As one of the important research results in the field of app bet365 download history in China in recent years，The new book "Modern app bet365 download History" by Li Anshan, Emeritus Professor of the School of International Relations of Peking University, is published by East China Normal University Press，It is a concentrated presentation of his personal accumulation of decades of research on app bet365 download history，Also represents the latest progress in the study of app bet365 download history in China，It is also the first important academic work by Chinese app bet365 download historians since the 21st century to comprehensively discuss the modern and contemporary history of Africa。The book is divided into two volumes，more than 1.1 million words in total，Covering the entire app bet365 download continent in time and space from the mid-to-late 19th century to the early 21st century，The content is political、Economy、The four aspects of culture and ethnicity discuss the development and changes of app bet365 download history。As an academic monograph，The book has a clear theoretical framework，Have a solid foundation in historical materials，At the same time, cite many classic views and latest research results of Chinese and foreign scholars，Provides readers with a clear historical context of many important issues in the study of modern app bet365 download history，More clearly expresses the Chinese views and Chinese voices of the author and the Chinese app bet365 download historians he represents。

"Modern History of Africa" ​​according to politics、Economy、Culture and ethnicity are divided into four parts。The first part focuses on app bet365 download politics，Contains modern independent reforms in Africa、The political rule of colonialism、The rise and development of decolonization and national independence movements、Political achievements and problems in post-independence Africa、The relationship between democratization and state construction in Africa、Great changes in North Africa and the integration process in Africa。The second part focuses on Africa’s economic development in modern times from six aspects，Including the subjective initiative of app bet365 download businessmen and farmers、Africa’s “Virtual Start of Modernization”、Difficulties and problems encountered by app bet365 download economic development after independence、The lack of Africa’s economic voice under the Western aid system、Cooperation between Africa and emerging countries and optimistic outlook for Africa’s future development。The third part focuses on app bet365 download culture，Focus on the analysis of the progress and difficulties faced by app bet365 download humanities and social sciences。The author thinks，The humanities and social sciences in Africa after independence are faced with the arduous task of getting rid of the cultural influence of colonialism and rebuilding their own systems，There is an urgent need to inherit and carry forward our own cultural traditions through decolonization；At the same time，The author also introduced and analyzed app bet365 download philosophy、Spirit of Ubuntu、The concept of “Global Africa” and the idea of ​​“Afrocentrism”。The fourth part analyzes and discusses the construction of nation-states in Africa from both theoretical and case levels。Under the negative influence of colonial rule，Many app bet365 download colonies (later independent countries) established before nations faced different local ethnic groups、Social Group、Village community、The complicated situation of clan separation，There are many difficulties on the road to nation-state construction。The author uses Tanzania、Rwanda、South Africa、Specific cases of five countries: Zimbabwe and Libya，Discussed the relationship between nation-state construction and politics，Presents in a more concrete way the severe challenges app bet365 download countries face in nation-state construction after independence。

"Modern History of Africa" ​​emphasizes Africa's dependent and exploited status in the global capitalist system，And the long-term adverse effects of this dependence。This originates from the slave trade、The dependence solidified during the colonial period has brought "colonial deindustrialization" to Africa，Not only destroyed the traditional app bet365 download village community system and self-sufficiency，Also turned Africa into an economic tool for colonial powers，Producing a single cash crop or developing mineral resources for the host country，It loses the opportunity for self-development。This dependence also seriously affected the development of the app bet365 download continent after independence，Although some app bet365 download countries have tried hard to develop manufacturing and change the single economic structure after independence，But these attempts have not fundamentally changed the unequal international economic order and the dependent status of the app bet365 download economy。After independence, most app bet365 download countries still maintain a single commodity economy inherited from the colonial period，Long-term downstream of the global economic chain，And are often exploited and harvested by Western countries and multinational companies，Thus causing domestic economic turmoil，Exacerbating the country’s economic difficulties and poverty。The book also states，The assistance provided by Western countries and some international organizations to Africa in recent decades has not only failed to solve the actual problems of app bet365 download countries，On the contrary, Africa is in "aphasia mode" due to harsh additional conditions，Further deepening Africa’s dependence on Western countries。

