Wu Yuxian (1913-1993)，People from Xiuning, Anhui，Contemporary Marxist historians in my country，One of the important founders of the Chinese world bet with bet365 discipline。Graduated from Soochow University in 1935，Bachelor of Arts degree。After graduating from the Institute of Economics of Nankai University in 1941，Admitted to Tsinghua University as a publicly funded student in the United States，Majoring in the bet with bet365 of political thought，1944、Received Master of Arts from Harvard University in 1946、Ph.D.。Returned to China in 1947，Professor and Director of the bet with bet365 Department of National Wuhan University。After the founding of New China，Served as Vice Provost of Wuhan University、Vice Principal、Director of the Institute of World bet with bet365。Formerly served as a member of the subject evaluation group of the Academic Degrees Committee of the State Council、Member of the third presidium of the Chinese Historical Society、Chairman of the Chinese Ancient bet with bet365 Research Association、Chairman of the Chinese World Medieval bet with bet365 Research Association、Deputy Editor of "Encyclopedia of China·Foreign bet with bet365"。

Wu Yuxian has a profound academic background，Broad vision。He uses historical materialism as a guide，In ancient world bet with bet365、Historical comparison、Many achievements have been made in Western bet with bet365 and other fields，Remarkable achievements in the construction of world bet with bet365 textbooks and the exploration of world bet with bet365 theoretical systems。Successively edited "Ancient Greece and Rome", "Selected Works of Foreign bet with bet365" and "Fifteen"、A Beginner's Collection of Eastern and Western bet with bet365 in the Sixteenth Century" etc.，Co-hosted the compilation of two national authoritative textbooks "General bet with bet365 of the World" and "bet with bet365 of the World"，Written the "World bet with bet365" in the first volume of "Encyclopedia of China·Foreign bet with bet365"。He published "The Nomadic World and the Agricultural World in World bet with bet365", "Agriculture and Merchant in World bet with bet365", "The Breeding of the Industrial World by the Agricultural World in bet with bet365", "The Emerging Evolution of Different Countries in the Traditional Agricultural World of Eurasia" "Response to the Impact of the Industrial World" and other papers，A systematic explanation and regular summary of its overall world bet with bet365 view of examining the development process of human bet with bet365，Pioneering in the field of Chinese bet with bet365、The significance and impact of forward-looking。He constructed his own disciplinary system for the discipline of Chinese world bet with bet365、Made outstanding contributions to the academic system and discourse system。

In recent years，China’s world bet with bet365 discipline has achieved remarkable development。Reflecting on the present and recalling the past，We often look back at the founders and pioneers of this discipline，In memory of their academic achievements that shine in bet with bet365。Wu Yuxi is one of the seniors who are admired，His important contribution to this discipline with his "overall view of bet with bet365"，Still infiltrating bet with bet365、Jiahui Scholar，It is worthy of careful summary and reference by the historians。

　Prospects for the discipline of world bet with bet365

China’s world bet with bet365 discipline originated from the reference to Western historiography in modern times，But strictly speaking, it was formed after the founding of New China。Before 1949，The bet with bet365 departments of various universities offer courses such as Western (European and American) bet with bet365 and Eastern (Japanese) bet with bet365，The research field is very narrow，No status in the field of bet with bet365。Shortly after the founding of New China，To cultivate the required talents，The departmental settings of colleges and universities across the country have undergone major adjustments，The discipline of world bet with bet365 was “born”，At the same time, it established the guiding position of Marxism，Officially becomes a discipline with independent academic identity。This shaping draws on the disciplinary system of Soviet bet with bet365，The theory of social and economic formation based on historical materialism，Divided vertically into ancient times、Middle Ages、Modern times、Modern four paragraphs，Form four coherent branches of chronological bet with bet365，There are also individual departments divided according to regions，Additional region set、The branch of national bet with bet365。At that time，Continuous evolution and development of European and American bet with bet365，The influence also spread to Soviet bet with bet365，Where will the emerging discipline of Chinese world bet with bet365 go?，How to plan your own subject prospects，Always a major issue faced by domestic historians。As time goes by，Especially when China starts reform and opening up，The problem of this discipline construction is more prominent。It is in this context，Wu Yuji has always been very concerned about the development direction of China’s world bet with bet365 discipline，And then put forward a scientific concept that is rich in characteristics of the times and academically forward-looking。

