December 24, 2020，The Future Relations Agreement, which is finally reached in the UK and the European Union, finally reached the "British European Trade and Cooperation Agreement" (hereinafter referred to as the "British and European Agreement")，Avoid British "hard Brexit"。On the evening of December 31, 2020，The British and European Agreement takes effect; the ups and downs tortuous、The procrastinating British "Brexit" process is finally completed。This agreement is based on bilateral free trade agreements，Rebaged the British -Europe Relations System Framework，and convert Britain from the EU's "key member" into "close partners"。

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The British European Agreement mainly includes three aspects: first，Reached the British and European Free Trade Agreement。This trade agreement focuses on commodity trade，cover service、Investment、Traffic、Energy、Fisheries and other fields，Even the coordination of social security policy。Both parties will implement zero tariffs on all products that meet the principles of origin、Zero -mixture; both parties promise to implement environmental protection through high standards、Labor、Climate change standard，Control government subsidies and ensure tax transparency，Effectively implement the dispute solution mechanism and other means to ensure a fair competitive environment。For the "fishery problem" for fierce disputes，The five -year transition period of the two parties set up and gradually reduced the EU fishing quota by 25 %。Both parties will ensure roads、Railway、Air、sea transport and other channels is smooth，and ensure the energy safety of both parties through innovative energy transactions and transportation models。Britain and Europe also reached a number of consensus to ensure that their respective citizens continue to enjoy pension in their jurisdictions、Medical、Fertility and other social benefits。

Second，Establish a new system for citizen safety bet365 best casino games cooperation。British Europe has established a new institutional structure on police and judicial collaboration，To ensure that the police and judicial organs of the two parties maintain high -efficiency cooperation and convenient information sharing。The two parties confirm that cooperation combat transnational crimes、Terrorism、Internet crime，and share passenger information in these fields、Criminal Record、Vehicle registration information and other key information。To maintain the ability to combat various transnational crimes，British and Europe will continue to carry out effective cooperation in the European Interpol Organization and the European Prosecutor Organization。At the same time，The two parties will also extradite the criminals、Anti -money laundering、Keep close collaboration in the fields of funding funding and other areas。

third，Build a new architecture of British and European relations。The two parties have created a new governance structure to ensure the effective implementation of the British and European agreement。Establish a "British and European Partnership Council" to implement the supervision agreement，The council meeting is based on the differences in the topic of the topic.。Any matters that the council can negotiate the implementation of the agreement，and use a decision with a compulsory binding force in unanimous consent。If there is a dispute to the implementation of the agreement，Both parties can establish an independent arbitration court for arbitration。Actions that one party refuses to fulfill the decision of arbitration，The other party can retaliate by restoring tariffs and trade quotas。

This British and European agreement，There are three major features of "focusing on free trade", "maintaining common policies" and "missing important issues"。The British and European Agreement focuses on free trade，The free trade agreement that accommodates the "upgraded version"。The British and European Agreement is exempted from the tariffs and quota restrictions of all commodities in accordance with the principles of origin，Additional and strict fair competition conditions (such as restricted subsidies、Tax transparency, etc.)，Short -term visits to personnel, etc.; this Bet365 lotto review is far more than the European Union and Canada、The corresponding treatment given to the other party between the trade agreement between Japan。This indicates that British Ou Litu achieves certain equilibrium between completing the "Brexit" and maintaining the EU "single market"。

The British and European agreement strives to adhere to the "crack" of British and European relations，Maintaining effective operation of a number of common policies in the European Union。The British European Agreement covers energy、Traffic、Fisheries、Social Security、Police and justice and other issues，EU has a number of common policies in these areas of topics。Reaching the British Europe Agreement，The two parties can continue to maintain coordination and coordination on these issues，Avoid the effective impact of the Brexit "Brexit" seriously impacting the EU's common policy。

Insufficient coverage of the British and European agreement，Although the two parties have revealed their willingness to cooperate in the early days，But at the request of the UK，The British and European Agreement did not cover diplomatic、Safety and defense and other topics areas。The topic of financial service access that Britain values ​​very much，Data protection that both sides are very concerned、Topics such as animal and plant quarantine，It has not been included in the British and European agreement。

　　The overall benefits of Britain and Europe changed the nature of the relationship between the two parties

The reach of the British and European agreement is good news for both parties，It avoids the economic and trade relations between the two parties returning to the WTO framework，and transform the British and European relations into the relationship between the transnational behavior in the external country and the region。

For Britain，The reaching the British and European agreement basically realized it to recover the sovereignty、Keep the EU market、Re -obtain policy freedom, etc.。Britain realized the demand for "recovering sovereignty" to a fairly extent。Persons who are concerned about in the UK、Fishery resources、EU judicial jurisdiction and other fields，The British "get back the control"。

The British gets a low threshold to enter the European Union's single market for the United bet365 live casino games Kingdom。EU is the largest export market in the UK，Exempted Tariff、The access -free access treatment can largely ensure that British products can still enter the EU market smoother。Although the United Kingdom is not a member of the European Union，But the European Union still gave the lowest barriers to the British product entry。For Britain，The EU market with a population size of 450 million population is important。

