Although Raymond Aron and Jean-Paul Sartre, his classmate and friend at the Ecole Normale Supérieure in Paris, are regarded by Western academic circles as "two omnipotent intellectuals in the field of French thought in the 20th century" molecular"，But compared with Sartre, the famous existentialist master in China，Aron seems to have never attracted “enough attention” from domestic academic circles。In fact，As a famous French bet365 games relations scholar in the 20th century、Sociologist and political commentator，Aron’s life left a wealth of academic achievements，Mainly includes "The Opium of Intellectuals", "The Great Schism", "On Freedom", "Major Currents of Thought in Sociology", "Peace and War: bet365 games Relations Theory", "Defending Europe in Decline", "Intervening Bystander: Raymond· Aron Interview" "Raymond Aron's Memoirs: Fifty Years of Political Reflections", etc.。

　　bet365 games stance

Aron as a witness to the changes in the world in the 20th century，Reflections on bet365 games politics vividly interpret the tortuous mental journey of French intellectuals。Analysis of the theoretical origin of the idea of ​​“intervening bystander”，It is not difficult to find that he was deeply influenced by Marx、Durkheim、Montesquieu、Tocqueville、Weber、Rousseau、Kong De、Hobbes、Clausewitz、The influence of Alan, Machiavelli and others。The methodology is mainly derived from Marx’s dialectics and Durkheim’s sociological analysis method；Political theory is rooted in Montesquieu's "The Spirit of the Laws"、Tocqueville's "On Democracy in America" ​​and Weber's "Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism"；The Theory of Human Nature is the inheritance and development of the French Enlightenment Ethics Theory of Natural Human Nature and Comte's Theory of Human Nature；bet365 games relations thought is deeply influenced by Hobbes、Alan’s influence，And post-World War II thought absorbed the ideas of Clausewitz and Machiavelli。

Aron made a strict distinction between bet365 games politics and domestic politics，And regard the alternation of war and peace as the core issue of bet365 games politics。In fact，Aron has spent his whole life exploring the changes in the world pattern，Especially the changes in the bet365 games situation after the advent of the nuclear age。In Alon’s opinion，The bipolar structure and heterogeneous society under the shadow of nuclear deterrence are the main features of the post-war bet365 games system，This also creates an bet365 games strategy in the nuclear age、bet365 games ethical dilemmas。He thinks，bet365 games politics has always been accompanied by morality，Without morality, there is no so-called bet365 games politics。Therefore，Negative of moral principles in bet365 games politics，Ignore national morality，That would be the misfortune of the world。

Actually，In the confrontation between communitarianism and cosmopolitanism，Aron chose the ethical stance of cosmopolitan bet365 games justice and communitarianism。Cosmopolitanism believes that people should transcend their own nation、The country’s sense of moral obligation，Proposed that the country and the world should be democratized，The relationship between countries is to some extent a reflection of the morality of war。Communitarianism believes that community is the basic variable of political analysis，The individual and his self are ultimately determined by him or his community。Aron’s ethical stance is based on communitarianism，But with cosmopolitan value demands，The reason lies in the principle of prudence deep in his thoughts。It is also based on this prudence，Aron established the bet365 games political thought of just war theory。Through the moral criticism of the amorality of realism and the realistic criticism of idealistic moral norms，Aron believes that local war is inevitable，But war will not go to extremes。

　　Main idea

In the book "Peace and War: bet365 games Relations Theory"，Aron analyzes absolute war and real war，Based on the interpretation of relevant provisions of bet365 games law，Comprehensive exposition of the bet365 games relations theory of "martial peace"。He thinks，The disastrous consequences of using nuclear weapons will make leaders of various countries have some scruples when making the final decision。Therefore，When the development of precision guidance technology and the emergence of hugely destructive thermonuclear weapons，To avoid dying together，The possibility of a new world war has decreased。So，Aron thinks，Correctly understanding and handling the "tension" between war and morality is the only way out of the shadow of nuclear war。Based on the above thinking，Aron concluded that "peace is impossible，Basic conclusion that war is unlikely。In his opinion，The Cold War and nuclear weapons cause fear to people，It also triggered people to think carefully about the meaning of peace。As far as the contemporary bet365 games situation is concerned，A new world war will not break out，Local regional conflicts will not stop。Obviously，Aron’s judgment of the bet365 games situation is the core essence of the “martial peace” thought of “no war, no peace”。

