them to maintain selfless loyalty bet365 Play online games to the emperor at all times，As a result。After that，This feudal identity -level color bureaucracy has undergone the political baptism of political parties in the "Democracy Democratic period"，However, the successive political confusion interrupted this process and gradually spawned the official group of "innovation bureaucrat"，Eventually leading to the integration of the military forces committed by the military that is committed to promoting the war of aggression。

After the end of World War II，Under the leadership of the Allied Command in Japan，Japan implements a series of reforms based on national sovereignty。In this background，The bureaucratic pre -war bureaucracy was re -positioned as "civil servant" to emphasize its basic attribute as a national public servant。other，According to the newly introduced "National Civil Service Law"，The personnel administrative power of civil servants is taken over by the people who adhere to the principle of political neutrality。But，The conversion of political principles cannot quickly change the behavioral specifications of bureaucracy，This leads to the tradition of the pre -war bureaucratic system of Japanese war.。In summary，The traditional bureaucratic elements retained by the Japanese civil servant system after the war include the following points。

First，Identification system with strong color system。The Japanese Council, responsible for the personnel administration of civil servants, divides the national civil servant examination into a class I test、II Test and III Test。Where，Those who pass the Introduction I are regarded as a cadre candidate (professional bureaucracy)，It is expected to be promoted to the chief in the future、Director、Anti -Affairs Officer。and other two types of examinations are considered "non -professional bureaucratic group"，Therefore, it is almost impossible to get a chance to be promoted Bet365 lotto review in a step -by -step promotion。This kind of civil servant examination system containing the "invisible identity system" is called the "entry selection system"，Obviously continuing the identity level in the pre -war bureaucracy。until 2012，Japan only implemented a new civil servant examination system，Reorganize the national civil servant examination as the "Comprehensive" test and the "general job" test。Where，The drafting of the policy of comprehensive civil servants、Investigation and Study，and general vocational civil servants are responsible for the finalized administrative affairs。But the regret is，The new system after the reform cannot eliminate the traditional impact。In actual operation，Comprehensive civil servants are regarded as "professional bureaucracy"，and general vocational civil servants are regarded as "non -professional bureaucrats"。

Second，"Early Pedestries Retirement Practice" as an official hidden rule。In the strict Japanese bureaucracy，Not all public officials in the professional bureaucracy can be promoted to the director or the second official official。Generally speaking，The public officials of the professional bureaucracy in the same period generally have only one to be promoted to the position of the bureau level，and the rest of the same period (45-54 years old) will be talked about by the personnel department、Post Removal。But，This kind of persuasion has not been "retired"。The personnel department not only needs to reward the dismissal bureaucrats a considerable retirement deposit，And also need to arrange for them in various ways，That is to carry out the so -called "bureaucracy" mediation work。1985，Japan Implementation Civil Service 60 -year -old retirement system。After that，Early persuasion retirement practices can be continued through other different ways。2007，The Japanese government revised the National Civil Service Law，Added legal clauses of new civil servants，Bet365 lotto review Try to eliminate the phenomenon of "bureaucratic bureaucrats" that have been criticized。But，Just as revealed by the "Bulletin Fan" of the Ministry of Science and Technology, which was exposed in early 2017,，The phenomenon of "bureaucratic bureaucrats" in Japan has never been interrupted。

third，Bulletin Group。Asians of Japanese economy after the war，To a large extent, thanks to the government system led by bureaucracy。For a long time after the war，The bureaucratic agencies of the central ministries and commissions in Japan have led the formulation of various industry laws (such as the Petroleum Industry Law、Construction Industry Law、Road Transportation Law、Bank Law, Securities Trading Law and other laws)，Based on this control of the access regulations of all walks of life、Total production、Product planning and authority of corporate cadres。In other words，The bureaucratic group of the central ministries and commissions in Japan through exercise industry regulation and administrative guidance，Create "officially controlled market space" in different industries and strengthen the connection between the official and business community and even collusion，to open up various channels for "bureaucracy"。

　　Elite bureaucratic influence Japanese legislation

The types of legislation in Japan include "Leading Leadership Legislative Legislative" and "Cabinet Leading Legislative"。Where，The former refers to the provisions of Article 41 of the Constitution and Article 56 of the Congress Law，A certain number of parliament members have the right to propose legislative processes of legislative proposals to Congress。and the latter refers to Article 5 of the Cabinet Law，The Cabinet Prime Minister submitted a legislative process to Congress on behalf of the cabinet。As of now，Cabinet lead legislation occupies the vast majority of Japanese legislation。

It is worth noting is，The draft law submitted by the cabinet to Congress is generally responsible for drafting by the elite Bet365 lotto review bureaucrats of the central ministries and commissions，The drafting link of its draft law is roughly as follows: first，Social problems that urgently need legislation to solve，The central ministries and commissions first set up a bureau -level private consulting agency named "Research Society" or "Talk" and determined the general legislative direction。Second，According to this legislative direction，Director of the Division of the Division、Auxiliary of Class Chief and Elite Bulletin and other elite bureaucrats launched an agreement and proceeded to formulate a legislative outline。third，The bureau -level meeting hosted by the director to review the first draft legislation submitted by the competent department。According to the review requirements，Amendment of the draft legislation，Concerned with relevant ministries and political parties and reached compromise，Last formation of bureau -level legislative draft。Fourth，The Minister of the Minister of the Minister of the Minister's Document Class review the draft legislation and put forward a revision requirements。fifth，After the ministries and commissions determine the draft legislative case，submitted to the Cabinet's Legal Affairs Bureau and Affairs Affairs Meeting for review，Finally submitted to the cabinet for the cabinet and finally formed the "Cabinet Proposal Act"。

Except for the Democratic Party's administration，Cabinet -dominated legislative forms have become the most common form in Japanese legislation，It can be seen that the huge influence of Japanese elite bureaucrats in the process of legal policy formulation，This has also become the fundamental reason for the "bureaucracy" for repeated ban。In other words，As long as Japan cannot change this bureaucracy led legislative mode，The phenomenon of "bureaucrats" is likely to not be thorough governance。

　(Author Unit: School of International Relations and Public Affairs of Shanghai University of Foreign Languages)