翦 翦 赞 (1898-1968)，Uyghur，Hunan Changde。Famous historian、Social activist，Outstanding educator，One of the important founders of Chinese Marxist historical science。翦 Bo Bozan participated in the May 4th Movement in the early years、Northern Expeditionary War。Joined the Communist Party of China in 1937，After a long -term engaged in united front and theoretical publicity work。After the 77th Incident，Professor of Peiping University, who was relocated to the south,，Initiating the Hunan Branch of the China -Soviet Culture Association Hunan Branch and the Hunan Cultural Circle Anti -enemy Aid Association，Along as a permanent director，Published a book "Historical Philosophy Course"。1938，Hunan Branch of the China -Soviet Culture Association in the Changsha Organization，Actively participate in the anti -Japanese rescue work。March 1939，To teach to the Republic of Xiangpu, Xiangpu，Solidarity and progress students，Fight with the Kuomintang reactionaries。February 1940，翦 翦 as director of the Sino -Soviet Culture Association and deputy editor of "Sino -Soviet Culture"，Academic lectures at the Cultural Working Committee hosted by Guo Moruo。1943，翦 翦 (Volume 1) and the writing of "Collection of Chinese History" (series 1)。

After the founding of New China，Member of the Cultural Education Committee of the Central People's Government's Government Affairs Council、Member of the Central National Affairs Committee。Former professor at Peking University、Vice President，Member of the Ministry of Philosophy and Social Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Sciences，"History Research" and "Journal of Archeology"，And elected as a member of the first National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference，First、2、The representative of the Third National People's Congress。翦 翦 is the "Five Masters" of Marxist New History (Guo Moruo、Fan Wenlan、翦 翦、Lu Zhenyu、Hou Wailu)。He is rigorous for his governance，Writing Hongfu，Promote and praise by the historian community，Main works include "Historical Philosophy Course" and "Chinese History" (first、two volumes)、"Collection of Chinese History", "History of History", etc.，and edited the "Outline of Chinese History"。

Some scholars have proposed，In the historiography system of Marxism in China，Guo Moruo, who is respected by the historian world as the "Malaysian Five Old"、Fan Wenlan、翦 翦、Lu Zhenyu、Hou Waulu constitutes the first array。They are not only the pioneers of Chinese Marxist history、Promotioner and builder，And achieved outstanding achievements in different historic fields。"Five Old" is fundamentally consistent in study，That is to firmly believe in Marxism，Adhere to the perspective of materialist history as the guidance，Taking the construction of Chinese Marxist history as a job。but，This does not mean that "Five Old" has no characteristics and personality in school。Just the opposite，Their academic characteristics and personality are extremely clear。You can say this，They are facing the same goal with different academic characteristics and personality，formed a joint force for the construction of Chinese Marxist history。As far as Bo Banzan，His academic characteristics and personality，clearly reflected in the theoretical building。History Thoughts of 翦 赞 赞，Combined with the actual situation of Chinese history，The scope of the topic of historical materialism，It has promoted the depth of thinking on many issues。Especially in the construction process of Marxist history theory of New China，翦 Bo Banzan made outstanding contributions。He exploration of the combination of historical materialism and Chinese history，The views and claims of the relationship between historicism and class views of Marxism，bet365 live casino games In -depth analysis and perspective of the issue of "historical relations"，Not only a valuable resource in the history of Chinese Marxist history，And so far still has the meaning of thoughtfulness。

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Chinese Marxist History was formally formed in the 1930s Chinese Social History Available Battle。Chinese Social History Theory is the first large -scale experiment to apply Marxism in Chinese historical research，Preliminary shaping a kind of difference from traditional history，Different from the new academic paradigm of empirical history。Not to say，Although the various factions in the argument claim to use the view of materialism in the history of materialism、Dialectics are weapons，But it is inevitable that fish and dragons are mixed。Even for sincere Marxists，It is also difficult to avoid the deviation of dogma and formulaism。but，The results of the Chinese social history of social history are the first place，The contribution of its contribution to Marxism in the field of Chinese history is the first.。So，For this argument，Marxist historian gives great attention，Summary in time。Where，翦 翦，It is the first Marxist history theoretical monograph。This book systematically explains the historical view of Marxism，Focus on theoretical problems such as "the laws of the law of historical development", "the correlation between history", "the practicality of history"，Specific topics including "unity of general and special dialectics", "unity of objective conditions and dialectical creation", "the unity of the dialectical unity of the lower foundation and the upper levels"。This book has an important position in the history of the development of Marxist history in Chinese Marxistist，With very prominent philosophical colors，Deepen the foundation of Chinese Marxist history that Mr. Li Dazhao laid，Method of dialectical materialism，Pushing Chinese Marxist history to a new height。