In Alon’s opinion，Although it is unlikely that a world war will occur after the nuclear age，But permanent peace cannot be achieved。Opposite，The complexity and uncertainty of bet365 games relations，It may even make local wars more frequent。After pointing out that "martial peace" has replaced the bet365 games situation of alternating peace and war，Aron relies on his profound insight，further reveals two major characteristics of bet365 games politics during the "martial peace" period: implicit violence and the failure of the principle of non-interference。In his opinion，It is an indisputable fact that bet365 games politics is not directly operational。Therefore，Aron is more concerned with the moral or social causes of peace and war。He proposed，Compared with direct hot war，The politics of the "martial peace" period consisted mainly of a kind of invisible violence。Since violence can only be weakened、Not eradicated，Eliminate risk factors in violence，Replacing lethal weapons with persuasion and deterrence，is the most preferable approach。According to Aron，The hidden development of violence will become a normalized fact。

Aaron thinks，The bet365 games situation of "no war, no peace" will last for centuries，There are four moral elements in the bet365 games political field during this period: one is combat morality，Mainly refers to the moral quality contained in martial ethics；The second is legal ethics，This is a weak mandatory、Contains the moral elements that trigger war；The third is responsibility ethics，Value the consequences of your actions，The moral element in which actors fully rationally evaluate the consequences of their actions and have the courage to bear the consequences of their actions；Fourth is prudence and morality，That is, the moral element of making the best decision in terms of facts and values ​​at the same time。Aron thinks，Prudent morality is the moral core of bet365 games politics in the nuclear era。As long as politicians in various countries in the field of bet365 games relations follow the principle of prudence，World war in the nuclear age can be avoided。

　　Impact on the bet365 games

Aaron discovered during the process of tracing back and reviewing the conventional wars experienced by mankind，Considering the different belligerents，According to the behavior of both hostile parties、Operation intention and possible outcome，There are still just and unjust wars。In Alon’s opinion，As long as it is based on bet365 games principles and legitimate reasons，The country can use force appropriately，But the killing of innocent civilians must be prohibited。

However，Aron firmly believes that the moral core of bet365 games politics in the nuclear era is still "prudent"，Either through an arms race，Still through an agreement between countries，Nothing can reduce the risk of nuclear war to a minimum。Only leaders of various countries act rationally，Adhere to the principle of prudence，It is possible to maintain lasting peace in the world。Easy to find，Aron’s “martial peace” bet365 games relations theory has become the basic compliance and code of conduct for the Western world in dealing with bet365 games relations，To a certain extent, it confirms the frequent local wars and turbulent regional situations。But he emphasized the use of responsible ethics and prudence principles to defend the justice of war，For breaking the traditional bet365 games order，Provides important inspiration for establishing a fair and reasonable new bet365 games order and effectively handling bet365 games relations。

Due to its huge influence in the field of bet365 games politics，British historian Tony Judt spoke highly of this "intervening bystander" in his book "The Burden of Responsibility"。Jutte thinks，Either in academia、Ideological field or political field，Alondu enjoys a high reputation。For France，Aron plays the role of "Lamp Burner"，He "pointed the way forward at a time when chaos and confusion gripped the intellectual world"。To this，Former US Secretary of State Kissinger also spoke highly of his teacher many times。As a well-intentioned critic and creative intellectual，Aron’s unique insights and sharp language can bring him comfort。Therefore，He thinks，Today’s world，If "people don't refer to Aron's point of view，You can’t study bet365 games affairs”。

　　(Author’s unit: School of Marxism, Nanjing Normal University；School of Marxism, University of South bet365 games)