bet365 best casino games

Public Enterprise (Public Enterprise) usually refers to setting up in accordance with the special law，Under the regulation and supervision of government departments，And with a certain company that operates independence and independent settlement，Among them, it includes both state -owned enterprises established by the government，It also includes companies that have no government funding but personnel appointment and removal and business guidelines, which are still supervised and regulated by the government authority。Because Bet365 app download public enterprises are mainly hosted by the government，Therefore, the concept of Chinese state -owned enterprises is highly coincided with the concept of Chinese state -owned enterprises。

Japanese public enterprises have mainly experienced three development stages since its establishment: the rapid development of public enterprises after the Meiji Restoration，and then after being changed through state -owned and privatization。Following the wave of private enterprises in Western countries in the West，The form of public enterprises that have been established after World War II and long -term existence have also experienced major changes。Today after the private reform reform，Japanese public enterprises have shown new development trends。

　　Start and process of private reform

History of Japanese public enterprises is different from other market economy countries，With its unique development path。Public companies established by Japan after World War II，After the economic revival period、high -speed development period and stable development period，Policy products formed by adapting to social and economic development。Public enterprises after World War II occupy the proportion and importance of the Japanese economy，far below before World War II，This is a major feature that Japanese Bet365 app download public enterprises are different from European public enterprises。The reason for it，On the one hand, Japan was affected by the US control policy after the defeat，On the other hand, Fuxing、The needs of developing economy and realizing economic democratization。The Japanese government mainly integrates and reorganize public enterprises based on natural monopoly，The number of public enterprises in Japan has been greatly reduced，and mainly concentrated in public cause。A large number of "national policy enterprises" or disintegration or reorganization，and operate by private capital，Japan has started a folk -led economic development strategy since then。

The 1980s，With the decline of natural monopoly、Diversification of technological innovation and the necessity of adapting to the needs of consumers，Public enterprises must use market principles、Importing a competitive mechanism to seek high efficiency of management。At this time, public companies in Japan at this time due to long -term inefficient operations，The dilemma of caught in debt，The government's finance is overwhelmed，Finally caused dissatisfaction among the public。Private reform of public enterprises in Japan kicks off the end。

Hashimoto Romato formed the second Hashimoto Cabinet in 1996 and promised to the people to carry out administrative reforms，In 1997, the "Intermediate Report" of the Administrative Reform Conference，Establishing the direction of postal privateization。Finally, the Japanese government implemented financial investment and financing reform in 2001，Separate the funds of the postal system from the financial investment and financing。So，Japanese Postal Privateization depends on the innovation of the Japanese administrative management system to a large extent。April 2005，The Japanese Cabinet Conference finally established six bills of postal privateization，and submit the National Association for review。October 2007，Private reform of the Japanese Post Commission，Establish a government -controlled Japan Post Co., Ltd.。2009，After the bet365 live casino games Democratic Party has won the election to achieve the transfer of the regime，Actively committed to promoting the privateization of Japanese Postal Post。October 2009，The Japanese Cabinet Conference has determined the "Basic Policy of Postal Reform"。2011，The need for reconstruction after the Fukushima Earthquake in Japan，Japan further revised the private reform reform bill，to ensure the wealth revival after the Japanese earthquake。October 2012，The postal company of the Japanese Post Co., Ltd. merged with the postal business company，Established Japanese Postal Points。November 4, 2015，Japanese Post Co., Ltd. and its postal savings bank、Post insurance company is listed at the same time on the main board of the Tokyo Stock Exchange，This is the largest state -owned transfer private asset in Japan in the past 30 years。So far，Japanese Post Co., Ltd. has basically completed the private reform，But with the aging of the population、Expansion of the e -commerce market and the use of artificial intelligence technology，The business environment of Japanese Post also urgently needs innovation。Japanese Post will improve the convenience of services、Use measures such as new technology reform and transportation methods to cope with the challenges of the new period。

The innovation of Japanese telecommunications technology has changed the characteristics of the telecommunications industry，The telecommunications industry with pure public products and natural monopolies can be separated from some competitive and non -discharge business。At the same time，Due to the absolute monopoly position in the telecommunications field，Japan's Telecommunications Commune lacks enthusiasm in terms of operation，and the fiscal budget is restricted by Congress, which has led to lack of independent autonomy in business operations、Decreased labor enthusiasm for employees，As a result, the communication cost is too high、Low service quality and other questions。In this background，The telecommunications field needs to improve operating Bet365 app download efficiency and vitality，Flows to adapt to the future highly informatized society。1980，Japan Accounting Inspection Institute audited in the manager of the two annual telecommunications communes in 1978 and 1979，I found that improper travel expenses and conference expenses and other expenditure items，Leading the loss of state -owned assets。This incident has also become an opportunity for the private reform of the Japanese Telecommunications Commission。After private reform，Japanese Telecommunications Commission changed to NTT Co., Ltd.，It has greatly improved its operating performance。1987 to 1991，NTT Co., Ltd. operating profit of more than 400 billion yen。2000，NTT Co., Ltd. finally completed the share division reform，Monopoly public enterprises specializing in domestic communication business，Converted into a group -oriented company。

