Zhou Hong

Director of the International Department of International Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences、Researcher;

Research direction: International politics、Welfare Country、European Studies、Foreign assistance;

Representative works: "Where to Welfare Country", "Society to Everyone's Enjoyment", "What the EU is the Power of the EU", "Inventory of China -Europe Strategic Partnership", "Foreign Assistance and International Relations", "Foreign Aid Books", "Unified Germany" Diplomacy。

The statistics of international development assistance are not only a technical problem。The determination of the statistical indicators depends on the understanding of the assistant's understanding of the international development assistance concept and the setting of international development goals，and international development assistance after decades of development after World War II，It happens to be in a transition period from concept to goal to practice。

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The concept of "Official Development Aid" (ODA) was born in the 1960s and 1970s。Starting in 1961，Economic Cooperation and Development Organization (OECD) helping meeting statistics from the "resource flow" from the flow of member states to underdeveloped countries and regions includes gifts、Loan、Export credit and hybrid loan credit、Related Finance、Private investment and other forms。In this state，Official development assistance is not prominent。In order to highlight the advantages and dominant positions of the member states of the Economic bet365 live casino games Organization Assistance Association in the field of international development aid，Also due to some developing countries' appeals to increasing preferential financing，Under the integration and promotion of the agent organization's aid，Member State of the Economic Organization Assistant reached a consensus，Export credit excludes beyond international development assistance，Determined the discount nature of official development assistance。1967，At the commissioned by the Secretary -General of the United Nations，Expert report entitled "Resource Flow Surveying in Developing countries" was released。1968，Economic Organization Assistance Club set up a statistical issue special group，In 1969, the concept of "official development assistance" was explained in detail，Because only the concept of official development assistance is determined，It is possible to set a clear goal for it and formulate statistical standards。1969，According to the newly established concept，excluded a lot of capital flows between the country，Highlight the correlation and preferential degree of the aid for economic and social development (that is, 25%gift component)。"Pilrson Report" proposed until 1975，At the latest to 1980，Proposal to "official development assistance" to the recommendation of 0.7%of the national income of the aid country。1970，The UN General Assembly passed this resolution，Call for "every economy -developed country" to appropriation for official development assistance to achieve 0.7%of the country's national income。

The statistical concept of official development aid highlights the unidirectional relationship between the relationship between the development aid committee (DAC) aid and the development of the country in the development，It also shows the advantages and dominant positions of developed western countries in the field of international development aid。Developed countries that provide official development assistance to develop official development assistance to the standards and gifts for official development assistance，Provide channels to provide assistance、Fund transfer method，and judgment according to the values ​​of the West and the research on the international situation，Determined the key points of different assistance levels in different periods。DAC's statistical rules are also attached to many political and ideological conditions，Intervention in the Economic System of the National Aid National、Social development and political reform，Diplomatic tools of becoming the Cold War and the Cold War period。

　"Official Development Assistance" statistical standard defect

After entering the 21st century，The most prominent change in the field of international development assistance is China、India、Brazil、South -South cooperation practice of emerging economies such as South Africa。Compared with it，The narrowness of the concept of ODA is even more prominent。Economist Lin Yifu puts forward in the book "Beyond Development Assistance: Reconstruction of the New Concepts of Reconstruction of Development Cooperation in a Multi -World"，"ODA cannot calculate a lot Bet365 app download of emerging financing mechanisms as statistical standards，For example, PPP (public and private cooperation mechanism)、Catalytic tool、Financial Guarantee、Create the market, etc.，The effect behind this assistance cannot be calculated "。ODA's decades of practice shows，It is not obvious for its investment in promoting "economic development and welfare"，The following five disadvantages exist。

First，Ru export credit。Official development assistance is not less than 25%of the preferential threshold to allow some capital flow and international cooperation that can effectively promote development，Ru export credit、Large -scale low -preferential infrastructure investment、South -South cooperation，or even a discount loan funds that accounted for 24.99%of the proportion cannot be included in the official development assistance，and can only be regarded as other official flow。There is a huge gap between official development assistance and development needs，Mobilizing unofficial development aid resources and redefining other official flows will become an important issue。

2，Validity Questions。The effectiveness of international development assistance has always been a hot issue in the debate of developing economists。Scholars through empirical research、Quantitative analysis and other methods obtained a lot of contradictory conclusions，But the basic consensus is reached on the existing international development assistance model.。

third，dominant dispute。Guidelines for the Assistance Association of the Organization Organization、Assistance statistical standards and the focus of assistance depends on the members of the Economic Cooperation Assistance Association (that is, the assistant)，The status of the recipient country is only passively accepting the assistance and policy guidance of the aid country，Development strategy Lack of autonomy has become the reason for many aid countries that lack development of development。Many development plans only take into account the strategy of assisting countries、Interest、Preferences and market needs，Ignoring the national conditions and development methods and development methods of the aid national conditions。This is also the key to the long -term difficulties of the recipient country.。

Fourth，Political prominent。Because of the official development assistance, the statistical rules of the "club members" of the "club"，The investment direction of its funds depends on the judgment of the members of the Economic Organization Assistant on the issue of international development Bet365 app download and the bottleneck of development，Rarely considering the practical development needs and development characteristics of developing countries，Instead, the governance model of the assistance country is passed on to the aid country through the official development assistance，Especially for the necessary conditions for development of universal democracy and abstract human rights，The financial transfer of the official development assistance covered the strong political color。