Deep academic reflection is the premise of Wu Yuxi’s disciplinary conception。In "Miscellaneous Essays on the Prospects of the Discipline of World bet with bet365" and other papers，He pointed out through detailed academic bet with bet365，Historians at home and abroad in ancient and modern times have written "bet with bet365 of the world" for their respective known worlds，But in modern times，Continents are no longer blocked from each other、Isolation，There is no gap between the known world and the objectively existing world，Historians began to write world bet with bet365 with modern significance。He pointed out，Western bet with bet365 has had a great influence on China in modern times，The writings on world bet with bet365 introduced by the Soviet Union after the founding of New China，Although we also strive to conform to historical materialism，But it also inherited some aspects of Western historiography。In order to look forward to the prospects of the discipline of world bet with bet365 in our country，Need to review "the modern Western historiography that has influenced the established status of the discipline of world bet with bet365 in my country"，In order to learn from the past and know the future。From this，He made an in-depth analysis of the values ​​and flaws of "critical bet with bet365" represented by Ranke, as well as Western "romantic bet with bet365" and "ethnic bet with bet365"，Repeatedly examine the discussion of later Western historians who broke through the category of political bet with bet365 and launched various specialized histories，Absorb the academic nutrition of considering "the whole society" from it。He also projected his vision on the trend of Westerners in writing "world bet with bet365" since the 18th century，Seeing the value of the theory involving "the unity and diversity of world bet with bet365"，Also point out its limitations，That is, "thinking that Europe is the center of world bet with bet365"，“World bet with bet365 is the sum of the histories of all countries”。Particularly noteworthy is，He also made a dialectical analysis of the trend of "overall investigation" of bet with bet365 in Western academic circles。In his opinion，Although Wells's "Outline of World bet with bet365" has flaws，But it predicts that "the world's economic relations will be mixed under one system"，With "Beyond Region、A global perspective across country boundaries。The main representative of the "morphological school" is Spengler's "The Decline of the West"、Toynbee's "Historical Research" and other works，Although the study and judgment of the evolution of human civilization is predetermined，But it breaks through the geographical limitations of Western Europe，“Having the idea of ​​examining human bet with bet365 from the overall perspective of the world”。Affected by it，The overall world view shown by the later historian Barraclough in his "The Times Atlas of World bet with bet365" and the collection of essays "The Changing World"，Just "put aside Eurocentrism"，Reorienting Western historiography"。

Through multi-level academic reflection，Wu Yuqian emphasized，Views from Western and Soviet historiography，Research on world bet with bet365 by Chinese scholars，Has its own value worth learning，But from the perspective of the development of the discipline of world bet with bet365，We also need to make some breakthroughs、Some cross-domain。To construct China’s world bet with bet365 discipline，We must overcome the mistaken view of "seeing the country and region where we grew up as the center of the world"，Because this is bound to rise、Beautifying the status of a certain region and country in world bet with bet365，“It is a symptom of regarding world bet with bet365 as a compilation of national histories introduced”。At the same time，World bet with bet365 should not only talk about or mainly explain the unity of the development of objective laws，The “typical”, “atypical”, “developed” and “underdeveloped” issues that have been discussed in the domestic historical circles for many years also involve diversity，But it’s all about “diversity complementing unity”。This kind of view of world bet with bet365 is actually still not divorced from the views that the West has had since the 18th century，That is, world bet with bet365 is the summary of the bet with bet365 of various countries or civilizations。

On the basis of critical reference to previous valuable academic results，Wu Yuxi uses Marxism as a theoretical guide，Propose a scientific concept for the discipline of Chinese world bet with bet365 based on the "holistic view of bet with bet365"。He pointed out，World bet with bet365 as a branch of bet with bet365，The theme must be to explore and interpret how bet with bet365 develops into the bet with bet365 of the world。As Marx pointed out，“World bet with bet365 does not always exist in the past，bet with bet365 as world bet with bet365 is the result”；Engels also emphasized the modern mode of production、Interaction breaks the original isolation among various ethnic groups and dissolves the spontaneous division of labor between them，Promote the formation of "world bet with bet365"。That is to say，The development of human bet with bet365 from the bet with bet365 of primitive isolated groups of people to world bet with bet365 is a historical process，The discipline of world bet with bet365 should list studying this process as its main task，Focus on the "historical horizontal development process" of gradually breaking through the blockade。Therefore，Construction of the discipline of world bet with bet365，It must be broken to include all countries、Ethnicity、A comprehensive old framework of the bet with bet365 of the region，Become a branch of bet with bet365 with limited research objects。In view of this，Mr. Wu in the "World bet with bet365" section of "Encyclopedia of China·Foreign bet with bet365" written by him，A complete definition of the discipline of world bet with bet365: "World bet with bet365 is an important branch of bet with bet365，The content is about human bet with bet365 from the primitive、isolated、Systematic discussion and elaboration of the process by which dispersed groups of people develop into a closely connected whole throughout the world。The main task of the world bet with bet365 discipline is to take an overall world perspective，Comprehensive inspection of various regions、Countries、bet with bet365 of various ethnic groups，Use related disciplines such as cultural anthropology、The results of archeology，Study and illuminate the evolution of human bet with bet365，Reveal the laws and trends of evolution。"At the same time, he emphasized，The construction of this discipline，We must fully learn from Western critical bet with bet365 and national bet with bet365 since the 19th century、The achievements of specialized bet with bet365, especially the achievements of historical materialism，You must have a broad vision，We also need to do in-depth research on specific issues，Don’t talk about trends or trends without ignoring individual cases or even details。He is full of high expectations for the future of this subject，And said the metaphor affectionately，“For example, open the window in early spring，You can see the growing green trees from the window”。

