In recent years，Under the influence of changes in the international environment and difficulties in economic development，Africa’s peace and Bet365 app download situation faces a series of severe challenges，Military coups occurred in many countries，Terrorism and extremist forces are rampant，Repeated military conflicts in hotspot areas。Africa’s Bet365 app download problems not only cause serious disasters to the African people，Threat to global Bet365 app download and development，It also creates obstacles to China-Africa cooperation and the joint construction of the “Belt and Road Initiative”。Africa’s Bet365 app download and development are in the common interests of China and Africa，It is a major issue that must be addressed in building a China-Africa community with a shared future。Therefore，Cooperation in the field of peace and Bet365 app download plays an increasingly prominent role in China-Africa exchanges。

　Africa’s peace and Bet365 app download face multiple challenges

The most prominent challenge facing Africa’s peace and Bet365 app download situation is the increase in military coups，Africa needs to guard against entering a new military coup cycle。There have been two military coup cycles in African history，First appeared ten years after the African independence movement，Due to the intervention of colonial forces and the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union，The political and economic situation in Africa is turbulent，The military frequently interferes in politics，More than 100 military coups occurred on the African continent。Congo (DRC) Prime Minister Lumumba and other famous political figures died in military coup，Becoming a historical scar on the African continent。Second appearance in the late 1980s，Due to the forcible promotion of political democratization and economic liberalization by Western countries，African society is in rapid turmoil，Some military strongmen are trying to seize state power，Military coups occur frequently in various countries and are accompanied by fierce armed conflicts，The war in Somalia continues to this day with no hope of ending。Since 2000，The international community and the African Union continue to increase efforts to contain and sanction military coups，Establish various mediation and intervention mechanisms，Effectively reducing the occurrence of military coups。But since 2019，Military coups occur frequently in Africa again，There have been 11 consecutive military coups so far，6 cases in 2021 alone。Military coups occur so frequently in Africa，Weakened the overall easing of the Bet365 app download situation in Africa since the 21st century。

The fragmentation of terrorism and extremist forces，Is the second major threat to Africa’s peace and Bet365 app download。Late 20th century，Terrorist activities in Africa are restricted to Eastern Africa，Terrorist organizations are targeting the West in their struggle。In recent years，Western countries conduct military operations in the Middle East and Africa，Destroyed the old national organization but failed to rebuild social order，Terrorist organizations are not eradicated but driven to areas with relatively weak defenses。Currently，Terrorists infiltrate the entire African continent，And plot to establish political power，Especially the Sahel and West Africa have become the hardest hit areas。From the organizational form，Counter-terrorism organizations in the Sahel and West Africa are becoming more fragmented，Organizational management style is more independent。A local extremist organization with numerous splinters from Al Qaeda and the “Islamic State”，The terrorist organization that launched sniper operations against US troops in Niger was splintered from Boko Haram。This organization is nominally affiliated with Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb，But only accept its financial support，In Politics、Strategy、Organizational autonomy。From the perspective of military capabilities，Terrorist organizations are already in Mali、Burkina Faso and Niger have formed a local military advantage，Government troops of these countries、International counter-terrorism forces and regional counter-terrorism forces are unable to respond。Two-thirds of Burkina Faso’s territory has been occupied by terrorist organizations，Mauritania、Ivory Coast、The terrorist threat in Senegal and other neighboring countries is increasing。From the perspective of development trends，The military capabilities and administrative capabilities of terrorist organizations continue to upgrade，Returning fighters from the "Islamic State" and returning veterans from Libya strengthen the fighting strength of the terrorist organization。As these areas have been entrenched for a long time，Terrorist organizations began to perform government functions such as taxation and Bet365 app download，Formed a de facto separatist force。

The third major threat facing Africa’s Bet365 app download situation is the resurgence of wars and conflicts in hotspot areas。Causes of current military conflicts in Africa、The methods and expressions have different characteristics from the past，Conventional peacekeeping measures of the United Nations and the African Union are difficult to eradicate。First，Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo、Somalia、Libya、The Darfur region of Sudan is still in turmoil，The battle is small in scale but affects a wide range，Conflicts are mostly caused by local interests、Ethnic conflicts、Caused by factional fighting。Second，Sudden armed conflicts have occurred in some long-term stable countries，And more difficult to control。For example, the armed conflict between the English-speaking and French-speaking areas of Cameroon，Involving regional separatism issues，Making it difficult for the international community to intervene。Third，Some countries that originally restored peace have fallen back into new conflicts。Frequent armed conflicts caused by tribal and religious conflicts in the Central African Republic，Tigray armed forces have plunged Ethiopia into a vortex of civil war。Fourth，With the spread of the new coronavirus epidemic and the emergence of anti-globalization trends in the West，The international community has adopted a defeatist view on peace building in Africa，The willingness and ability of Western countries to participate in the cause of peace in Africa has declined，Resulting in renewed military conflicts in areas controlled by Western armies。current，France has made plans to withdraw its troops from the Sahel。