To deepen Marxist historical theory，Make it more scientificly to play the role of guiding Chinese historical research，翦 翦 analyzed and criticized the research tendency of mechanical theory in the book。Mechanical Theorists completely equalize historical development with economic development，"completely denying ideology and even political forms on the actual social and economic and economy，and political form and ideological interaction effect。In the relationship of historical development，The creative role of living human consciousness is excluded，Development of human history，The development of the naturalism of the social and economicism that has nothing to do with human beings "，thus returned to "Old 窠 of Evolution"。翦 翦，Mechanical Theory and conceptual theory and return to the same way。In terms of ideology，The relationship between separation consciousness and existence of conceptual theoretical discussion，reversing their role; mechanical theorists have the effect of influence on existence for mechanical theorists。Although their views are different，Even the opposite，But the adaptability that ignores the existence and consciousness is the same。Obviously，翦 赞，Emphasize dialectical materialism。Only dialectical materialism，is Marxism。Obviously，The view of materialist history is attributed to a simple view of economic history，is wrong。Actually，This is for Marxism，It was not a problem。Engels once made a clear and serious criticism of Marxism simply understanding Marxism as economic decision theory。but，Considering the specific situation at that time，The tendency of mechanical materialism is difficult to avoid。So，The discussion of 翦 Bozan has the meaning of the calibration direction，This is a comprehensive and scientific grasp of Marxism，The smooth advancement of Marxism in the historical world，All of the constructive positive significance。

Following the "Historical Philosophy Course" in 1938，翦 Bo Bozan published an article "Study on Chinese History" in 1943，Gaoming Bet365 app download and profoundly showing the method of Marxism again，It reflects the level of Chinese Marxist historian's use of materialist history。For example，翦 翦 attaches great importance to the connection between Han and other national history，Proposal "Real Chinese History，It is the sum of the historical activities of the Han nationality and other people in China outside of the Great Han nationality "。He also emphasizes the connection between Chinese history and world history，One aspect，"Change of Chinese History，often affects the development of world history "，On the other hand，"Chinese History in the History of the World，Positive Juda Cells to the Human Body "。He pointed out，General must be combined with specialty，Study in Chinese history，It should be found from the general rules of development; at the same time，It should also be discovered from the general rules of its development。He proposed that it should not analyze the relationship between the two hostile groups as satisfaction，Pay attention to the relationship between the middle social group and the two major groups。He pays more attention to the internal contradictions of the ruling group，Ru Zong Fan's melee、Dictatorship of foreign relatives and eunuchs。He also values ​​the transformation of contradictions internal and external，Frontier ethnic group enters the Central Plains society，It is the change of the socio -economic change caused by external factors。He proposed，Methods to inspect ideological development，It is the thinking that evaporates from socio -economic basis (such as philosophy、Religion) Restore to their starting point，Those things that solidify those who are thinking from thinking (literature、Painting、Sculpture, etc.) Evaporate again as thinking。This article by Bo Bozan，Skilled use of the basic principle of Marxism，With in -depth learning and sharp style，Reflecting the maturity and improvement of Marxist historical methodology，Therefore, it is widely praised。