other，Japanese tobacco and salt monopoly communes have also implemented privateization。Except for the privateization of the three communes，Since 1975，Japanese Aviation Co., Ltd.、Okinawa Electric Power Co., Ltd.、Japanese Automobile United Co., Ltd.、Northeast Development Co., Ltd. has also carried out thorough private reforms。The government sells all the stocks held by the above companies.，All the above companies are reorganized into pure private enterprises; the special method based on abolishing the establishment of the establishment，Reorganized into a pure commercial joint -stock company。So far，The wave of privateization after several years came to Japan。

　　Evaluation of the Private Enterprise Reform Effects

The focus of Japan's privateization is to carry out market -oriented reforms of public enterprises，Reform to a share company。After private reform，Japan changed the original special legal person to a joint -stock company with a public and private mixed joint -stock company，This is an important implementation form for the privateization of Japanese public enterprises。Through this reform，The government will no longer interfere in certain economic bet365 live casino games fields，and private enterprises take over these areas，thus expanded the field of private capital investment，created a broader business environment for private enterprises。While relaxing market access，Japan emphasizes the supervision of public power of public enterprises，Establishment of public enterprises、Business business method、Business Plan、Business activities and governance structures，All require the control of the government and Congress; at the same time, in terms of benefit evaluation mechanism，Focus on the social benefits and social responsibilities of public enterprises。

Public enterprises after the reform have changed the production and operation method，Promoting the improvement of labor productivity，Significantly improved business performance。For example, the private reform reform of the state -owned railway in Japan has achieved certain results in solving the problem of deficit。The privateization of public enterprises has achieved great success in Japan，Not only improves the government’s fiscal status，and improved the production performance of public enterprises，benefit the stakeholders and the public。Public enterprises in Japan provide public products and services through low prices and diversified services，To maximize national interests，Therefore, it further promotes competition and enhances the international competitiveness of Japanese public enterprises。

Through reform，Japanese public companies also summarize profound lessons。Japan's state -owned railway privateization has the most significant achievements，But there are also opinions that think，The private public enterprise after the privateization does not fully realize the demands of the reform plan，No proper solving the problem of unemployment and resettlement of unemployment after privateization，At the same time, the fundamental purpose of not achieving public enterprises in promoting consumers and social public interests。Because the essence of public enterprises after the reform is a joint -stock company，Pursuit of profit is the main goal of the enterprise，Bet365 lotto review So，Some deficit lines that have lost state subsidies will not be able to operate。Privateization is when it achieves efficiency，also brought taxes on tax。This consequences will be finally passed on to consumers，to increase the burden on citizens。

　　Enlightenment and reference

There are many common problems in the reform of state -owned enterprises in various countries，Experience of the reform of foreign public enterprises，It has important revelation and reference significance for my country's state -owned enterprise reform。At the same time，Summarizing the lessons of foreign economic reform，It can make my country take less detours in the reform process。By analyzing the successful experience and failure of Japanese public enterprises in the process of history and development，can be found，To improve business efficiency、Realize social public interests，Establishing a sound business mechanism is imperative。Of course，my country's state -owned enterprise reform is on the basis of drawing on the successful experience of other countries，must be based on actual，Seeking development path suitable for my country。

June 2020，The Central Committee of Comprehensive Deepening the Reform Commission reviewed and approved the "Three -year Action Plan for State -owned Enterprise Reform (2020-2022)"，It is clearly proposed to strengthen the market -oriented reform direction of state -owned enterprises，Improve the market -oriented business mechanism，Improve the core competitiveness of state -owned enterprises。In the critical stage of future reform，Chinese state -owned enterprises should be under the premise of maintaining national control，Taking the public interest as the goal -oriented，Core functions to provide general public products and services。At the same time，Establish an effective business mechanism，Guarantee the openness and transparency of the enterprise，Give full play to the autonomy of business operations，To promote the improvement of operating efficiency，Only in this way can we truly realize the function Bet365 app download and value of the publicity of state -owned enterprises，Give state -owned enterprises strong vitality。

　　(This article is the research on the issue of the right to the rights and interests of the private sector in the PPP operation "(2017bfx011) phase -based results)

(Author Unit: School of East China University of Political Science and Law)