German Federal Republic Implementing Parliament Democratic System，Federal House of House is at the center of the state power structure，Usually the "German election" refers to the federal election of the federal parliamentarians every four years。The latest election took place at the end of September 2021，The election produced 736 members divided into six different parties (including 5 unpredictable members)。Where，No voter of a political party ("political party ticket") reaches 30 %，A record since the reconstruction of the post -war German political party system。The strength and growth between the two "Volkspartei" and the Federal House of the House of Representatives are more obvious: the proportion of votes and seats of the Alliance Party (Kimin -Finsen/Cocoons) and the Social Democratic Party (SPD) All at a new low，It has decreased by nearly half compared to the peak; the votes of the small party in the Federal House have exceeded the National Party for the first time，The Alliance 90/The Greens、The Liberal Democratic Party (FDP) and the Selected Party (AFD) have received more than 10 % support。More attention to，The votes of the votes outside the House of House of House of House of House of Election thresholds are also as high as 9%。Visible，German political structure presents unprecedented fragmentation situation，A polarized multi -party system called by political scientist Giovanni Sartori has been formed。

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Compared with the results of the Federal Germany's previous elections，The change of its party system has a clear trajectory，Observation and analysis from two main stages。The overall feature of the first stage is the transformation from the two -party system to the two "semi -" party systems，Beginning with the successful entry of the Green Party in 1983，It lasts until the beginning of the 21st century。Before the appearance of the Bet365 lotto review Green Party，The Alliance Party and the Social Democratic Party have controlled about 90 % of the seats for more than 20 consecutive years，presents a solid two -party hegemony structure。and the rapid development of the Green Party and the Liberal Democratic Party have strengthened the "Third Force"，At the same time, it also exacerbates the competition of the role of the "King of the King"，Directly promoting the stabilization pattern of the right and left party alliances。Later，With the unity of the two virtues，The Democratic Socialist Party (PDS), which was reorganized from the former East German ruling party, also entered the Federal House，But due to the surge in the total number of seats，The power of the small party is actually relatively diluted。Therefore, at this stage，Although there are already three federal parties outside the two major parties，But the topic often holds limited issues，There is a big gap with the National Party in terms of strength and status，There is still only "half" drama in the entire system。

The iconic incident of the second phase of the changes in the German political party system was the Democratic Democratic Party division in 2005 and the selection of the party in 2013，The common result is that extreme forces continue to grow in German politics，Stable support groups appear at the far left and right of the ideological spectrum，The era of polarization multi -party system is officially coming。First，Since the 21st century，The Social Democratic Party has a serious decline in the integration ability of the left -wing forces，shakes its status of the National Party。Out of dissatisfaction with the Schroder government's social and economic policy，The "Traditional School" of the Social Democratic Party and the Civil Affairs Party jointly established the Left Party (The LEFT)，In the first election I participated in 2009, 11.9%votes，and in Brandonburg、Turinen、Saxon and other five left -wing ticket warehouses to suppress the Social Democratic Party，The performance is very strong。Next，The "middle route" of the Alliance Party is also bet365 Play online games impacted，Choose the pressure applied by the party to increase daily。Statistics based on the statistics of the church mountain public opinion agency (Chapel Hill Expert Survey)，The League Party has been in a social and cultural position in recent years.，Concentrated in the military service system、Nuclear energy power generation and other aspects of compromise。Chosen the party to take a lot of targeted measures for this，Active participation in competition in conservative voters group。There is a survey display，Selecting the Party absorbed about 1 million alliance party voters in the 2017 election，and the support rate in eastern Germany exceeds the Alliance Party，Leap to the second largest party。So，Compared with the previous stage，In the current political structure of Germany，The small parties in the Federal House basically have no risk of "foaming"，The ability to contain the National Party has significantly improved，The polarization system presentation has been quite stable。

　　The Democratic and Election Dilemma of the National Party

for a long time，Alliance Party and Social Democratic Party dominate the competitive situation of the party system through the monopoly of the middle voter market，Small parties with a farther -in -end ideological spectrum often need to constantly adjust or even change the core position to enter the mainstream power field。But with the increasing polarization of political society and more complicated and diversified policy issues，Deep changes in the foundation and structure of the traditional voters of various political parties。In this process，Alliance of the Alliance Party and the Social Democratic Party is not conducive to consolidating the basic disk in a new competitive situation。