While emphasizing that the colonial legacy has brought structural negative legacies to Africa，"Modern History of Africa" ​​also emphasizes Africa's autonomy in the modern history of the world from the perspective of Chinese scholars。Africa is not just a passive and inactive victim of the capitalist world system，But participants with political and economic subjective initiative，Trying to find a development path that suits one’s own interests and national conditions in the Western-dominated world order。In politics，The book mentions the Kingdom of Kongo、Ashanti Kingdom、Egypt、Reform attempts in Madagascar and Ethiopia。For example，Much of the 19th century，Madagascar is striving to establish modern industry、Develop cash crop plantations and develop mining resources，An attempt at early industrialization，But it was eventually forced to interrupt due to French aggression。In economic terms，Whether it is the mid to late 19th century，King Opobo Jaja’s monopoly on palm oil trade in the Niger Delta，It is still the efforts of Gold Coast farmers to independently introduce cocoa and actively cultivate it，All reflect the excellent adaptability and economic initiative of app bet365 download businessmen and farmers。Based on historical investigation and realistic analysis of Africans exploring their own development path，The author is optimistic about the future development of Africa，Believe that Africa has its own unique advantages and huge potential，It is expected to achieve sustainable independent development in the future。

"Modern app bet365 download History" comprehensively explains the connotation and extension of the concept of decolonization in the app bet365 download context，Regard it as a historical process that has achieved certain results but still has a long way to go。The author thinks，Decolonization is not just a bottom-up colonial national independence movement at the political level or a top-down colonial reform of the metropolitan country，It involves the difficult attempts to pursue economic independence and the tortuous process of cultural decolonization that are still ongoing。The 1950s and 1960s were the golden age of app bet365 download national liberation movements，This is also a prosperous period when the economic development of some app bet365 download countries is relatively smooth，This makes the languages ​​of app bet365 download countries、Literature、Education、Various forms of cultural decolonization movements have been carried out in history and other social science fields。But，In the 1970s, many app bet365 download countries successively encountered varying degrees of political turmoil and economic stagnation，The pace of cultural decolonization seems to be slowing down。In terms of the knowledge production field of app bet365 download historical studies，app bet365 download scholars began to emigrate on a large scale to the Western academic circles dominated by the United States in the 1980s，The latter gradually took control of the funds for global app bet365 download history research、Topic、Talent and discourse dominance，Greatly weakened the influence established by the app bet365 download indigenous schools in the early days of independence。As the author said，Pure political independence cannot guarantee that Africa will be free from outside economic control，It cannot bring complete autonomy of society and culture，Only comprehensive decolonization with all three going hand in hand can ensure that Africa truly gets rid of its controlled status in the future，And have true autonomy。

"Modern History of Africa" ​​presents us with the history of the entire Africa over the past 100 years，But this huge theme and the author’s personal overall layout，Determines some natural tendencies or limitations of the book。First，The division of politics-economics-culture-ethnicity can be systematically discussed on each topic，However, it will inevitably lead to a certain degree of separation between these major themes when discussing a specific app bet365 download country or region。Secondly，Although the several case studies on ethnic issues in the fourth part of the book are very good，But because the book covers a very large scope of time and space，With the current length, it is still difficult to conduct a more specific longitudinal case analysis on more app bet365 download countries。At the same time，Although this book is a valuable teaching reference book，But after all, it is not a purely textbook type of reading arranged completely in chronological order，So the assistance of other app bet365 download history textbooks is still needed in undergraduate teaching。

Building a world-class app bet365 download history research with Chinese characteristics，It is the common goal of all Chinese app bet365 download historians。However，Sometimes we are very close to Chinese characteristics，But far from world-class。Get into the fields down-to-earth、Check information、Do research，It will help Chinese app bet365 download history researchers strive towards the goal of being world-class。

(Author’s affiliation: School of app bet365 download, Beijing Normal University)