While relaxing market access，Japan emphasizes public power supervision of bet365 refer a friend code，About the establishment of bet365 refer a friend code、Business operation method、Business Plan、Business activities and governance structure and other matters，Both demand to be controlled by the government and Congress；At the same time in terms of benefit evaluation mechanism，Focus on assessing the social benefits and social responsibilities of bet365 refer a friend code。

bet365 refer a friend code in Japan usually refer to establishments based on special laws，Subject to regulation and supervision by government departments，An enterprise with certain operational independence and independent settlement system，Including state-owned enterprises funded by the government，Also includes those enterprises that have no government funding but whose personnel appointments and business policies are still subject to the supervision and regulation of government departments。Since bet365 refer a friend code are mainly established by the government，Therefore it highly overlaps with the concept of state-owned enterprises in our country。

Japanese bet365 refer a friend code have mainly gone through three stages of development since their establishment: after the Meiji Restoration, bet365 refer a friend code developed rapidly and assumed an important role，After that, it went through changes in state ownership and privatization。Conforming to the wave of privatization reform of bet365 refer a friend code in Western countries，The form of bet365 refer a friend code established and long-standing in Japan after World War II has also undergone major changes。Today after the privatization reform，Japanese bet365 refer a friend code are showing new development trends。

　　The start and process of privatization bet365 refer a friend code

The historical evolution of Japanese bet365 refer a friend code is different from other market economy countries，has its own unique development path。bet365 refer a friend code established by Japan after World War II，Experienced a period of economic renaissance、Rapid development period and stable development period，It is a policy product formed to adapt to social and economic development。The proportion and importance of bet365 refer a friend code in the Japanese economy after World War II，Far lower than before World War II，This is a major feature that distinguishes Japanese bet365 refer a friend code from European bet365 refer a friend code。The reason，On the one hand, Japan was affected by the US control policy after its defeat，On the other hand is revival、The need to develop the economy and achieve economic democratization。The Japanese government mainly integrates and reorganizes bet365 refer a friend code based on natural monopoly properties，Making the number of bet365 refer a friend code in Japan significantly reduced，And mainly focus on public utilities。A large number of "national policy enterprises" have been disbanded or reorganized，And operated by private capital，Japan has since begun a private-led economic development strategy。

1980s，With the decline of natural monopoly、Diversification of technological innovation and the need to adapt to consumer needs，bet365 refer a friend code must apply market principles、Introduce a competition mechanism to seek high operating efficiency。At this time, Japanese bet365 refer a friend code were operating inefficiently for a long time，Falling into debt，Making government finances overwhelmed，Eventually caused public dissatisfaction。This is the beginning of the privatization reform of Japanese bet365 refer a friend code。

Hashimoto Ryutaro formed the second Hashimoto Cabinet in 1996 and promised the people to carry out administrative reforms，The "Interim Report" of the Administrative bet365 refer a friend code Conference was released in 1997，Established the direction of postal privatization。Finally, the Japanese government implemented fiscal investment and financing reforms in 2001，Separate postal system funds from financial investment and financing。Therefore，The privatization of Japan Post relies heavily on the innovation of Japan’s administrative management system。April 2005，The Japanese Cabinet meeting finally established six bills for postal privatization，And submit it to Congress for consideration。October 2007，Japan Post Corporation implements privatization bet365 refer a friend code，Establishment of government-controlled Japan Post Co., Ltd.。2009，After the Democratic Party won the election and realized the transfer of power，Actively committed to promoting the privatization of Japan Post。October 2009，The Japanese Cabinet meeting determined the "basic policy of postal bet365 refer a friend code"。2011，With the need for post-disaster reconstruction in Fukushima, Japan，Japan further revised the privatization bet365 refer a friend code bill，To ensure the financial recovery of Japan after the great earthquake。October 2012，Merger of Post Office Co., Ltd. and Postal Service Co., Ltd. under Japan Post Co., Ltd.，Establishment of Japan Post。November 4, 2015，Japan Post Co., Ltd. and its affiliated Postal Savings Bank、Postal Insurance Company was simultaneously listed on the main board of the Tokyo Stock Exchange，This is Japan’s largest state-owned to private asset in the past 30 years。To this point，Japan Post Co., Ltd. has basically completed the privatization bet365 refer a friend code，But with the increasing aging of the population、The expansion of the e-commerce market and the application of artificial intelligence technology，Japan Post’s business environment is also in urgent need of innovation。Japan Post will improve the convenience of services、Use new technologies to bet365 refer a friend code transportation methods and other measures to meet the challenges of the new era。

The innovation of Japan’s telecommunications technology has changed the characteristics of the telecommunications industry，Enables the telecommunications industry, which originally had pure bet365 refer a friend code goods and natural monopoly properties, to separate out some competitive and non-exclusive businesses。At the same time，Due to its absolute monopoly position in the telecommunications field，Japan’s telecommunications and telephone companies lack enthusiasm in management，And the fiscal budget is restricted by Congress, resulting in a lack of independence in corporate operations、Employees’ labor enthusiasm decreases，As a result, communication costs are too high、Problems such as low service quality。In this context，The telecommunications field needs to improve operational efficiency and vitality，In order to adapt to the highly information-based society in the future。1980，The Japan Accounting and Inspection Service conducted an audit of managers of Telecommunications and Telephone Corporation in 1978 and 1979，Irregular travel expenses, conference fees and other expenditure items found，Resulting in the loss of state-owned assets。This incident has also become an opportunity for the privatization reform of Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation。After privatization reform，Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation changed to NTT Co., Ltd.，Their operating performance has improved significantly。1987 to 1991，NTT Co., Ltd.’s annual operating profit exceeds 400 billion yen。2000，NTT Co., Ltd. finally completes share split reform，From a monopoly bet365 refer a friend code enterprise specializing in domestic communications services，Transformed into a group joint-stock company consisting of a holding joint-stock company and related subsidiaries。