One，Due to the long -term monopoly government of the Alliance Party and the Social Democratic Party，The number of party members has increased significantly to the proportion of public official party members into a pair of companion conditions，As a manifestation of the manifestation of Kattel as a political party organization，"Guide" public funding increase、Professional Bet365 app download election method、Natural occurrence of elements such as the scale of grass -roots organizations，And this result will produce a large number of negative overflow effects。Compared with the peak of 30 years ago，The number of party members of the Alliance Party and the Social Democratic Party has been reduced amazing，More than 40 % and 60 % respectively。The decline in the number of party members has led to a decrease in the total party fee，The main source of funds has shifted to public funding。The public funding obtained by the CIMC from finance is already its largest source of funds。And the Social Democratic Party relies more on public party members，The proportion of public party members is close to 40 % at the beginning of this century，The original voter foundation -only one -five -in -laws of workers' party members。So，The scale of the activist of the various activities in the party also shrinks accordingly，The first -line grass -roots organization is reduced to execute tools for superior will，The connection with the traditional core voters' foundation continues to decrease，In the past "Workers' Party", it turned to self -packaging with the label of "new middle class"，seriously affects the ability of the Social Democratic Party to integrate and absorb left -wing society。

Its two，Alliance Party and the Social Democratic Party frequently carried out Cartress's political alliance，Causes them to have serious representative breaks in the new political ecology。The two major parties have become more homogeneous in the political alliance.，The strategy aimed at monopolizing the "middle voters" group ignores the expansion of various emerging or radical markets in various types of emerging or radicals，Give more small parties to enter a high -level political platform.。In fact，Is the political alliance reasonable，There are also many controversy in the two major parties。Norbert Walter-Borjans and Saskia Esken, a former Socialist Party leader directly elected by the party members, believes that the party's public service group has seek more in order to seek more in the government-led government in the Alliance bet365 Play online games Party. Compromes of position，greatly weakened the ability of the Social Democratic Party to respond to social changes;，The current Chairman Friedrich Merz has also publicly stated many times that the long -term middle route has made political parties fixed in a limited political space，Leading Leadership has rarely created in the current competition in German social ideology，The "omnipotent" of policy demands is essentially a weak manifestation of the weak position and content。

　The structural advantage of the small party of the Federal House

Compared with Carter's Nations，The small parties in the German Federal House have completely different power operation logic，Then it directly affects the production of political parties and its recent performance in the election market。First，In terms of stance and ideology，The left and right poles of the left -wing party and the choice party，The Green Party and the Liberal Democratic Party are relative to the middle，They stabilize the basic disk by maintaining core demands，improves the recognition of political parties with the more aggressive policy goals in election activities，Continuously absorb the social foundation that the National Party cannot cover。For example，The Green Party has continuously expanded the policy policy in recent years，Except traditional climate、Outside the national defense and diplomatic field，Practical transformation of core demands with the theme of "New Green"，Pay more attention to the "social ecology" part of the natural ecology，It proposed that including grass -roots social democratization、Guarantee minority group rights、Housing Market Reform、Policy vision such as the fair allocation system，Successfully diluted its past primary teachings color。Choosing the party is also more mature，Compared with early claims, it is slightly thin，Today, the core is built with identity politics、Globalization -Eurozone -immigrant society and other multi -level rich policy frameworks，Accelerate the condensation of the ideology of radical conservative ideology，The linkage effect of bet365 best casino games using popular issues with the core of the party，Actively arouse controversial social debate，Try to maximize potential support。So，In the current political ecology of Germany，Main small parties are better at using ideological polarization social conditions，Improve the recognition of the policy program，Continuous "iron ticket"。

Next，The small party's achievements in the construction of party members and organizational systems are also very outstanding。On the whole，The size of the party members of the small party continues to grow，From less than 100,000 people at the beginning of this century to more than 250,000 people today。and，Different grass -roots organizations and increasingly centralized decision -making structures with the continuous degradation of the National Party，The small party pays more attention to the institutionalization of the organizational system，Especially through the transformation of the power structure of political parties，To the greatest extent, restrict the middle level of the party and the power of public party members。Actually，Many small parties were originally available to criticize the image of the National Party's monopoly.，Opposing existing election co -conspiracy is an important mobilization method for the small party。In the process of strengthening its own construction，On the one hand, the small party is authorized by setting up highly transparent and democratic decision -making mechanisms，Activate the grassroots and peripheral organization system，Forms a positive positive power production mechanism that enhances the basic nature of the party，More conducive to integrating changes in the election market。On the other hand，The rapid development of mobile Internet and social media has allowed the small party that originally lacks information resources to get more opportunities for "exposure" to the election market，Voters who successfully absorb the increasingly "blog"，Continuous enhancement of competitiveness。Where，Green Party puts a lot of decision -making power of daily affairs at the beginning of its establishment，Bet365 app download Establish various working groups organized by the grass -roots party department through the party group of the parliament，Build a connection platform between members and voters; at the same time, the use of network technology to give the party's horizontal branches' decision -making rights for professional affairs，and provide a strong guarantee in finance and personnel。So，The Green Party presents a characteristic of focus at the grassroots level and de -bureaucraticization，Flexible、Freedom and relatively open operating mode also won the support of young voters。

　　(Author Unit: School of Government Management, East China University of Political Science and Law)