　Working hard to compile world bet with bet365 textbooks

When revealing the development prospects of the world bet with bet365 discipline with a "whole historical view"，Wu Yuji also actively integrated this idea into the planning and compilation of relevant teaching materials，And worked hard for it，Keep working hard。

The construction of textbooks on world bet with bet365 in my country has gone through a process of learning from foreign countries and establishing independent achievements。At the beginning of the budding of the discipline，domestic compilation、Compiled Western bet with bet365 of the West and Japan、Oriental bet with bet365 Textbook，Or write a bet with bet365 of Europe、Modern bet with bet365 of the world and even general bet with bet365 of the world。Most of these textbooks run through the "Western Eurocentric theory"，Lack of knowledge system for overall understanding of world bet with bet365，And not available in the country。After the founding of New China，First establishment of the World bet with bet365 Department，Facing the problem of lack of suitable general teaching materials。To solve the dilemma of "making a meal without rice"，Historians have compiled relevant historical works on the Soviet Union，Among them, the multi-volume "General bet with bet365 of the World" of the Soviet Academy of Sciences began to be translated in 1959 as a typical example。Meanwhile，Chinese scholars have also begun to try to compile their own textbooks or handouts。However，Overall，As historians say，Ten years after the founding of New China，Restricted by the political environment at the time，Historical circles “definitely call it Soviet historiography”，Most world bet with bet365 courses still use Soviet textbooks。

In order to meet the teaching needs of integrating the world bet with bet365 knowledge system，According to the decision of the National College Liberal Arts Textbook Conference，Co-planned by Wu Yuji and Professor Yi Liang of Peking University、He edited four volumes of "General bet with bet365 of the World"，Gathered well-known experts in domestic world bet with bet365 at that time to participate in the writing，And published by People's Publishing House in 1962。In addition，The supporting multi-volume historical material collection "World bet with bet365 Materials Series" has been compiled and completed。The entire framework of this "General bet with bet365 of the World" still remains within the mold of Soviet textbooks，But it is guided by Marxism，A relatively systematic exposition of the bet with bet365 between the origin of mankind and the First World War，And broke through the barriers of Western "Eurocentrism"，Enhanced the content of Asia, Africa and Latin America，Added a chapter on cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries，Improved over Soviet textbooks。It can be said，This is the first general world bet with bet365 work compiled by Chinese world historians after the founding of New China，Represents the level reached by Chinese world bet with bet365 research at that time，It can be called the foundation work of the Chinese world bet with bet365 discipline。The book has been revised and reprinted several times since its publication，Up to 400,000 copies printed，It has a profound impact on the cultivation of world bet with bet365 talents in our country and the popularization of related knowledge、Great contribution，Learned to be called "Zhou Wuben" by academic circles。Early 1970s，China’s diplomatic work opens up new prospects，China has restored its legal seat in the United Nations，Established diplomatic relations with a large number of European and American countries。To understand the world，Comrade Mao Zedong issued instructions to “learn a little bit of world bet with bet365”，People's Publishing House reprints and releases four volumes of "General bet with bet365 of the World"。