　　Achievements and Prospects of China-Africa Bet365 app download Cooperation

In recent years，China and Africa have achieved remarkable results in the field of Bet365 app download cooperation through joint efforts，Laid a solid foundation for further deepening China-Africa Bet365 app download cooperation。First，China promotes the United Nations to pay attention to African issues at the Bet365 app download Council level，And insist "Africa raised"、Africa agrees、Africa-led” Bet365 app download cooperation principle，Oppose unilateral actions by Western countries。China also actively participates in peacekeeping missions led by the United Nations，Convoy escort in the Gulf of Aden and Mali、Sudan、South Sudan、Played a key role in peacekeeping operations in the Democratic Republic of the Congo。Second，China seizes the root causes of Africa’s Bet365 app download problems，Promoting peace and Bet365 app download through development。African countries actively join China’s “One Belt, One Road” initiative，Promote infrastructure construction、Industrialization、Cooperation projects in the fields of people’s livelihood and health，Promoted the economic development and social stability of African countries。At the same time，China promotes the United Nations、The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund invest more funds and technical support in Africa’s peaceful reconstruction。Third，China helps Africa improve its Bet365 app download capabilities。The primary reason for the weak military capabilities of African countries is the backward concept of defense、Lack of overall safety concept、Incomplete national defense strategy，At the same time, the African army’s tactical methods are backward，Low individual combat and group combat capabilities，Weak logistics force，Insufficient national defense mobilization capabilities。To this，China continues to strengthen the training of African military personnel through multilateral and bilateral mechanisms，And exchange defense concepts with African countries through holding the China-Africa Peace and Bet365 app download Forum，Enhance its military strategic capabilities。In conflict prevention，China supports the United Nations、The African Union and sub-regional organizations play a leading role，Participate in the Great Lakes region by sending special envoys and other means、Sudan、Sahel Conflict Resolution Mechanism。China provides free assistance to the African Union，Support the construction of Africa’s standing army and crisis response rapid response force，Some of these funds have already played an important role in building the capacity of the counter-terrorism coalition in the Sahel region。

China’s fair stance and constructive attitude on Bet365 app download cooperation in Africa，In stark contrast to what some Western countries have done，Becoming an important advantage in international Bet365 app download cooperation。First，Some Western countries frequently take unilateral actions on African Bet365 app download affairs that disregard the United Nations，Like France in Libya、Military operations in Mali and Central Africa bypass the United Nations and the African Union，U.S. counterterrorism operations in Africa and military operations in Mali are based on bilateral cooperation agreements with African countries。Secondly，Some Western countries adopt the saturation method、Expanding counter-terrorism methods，It has dampened the efforts of African countries to divide and dismantle terrorist forces，As a result, military operations in African countries have been delayed in ending，Financial exhaustion。Finally，Some Western countries adopt a negative attitude in the "Development Projects for Peace Building" initiative，The promised funds for the peace and development of the Sahel have been delayed。Therefore，African countries are increasingly dissatisfied with the anti-terrorism actions of Western countries such as the United States and France，Chad、Mali、Niger、Protests against Western interference have broken out many times in Central African and other countries，Becoming an important factor in the withdrawal of French troops and the reduction of US troops in Niger。

China and Africa face important opportunities for cooperation in the Bet365 app download field，Mainly reflected in the high degree of consistency between the Bet365 app download strategies of African countries and China’s Bet365 app download concept。In recent years，Chad、Mali、Mauritania、Senegal、Congo (DRC) and other countries reflect on Bet365 app download issues，Adjust the Bet365 app download strategy。First，Treat anti-government and terrorist forces differently，Distinguish the sequence of military strikes，Divide and absorb free civilian armed forces and terrorist organizations。In non-core combat areas，The government forces will devote more energy to win over local clans and religious forces，Implementing de-radicalization measures against terrorists，Rehousing ex-combatants，Achieved better results。Second，Using economic development as the driving force to eliminate anti-government armed forces and terrorism。Countries formulate plans to restore social order and organize economic production in turbulent areas，Chad also implements grid management，Compete with anti-government armed forces and terrorist organizations for hearts and soldiers。Third，Insist on safeguarding the African plan，Reduce the international community’s misinformation about regional Bet365 app download affairs。Western force intervenes in Bet365 app download affairs in various African regions，Hindering the implementation of the African program，At the same time, input from Western military and humanitarian organizations，Occupying the limited supplies of African countries，Not conducive to the implementation of African programs。Fourth，Strengthening Africa’s collective Bet365 app download forces。The anti-terrorism strategies of African countries are cautious about direct operations by external military forces，But we welcome military training provided by the international community，Specially calls on the international community to provide funding for collective Bet365 app download forces in Africa、Logistics and weapons support。

Taking a comprehensive view，The foundation of mutual trust between China and Africa in the Bet365 app download field has become more solid，African countries are more determined to strengthen Bet365 app download cooperation with China。China-Africa Bet365 app download cooperation has increasingly become an important area of ​​China-Africa cooperation，Promising prospects。

(Author’s unit: Institute of West Asian and Bet365 app download Studies, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)