In addition，The Japanese tobacco and salt monopoly communes have also been privatized respectively。Except for the privatization of the three communes，Since 1975，Japan Airlines Co., Ltd.、Okinawa Electric Power Co., Ltd.、Japan Automobile Co., Ltd.、Northeast Development Co., Ltd. has also carried out thorough privatization reforms。The government sold all its shares in the above-mentioned companies，Restructure all the above companies into purely private bet365 refer a friend code；Abolition of the special law under which it was established，Reorganized into a pure trading company。To this point，The privatization wave that has lasted for several years has come to an end in Japan。

　　Analysis on the effects of privatization reform of bet365 refer a friend code

The focus of Japan’s privatization is market-oriented reform of bet365 refer a friend code，Restructured into a joint-stock company。After privatization reform，Japan changed the original special legal person into a public-private mixed joint-stock company，This is an important form of privatization of Japanese bet365 refer a friend code。Pass this reform，The government will no longer intervene in certain economic areas，Private enterprises will take over these areas，Thus expanding the field of private capital investment，Creating a broader business environment for private enterprises。While relaxing market access，Japan emphasizes public power supervision of bet365 refer a friend code，About the establishment of bet365 refer a friend code、Business operation method、Business Plan、Business activities and governance structure and other matters，Both demand to be controlled by the government and Congress；At the same time in terms of benefit evaluation mechanism，Focus on assessing the social benefits and social responsibilities of bet365 refer a friend code。

The reformed bet365 refer a friend code have changed the way of production and operation，Promotes the improvement of labor productivity，Operation performance has improved significantly。For example, the privatization reform of Japan’s state-owned railways has achieved certain results in solving the deficit problem。The privatization of bet365 refer a friend code has achieved great success in Japan，Not only improves the government’s financial situation，And improve the production performance of bet365 refer a friend code，Benefit stakeholders and the public。Japanese bet365 refer a friend code provide public goods and services through low prices and diversified services，Maximize national interests，Thus further promoting competition and enhancing the international competitiveness of Japanese bet365 refer a friend code。

Pass reform，Japanese bet365 refer a friend code have also learned profound lessons。Japan’s state-owned railway privatization has achieved the most significant results，But there are also opinions，After privatization, Japanese bet365 refer a friend code have not fully realized the demands of the reform plan，Failed to properly solve the problem of resettlement of unemployed and remaining personnel after privatization，At the same time, the fundamental purpose of bet365 refer a friend code in promoting consumers and social public interests is not realized。Since the essence of bet365 refer a friend code after the reform is a joint-stock company，The pursuit of profit is the main goal of an enterprise，Therefore，Some deficit lines that have lost state subsidies will no longer be able to operate。Privatization while achieving efficiency，Also brings an increase in tax revenue。This consequence will eventually be passed on to consumers，Thus increasing the burden on the people。

　　bet365 refer a friend code and reference

There are many common problems in the reform of state-owned enterprises in various countries，Studying the experience of foreign public enterprise reform，It has important inspiration and reference significance for the reform of state-owned enterprises in my country。At the same time，Summary of lessons learned from foreign economic reforms，It can help our country avoid detours in the reform process。By analyzing the successful experiences and failures of Japanese bet365 refer a friend code in the historical evolution and development process，can be found，To improve business efficiency、Realizing social and public interests，It is imperative to establish a sound operating mechanism。Of course，my country’s state-owned enterprise reform is based on learning from the successful experiences of other countries，Must be based on reality，Seeking a development path suitable for our country。

June 2020，The Central Committee for Comprehensively Deepening Reforms reviewed and approved the "Three-Year Action Plan for State-owned Enterprise Reform (2020-2022)"，Clearly proposed to strengthen the direction of market-oriented reform of state-owned enterprises，Improving the market-oriented operating mechanism，Improving the core competitiveness of state-owned enterprises。In the critical stage of future reform，my country’s state-owned enterprises should maintain state control on the premise，Goal-oriented to achieve bet365 refer a friend code interests，Assume the core function of providing universal bet365 refer a friend code goods and services。Meanwhile，By establishing an effective operating mechanism，Guarantee the openness and transparency of enterprises，Give full play to the autonomy of business operations，To promote the improvement of operating efficiency，Only in this way can the bet365 refer a friend code functions and values ​​of state-owned enterprises be truly realized，Give state-owned enterprises strong vitality。

　　(bet365 refer a friend code article is a phased result of the Shanghai Philosophy and Social Sciences Planning Project "Research on the Legal Protection Mechanism of Private Sector Rights and Interests in PPP Operations" (2017BFX011)

(Author’s unit: School of Economics, East China University of Political Science and bet365 refer a friend code)