After the founding of New China，Bathing the spring breeze of New China，翦 翦 气 qi，devoted to the history of the New China with a more vigorous mental state。1961，翦 翦 The outline of the "Outline of Chinese History" in the History of Peking University，Combined with the problem that the historic community cares about，Recommended its own systemic ideas on how to use the historical view of materialism and materialist dialectics again，For historians' reference and discussion。The intention of 翦 Bozan，I hope to establish a Marxist historical discourse system that is compatible with New China as soon as possible，Constructing a new historic paradigm。It should be said，This is a manifestation of a Marxist historian responsibility for the spirit。For this，He made a systematic and in -depth thinking on many fundamental issues involved in the development of historical science，I hope that the historic community will discuss these issues，Form a consensus，so as to set up the historic form of Marxistist in New China as soon as possible。翦 翦 about "how to deal with class relationships in history" "how to deal with national relations in history" "How to deal with international relations in history" "How to treat development viewpoints", "How to treat comprehensive views", "the people The masses and individual historical figures "" politics、Economic and Culture "and" theory、Historical Materials and Articles "8 aspects of 8 aspects。These 8 questions，Internal contains in Marxist history，Also rooted in the real context of New China，It is the theoretical problem that rewritten the history of Chinese general history to be resolved in advance。It should be said，Many of the thoughts of 翦 Bozan are very deep，Touch some deep problems。For example，About the peasant uprising in history、Farmers' War、Farmers' class awareness and other problems，翦 翦，Farmers' war cannot be equated with the proletarian revolution; farmers oppose feudal oppression、exploitation，But it is impossible to realize that the feudal bet365 live casino games feudal is used as a system to oppose it; farmers oppose the landlord，But it is impossible to realize that the landlord is used as a class to oppose it; farmers oppose the emperor，But it is impossible to realize that the imperial power is used as a doctrine to oppose。翦 赞 Affirm the enthusiasm and progressiveness of farmers' resistance in history，But I did not forget the limitations of their time and even backwardness。He advocates upholding a comprehensive point of view，Look at history with two eyes，I need to see the bright face，You must also see the dark side。He said，Society in the exploitation class，Dark is always the main historical content; opposite，Any Dark Age，No front -line light。翦 Bo Bozan also proposed，Effective analysis and comprehensive phase of research，"Analysis is not afraid of meticulous、Deep，Otherwise, the essence of historical events cannot be revealed，Not afraid of comprehensive、Summary，Otherwise, you cannot show the full picture of history、Cancer "。To get into individual historical events during analysis，Use a microscope to discover problems; when comprehensively, stand outside individual historical events，Use a telescope to observe the historical situation。The point of view of 翦 Bo Zan has attracted widespread attention in the historic community，Treating people's in -depth thinking。Although people's understanding of Bo Bo's praise is not the same，but，The spirit of actively exploring the active exploration、The sincere attitude towards Marxism and the academic style of Marxist historian，All are admirable。

　　Preaching the historicalism of Marxism

In the historical theoretical system，"History" is a concept of ambiguity。historicalism with a bourgeoisie，There is also Marxism's historicism。Marxism's historicalism has its specific meaning and direction。History I preached by Bo Bozan，There is no doubt that it belongs to Marxism's historicalism。but，For the historicalism of Marxism alone，How to understand and use it，Not a simple thing。1951，Fan Wenlan reflected on the issue of "By Ancient and present" in his "Simple Lord of Chinese General History"，Basic issues that have touched how scientific understanding and using the historical principles of Marxism。The following year，翦 翦，The theoretically explicitly raised historical issues。

翦 Bo Ban criticized the two non -historic tendencies that appeared in historical figures at that time。One is to get rid of specific historical conditions，Use the standard of modern workers to request historical figures。翦 翦，This tendency violates the historical principles of Marxism，，"To strictly contact the historical era and historical conditions of this historical figure，Make specific analysis "。Another tendency is，For a positive historical figure in history，Especially the representatives of the labor class have no principles to pull up，Even in modern words to describe，Make those historical figures modernized、Idealization。翦 Bo Bozan thinks，These two non -historic tendencies，Not in line with Marxism's scientific principles。

Starting from the historical principles of Marxism，翦 翦，The ruling class and their outstanding figures，Do not deny it according to simple class composition，It is necessary to give the due historical status and appropriate evaluation according to their role in history and the size of the contribution to history。other，When discussing the farmers' war，Don't forget that the farmers' war happened in the feudal era，Don't forget that farmers are small owners，Don't forget that farmers do not represent new productive forces，Should treat farmers' war in historicism。

In terms of social efficacy and political functions of history，翦 翦，Don't try to put the party's policy、Call and slogans are stuffed in ancient history，Should not use the current national equality policy of the party and the country to describe the national relationship of the feudal society。翦 Bo Bozan said，The relationship between the policy and theoretical must be dealt with，To recognize the times of the policy、Specialties bet365 Play online games and specificity，The relationship between historical research and actual role scientifically，Avoid rewriting history at will。