Fifth，Significant limitations。between 2000，The proportion of non -co -organizational assistance associations in the middle -income countries and emerging economies increased from 2%to 10%，Gradually change the pattern of international development to assist the north and south points through the form of South -South cooperation。other，According to the current official development assistance statistical standards, other development assistance emerging financing mechanisms cannot be calculated in it，Ru public and private cooperation mechanism、Unity mechanism (supports mutual transfer between public funds or sovereign funds)，and catalytic mechanism (using public finances such as financial guarantee、Equity investment and redemption capital creation markets，Promoting the development of private enterprises by reducing market risk methods) is excluded from。

　　"The official support of sustainable development" concept came into being

2011，"The Fourth Assistance Effective High -level Forum" proposed，Developed countries and emerging economies must establish a "new cooperative relationship"，and advocate the use of "development effectiveness" to replace "assistance effectiveness"。With the "development effectiveness", the theme of the era of international development aid，Economic Organization and subordinates DAC launched the reform of the statistical system。Decision of the Organization Organization，Traditional ODA is not enough to respond to the challenges facing developing countries，It can not reflect the state of multiple international development aid subjects participating in international development。To maintain ODA's right to speak in the field of international development aid，Need to make appropriate expansion on the basis of traditional ODA，Multi -channel collection development resources，and this expansion will inevitably bring the innovation of development assistance statistical standards。In the discussion on ODA reform，A new concept "Sustainable Development Official Support" (TOSSD) gradually appears，Starting as a scholar's point of bet365 best casino games view，Later, advocated by OECD/DAC。The official support for sustainable development is a new set of international statistical indicators，For the statistics of all official and official resources and the total amount of private funds，Therefore, a set of coherent sets of coherent、Comparison and unified statistical system，Tracking Sustainable Development Resources，Provide information for strategic planning，Evaluate the progress of the matching of supply and demand，Finally support the implementation of the United Nations sustainable development strategy and sustainable development goals。The key difference between TOSSD and ODA is that they are trying to include OECD/DAC and all official resources for sustainable development，It will be implemented for a long time to integrate the development assistance of DAC countries and southern countries for a long time。As a statistical standard，The key difference between TOSSD and ODA is the different understanding of the different understanding of "development" and "development aid resources"。Comparison of comparison，TOSSD's development field of vision is wider，The starting point is a reinforcement country instead of aid country，Therefore, the statistical range is also broadly。

In 2015, the UN Sustainable Development Agenda provided a basis for the change of statistical standards for international development。The "United Nations 2030 Sustainable Development AD 2030" adopted by the 70th session of the United Nations proposed 17 sustainable development goals。In order to achieve the 2030 sustainable development goals，The United Nations is in favor of further excavation of resources from developed countries and developing countries，Coordinated measurement of all countries to contribute to sustainable development，and the TOSSD plan will help official development aid、Other official funds flow、South -South cooperation and three -sided cooperation、Private funds mobilized by international public products and official development intervention measures are included in the statistical framework，Taking the UN Sustainable Development Objective (SDG) as the threshold，Reduce international development assistance。Under the common but different participation of both sides of the north and south，Efforts to integrate international development resources are being expanded。

Statistics of international development assistance from ODA to TOSSD change，It indicates that a fundamental bet365 best casino games turning is undergoing a fundamental turning in the field of international development aid。The background of this turning point is the decline in the dominant position of Western developed countries in the field of international development aid。Facing the role of the north and south in the field of international development assistance，OECD try to expand the understanding of development resources，Introduction to the concept of statistics through TOSSD，Increase more resources into the statistics and practice of international assistance，At the same time, with the help of the United Nations Sustainable Development Fair Platform，The goal of unified global international development aid statistics that have been achieved for many years and not achieved in the world for many years。This is both a key ring of global governance reform，It is also the core step of re -deploying North -South relations，It will be in international development cooperation、North and South Relations、South -South cooperation has a huge impact。

Although the concept of TOSSD statistics is still in the discussion，But from the experiment from the UN expert group and TOSSD in some developing countries，The direction of the north and south relationships in the field of international development aid and the nature of the north -south relationship is clear。New statistical standard recognition，The main body in the field of international development assistance is diverse and two -way，International development is a common pursuit of human beings，Need to comprehensively work hard for humans，Create a comprehensive advantage of various acts，Realize the overall complementary advantages。

ODA concept is defined from broadly modified to strictly to highlight the special nature of developed countries in the field of development aid，Maintain inequality assistance and aid relationship。In contrast to the achievement of significant cooperation in South -South，DAC has relaxed statistical standards for international development assistance，Efforts to incorporate South -South cooperation into the unified international development assistance statistics and practice。This process will be full of games、Complex and reference，For emerging economies，These changes are both challenges and opportunities。Only adhere to development first、The rights and interests of the reinforcement country are heavy、Good experience of beneficial experience in various countries，It is possible to form a community of human development community in the practice of the United Nations Sustainable Development Objective。For China，The change of statistical methods of international bet365 live casino games development aid，It is a rare opportunity to grasp the right to speak，It is a challenge of severe renewal concepts and methods，Comprehensive research and judgment，The key links of the opportunity and the core of the challenge，and actively deal with it and deal with it。