British regain more foreign policy freedom。"Brexit" Britain，Reconstruction of trade policy freedom，and can reached a free trade agreement with other countries。Britain and Europe also did not follow the "Political Declaration" of the British and European relations from the two sides in October 2019，Cooperation settings in the fields of diplomacy and security setting institutional framework; Britain can more freely practice its "global British" strategic concept in the field of foreign policy。

For the European Union，The achievement of the British European agreement maintains the unity of the European market to a certain extent、The stability of the common policy of the EU，and protect the important interests of yourself and their members。The reach of the British Europe。"After Brexit" Britain is still an important trading partner of the European Union，Stable British and European trade relations，Unblocked energy、Traffic Network is equally important for the European Union。Given a low -threshold for Britain in exchange for the complete European market、Unified，It can defend the "four major freedoms" as the foundation of the European Union to a considerable extent，That is product、Service、Capital and personnel flowing freedom。

The British and European Agreement is conducive to maintaining the stability of the European Union's common policy。EU involves society、Justice and internal affairs、Environment、The common policy system of issues such as technology and other issues is the foundation of the EU as the main body of the super national governance。The British and European Agreement passed the coordination of social security policies between Britain and Europe、Cooperation of judicial and domestic affairs、Implementation of similar environmental standards、Technology R & D collaboration and other long -term connections to "hedge" the common policy change risk brought bet365 best casino games by the Brexit "Brexit。

The British and European Agreement is also conducive to the interests of the EU to protect themselves and key members。Through the British and European Agreement，EU received the United Kingdom in Environmental Protection、Labor、Tax、Subsidies such as subsidies and other issues of high standards of clear commitment，EU companies avoid market competition disadvantages。France、Denmark and other coastal countries are very sensitive to fishery problems，Maintaining the fishing rights of EU fishing vessels in the British waters is an important political issue in these countries。For the European Union，Forcing Britain to compromise on the issue of fishing share is a political victory。

For British and European relations，The British European Agreement has re -positioned British and European relations，Transforms Britain from the EU member states into "close partners"，and establish a standard basis for this partnership。After Brexit after Brexit，The nature and tightness of British and European relations will change。British and European relations will be transformed from the relationship between the subject of the member country and the super national governance to the relationship between the transnational behavior in the external country and the region; in the EU internal affairs，The UK has become "outsider"。Compared to the previous，British and European relations have been alienated。

Insufficient coverage of the British and European agreement，Failure to involve some important issues，This leaves several hidden concerns for British -Europe relations。The financial service industry is the British pillar industry，However, the EU as the largest financial market in the UK did not give a clear market access commitment to the British financial industry; in the future, the two parties will make a fierce bargain on this issue。Fishery issues seem to be solved，But the problem of fishing quota distribution after the transition period is likely to lead the waves。As a traditional ally，How to coordinate the relationship between the United Kingdom to promote the global strategy will be a new issue with the EU's common diplomatic and security policy。

　　The Influence of the British and European Agreement

The British and European Agreement reached，It also brings some challenges to China，We need to actively deal with。First，The British and European Agreement is not conducive to Chinese companies entering the European Union through the UK。Key fulcrum as China -EU economic and Bet365 lotto review trade relations，The UK has always been an important springboard for Chinese companies to enter the EU market。The British and European agreement is given to many British trade convenience，It also raised the personnel、Capital、The threshold for free flowing (such as re -setting customs, etc.)。"Breakup" in Britain and Europe、In the background of the epidemic raging，Britain and Europe all have the motivation to recover the economy "borrowing China"; promote Sino -British and Britain in a timely manner、Sino -European Trade Agreement Negotiations Startup，Market access risks that Brexit "Brexit" can bring to us。

The British and European agreement involves limited financial issues，In the short term, it will affect the internationalization process of the RMB。London is the offshore financial center after Hong Kong，is the main platform for RMB to move towards the European continent。In the British and European Agreement，EU did not give the British financial industry peer admission treatment，British financial institutions are likely to lose the EU's "financial passport"; this will impact the status of London's international financial center，It will also affect the European offshore RMB business。China wants to strengthen Frankfurt、Luxembourg and other RMB offshore centers construction，and through trade settlement、Substantial and foreign currency exchange、Bond issuance and other methods to promote the internationalization of the RMB in the country of the European -African European region。

The British and European Agreement will complicate the economic and trade relations between China, Britain and Europe，and form a new situation in the three parties。"Brexit" Britain，The autonomy of the economic and trade policy will be reinstated，Become a more independent international behavior。In Chinese and English、China Europe、British and European three -to -three -to -economic relations relationship，The change of any relationship can affect the third party。China should re -plan Sino -British and European economic and trade relations，Grasp the opportunity of "pursuing" China in both Britain and Europe，In the market economy status、Anti -dumping、Get advantage in the trade agreement negotiations。

　　(This article is the "China's political risks facing EU investment and its enlightenment of the" Political Risks of EU Investment and the Revelation of Tianjin Enterprises "(TJZZ17-004) phase results)

(Author Unit: Academy of International Relations of Tianjin University of Foreign Studies)