For Chinese Marxist history，Core theoretical questions that historicism needs to answer，It is its class perspective、The relationship between class analysis methods。Well knows，Marxism believes，The history of class society is the history of class struggle。This is the point of view that Marx and Engels have insisted in their lives，Never changed。but，Consider class views as the only point of view of the historical view of materialism，The theoretical system of historical materialism is only regarded as a class analysis method，It is also unscientific，It does not conform to the reality of historical materialism。In this regard，1958 History Great Leap Forward or "Historical Revolution"，misunderstandings and abuse of class views appeared。For this，A large number of Marxist historians at that time did not agree with，Criticism。This，It has triggered a question of how to understand the relationship between Marxist history and class views。翦 翦 The opinion on this issue，Treatment of extensive attention and discussion，It is also regarded as a representative of historicalism。

Of course, 翦 Bo Ban does not oppose class views and class analysis methods，He believes that class views are not conflicting with historicalism，Because the two are originally combined。Since the class is a class in history，So，Analysis of class conditions in history，Naturally, use Marxism's historic perspective。In this regard，It is precisely that Marx sets a model for future generations。He said，If you have only a class point of view and forget historicalism，It is easy to deny everything one -sided; only historicalism and forget the class view，It is easy to affirm everything one -sided。Only combine the two，Only to make comprehensive and fair assertions on historical facts。Leaving historicalism，Not Marxism。翦 Bo Banzan criticized the one -sidedness of class views，Once one -sided，will be the exploitation class in history、The exploitation system is knocked down。He said，Some people are based on the historical understanding of class society based on ancient history，"Tell all the ancient Chinese history as a dark group，To say it is a pile of garbage，Speaking of sin accumulation "，This is obviously "non -historic"，Attitude belonging to nihilism。Acting for the "break the dynasty system" at the time，翦 翦，No matter what system is written in the history of China，Nothing should be deleted from Chinese history。He does not oppose the "break the dynasty system"，But emphasizing that "the" break the dynasty system "is the ideological system that breaks the emperor -centered，Not the title of the dynasty from history。The dynasty is the existence of history，It should not be eliminated，It can't be eliminated。... Historians have no right to destroy specific facts from history based on their love and hate "。Obviously，The idea of ​​翦 Bozan is correct。

Facts，Discussion of historicalism and class views，Promoting the deep understanding of the historical view of Chinese historians，Improving people's understanding。The two parties participating in the discussion at the time were to pursue the truth，All discussed their respective ideas。This is a discussion in the internal history of Marxist history，There is no essential differences，Therefore, they all contribute to the development of Chinese Marxist history。Where，The contribution of Mr. Bo Bozan，Is that future generations should not forget。

　"History" and "Theory" models of combination

In a certain sense,，Chinese Marxist history is growing in the competition with empirical history and non -Marxist schools。Marxist history has always emphasized theoretical guidance，Views against "historical materials is history"。Around this topic，Marxist historians have published many discussions to clarify。

Among Chinese Marxist historians，翦 Bo Bozan's inspection of the relationship between theoretical and historical materials is very comprehensive and Bet365 lotto review profound，Therefore, it affects greatly。First，翦 翦 Oppose the reduction of historiography into historic science，Take the test as a history，Especially in the cumbersome research cannot be extracted。He thinks，Breaking research must confuse historical development laws，Because in the historical process，There are often some subtle clamps in it，If every subtle event is verified，It is bound to leave the main veins of historical development in order to notice many irrelevant materials。The result，Makes people invisible in history、Historical backbone and context，The motivation for the development and development of history，I can't hear the pulse of historical beating，The law of historical development cannot be seen。It will be limited to the narrowest range of people，Make it rigid，Makes people lose the ability to master the overall situation。He reminds，If you do not liberate from this tedious research，Historians will entangle on endless subtle events without getting away，It will be like drilling horns，The narrower the diamond，The final result is that this road is not available。

翦 翦。"Historical materials in history，Just like a brick tile for a house，cloth for clothing，We can say，No brick tile building cannot afford a house，Can't make clothes without cloth，We can say that brick tiles are houses，Is cloth for clothing? From historical materials to history，Just like from brick tiles to house，From cloth to clothes，In the middle, a series of complex labor processes must be passed。... and this kind of kung fu is an extremely detailed thinking process，Only after this process，The system of concept and theory can be caused，can the material be turned into theory，Can historical materials be changed into history。"He thinks，Collection of historical materials is just preparing materials for historical research，Not the ultimate purpose of history。The task of history cannot always be compiled into a copy，It should be a science of analysis of historical materials。So，I should learn to analyze historical materials，Turn historical materials into history。翦 翦 Repeatedly emphasized，No need to analyze and study without the correct theory，Historical materials equal to waste。The information is a Mustang，Can't control without the theory of Marxism -Leninism。According to Deng Guangming's memory，翦 Bo Bozan often says that teachers who are more than teasing in the Department of History at Peking University，Historical materials are like a bunch of copper coins，Theory is like a rope for stringing money，It must be used by Marxism -Leninism to string the scattered historical materials，Make it forming a system，Used to clarify the essence and truth of historical issues。

other，翦 翦 attach great importance to the work of historical materials。He pointed out，Research must take a lot of time to collect information，Differential information，Master the information thoroughly，Materialist perspective、Dialectically analyzes those identified、A large amount of information that is thoroughly grasped，Then you can summarize or conclude a historical issue，And not necessarily the correct summary or conclusion。From the perspective of Bo Bozan，"Only mastered richer historical materials，can Chinese history，In the sum of historical materials，Show his general trend，In the analysis of historical materials，Show his details，In the sublimation of historical materials，Show his development rules "。He also thinks，If historical materials are used from the perspective of Marxism -Leninism，The richer the historical materials, the better，The richer the historical materials，The conclusion that you can get more and more correct。1956，翦 翦 The annual meeting of the young Sinologist in Paris summarized the discussion on the issue of Chinese historical staging: "Different views and positions，It does not hinder the discussion of the same problem。Because anyway，One thing we have is the same，This is historical Bet365 app download material。"" That is to say，Historical materials are the basis for developing academic discussions。翦 Bo Bozan also published "The Historical Materials in Chinese Literature", "Collection and False of Historical Materials", and "Methods for Collecting Historical Materials" and other articles specifically explained historical materials，Discussion related issues，Observation and level extremely high。

For the "History of Belt Belt" slogan that appeared at one time，翦 翦，Proposal to propose the "combination of historical theory"。He said: "History is specific science。Research History，Don’t propose a conclusion first，Must start from specific historical facts，Creating conclusions from the scientific analysis of specific historical facts。Don’t propose a conclusion first，Strong conclusion to specific historical facts。"" Because general theory and concepts are just guiding principles to study history，Not the starting point。Theoretical and concepts are the conclusions obtained by studying specific historical facts。If you start from theoretical and concepts，Isn't that a conclusion first，Then follow the conclusion to arbitrarily history? Wouldn't it be from theoretical to theory，From concept to concept，From abstract to abstraction? This research method is not a dialectical method but a metaphysical method。So，"True History" will only introduce historical research into a variety。He also said: "The mention of the method of lipping the history of the history，It means that studying history should start from theory and concepts，Do not start from specific facts。"翦 Bo Zan criticized the tendency to use classic works at that time，It seems that the more sentences in the classic works in the historical papers，The higher theoretical nature，All the tasks of historians are choosing a sentence in classic works，It is repeatedly repeated these sentences。翦 Bo Bozan thinks，The correct approach is "dissolving historical materials in theory，or the theory is reflected in historical materials，Unified views and materials "。Of course，The organic combination of theoretical and historical materials，Not the kind of "Write a theory，Write another section of historical materials "or" write a period of historical material，Write another paragraph of theory "combination。The "combination of historical theory" proposed by Bo Bozan provides guidance for the development of historian research.，It is still the rules of the letter of most historic researchers。Because of this，翦 翦。

Now，The prosperity of history has far surpassed the age of Ji Bozan。From the perspective of the development trend of Chinese history in modern times，Marxist history is the mainstream and fate of the development of modern Chinese history，Condensing and carrying the wisdom and knowledge of a group of advanced scholars，Full of rational thinking and results full of historic problems。The theoretical heritage of 翦 Bozan is an important part of these theoretical thinking and achievements，It is worth continuously reviewing。

　(This article is the "Study on the Construction and Rise of the History of Chinese Marxist History" (19AZS002) staged results)

​​(The author is a professor at the Confucian Higher Research Institute of Shandong University)