The beginning of reform and opening up，Bringing a spring of ideological emancipation and academic development to the Chinese intellectual community，Write a novel to adapt to the development of the times、A general bet with bet365 of the world with Chinese characteristics，Beginning to become a strong appeal among historians。Facing this new situation，Based on the "overall historical view" that has been in my heart for a long time，Wu Yuxi took the lead in calling for the re-editing of world bet with bet365 textbooks。1978，The Ministry of Education held a national symposium on liberal arts teaching in colleges and universities in Wuhan，He made a speech entitled "Opinions on the Compilation of World bet with bet365"，Analysis of the shortcomings of the Soviet Union's "General bet with bet365 of the World"，Emphasize that “world bet with bet365 is not equal to the sum of national bet with bet365 and regional bet with bet365”，We must take a "whole bet with bet365" perspective，“Examine world bet with bet365 from an overall perspective”，Preliminarily proposed the idea and theory of overall world bet with bet365。He emphasized，“We’re going to write a new one、Distinctive world bet with bet365，First of all, we must get rid of various central theories since ancient times，We must establish a perspective that takes the world as an overall perspective，To examine the development of human bet with bet365”。In his opinion，“The compilation of world bet with bet365 is inseparable from national bet with bet365、Regional bet with bet365 and various special histories”，Leave the latter，The writing of world bet with bet365 will lose the necessary basis，“But it must be seen，World bet with bet365 is not equal to the sum of national bet with bet365 and regional bet with bet365，That is actually separation、Dismembered the bet with bet365 of the world”。End of 1979，Wu Yuxi presided over the world bet with bet365 academic conference jointly organized by the Institute of World bet with bet365 of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and the Department of bet with bet365 of Wuhan University，More than a hundred representatives participating in the meeting had a heated discussion on the “overall perspective” that should be included in the compilation of a general bet with bet365 of the world。In the following ten years，Chinese scholars are constantly trying and developing new world bet with bet365 textbooks，Mr. Wu even put his "overall historical view" into practice。

1986，Entrusted by the State Education Commission，Wu Yuxi and Professor Qi Shirong of Beijing Normal University jointly edited a new world bet with bet365 textbook for colleges and universities。He tried his best despite his old age and illness，Convene the most prestigious world bet with bet365 experts in China to participate，We often communicate and discuss with them repeatedly。He even went out of his way，Proposed important revisions to the beginning of the earlier "Modern bet with bet365" draft，Draw up section and purpose titles under several chapters，And prompt the key contents，Also made detailed revisions to many expressions in the first draft，It can be said to be making up for the mistakes，Zhang Huang Youshen。What is even more lamentable，April 9, 1993，At the editorial expansion meeting for this textbook held at Wuhan University，Wu Yuxi still attended the meeting despite being seriously ill and weak，Sudden cerebral hemorrhage during the speech，Unfortunately passed away suddenly。

Passed by Mr. Wu Yuqian、The unremitting efforts of Mr. Qi Shirong and other experts，This six-volume set of "World bet with bet365" was published by Higher Education Press from 1992 to 1994。This book takes Mr. Wu’s “overall historical view” as its basic academic theory，Breaking through the influence of the Soviet historiography model，Committed to expressing it with its own theories and words，Complete genres，Rich content。It examines the development of the entire human society from a broad perspective，Outline the economic role of human society、The historical trajectory of politics and culture from decentralization to integration，Pay special attention to various regions、All ethnic groups、Horizontal exchanges and connections between countries，And include China in the world historical narrative，Revealing the historical evolution of mankind on the basis of comprehensive considerations、Objective laws of development。This set of "World bet with bet365" is called "Wu Qi's Edition" by academic circles，Provides a complete knowledge system and a pioneering cross-century textbook for the cultivation of world bet with bet365 talents in Chinese universities。This book has been selected by bet with bet365 majors in various universities，Also designated as the national postgraduate entrance examination reference book，It is also the first choice book for social readers to learn and understand world bet with bet365。

　Committed to constructing a theoretical system of world bet with bet365

In the process of subject conception and textbook compilation，Wu Yuji is more committed to the construction of a theoretical system of world bet with bet365，And organically integrate it with the first two，In order to open up new academic directions for world bet with bet365 research。

1950s and 1960s，He focuses on exploring the bet with bet365 of the ancient world and the bet with bet365 of historiography，Frequent results。With the expansion of academic reflection and research，Since the 1970s，He gradually focused his energy on the exploration of the theoretical system of Chinese world bet with bet365。He uses the "overall historical view" as his academic framework，Conduct a large-span thematic comparison，burning paste following sundial，Continuously writing，Have published many broad visions、Insightful academic papers，Including "The Nomadic World and the Agricultural World in World bet with bet365", "Agriculture and Merchant in World bet with bet365", "The Breeding of the Industrial World by the Agricultural World in bet with bet365", "The Emerging Industries of Different Countries in the Traditional Agricultural World of Eurasia" Reaction to the impact of the world" etc.。At the same time，He also wrote the "World bet with bet365" section of "Encyclopedia of China·Foreign bet with bet365 Volume"。Develop through unremitting efforts，Constructing China’s own theoretical system of world bet with bet365。

In this theoretical system，Wu Yuxi first proposed the world historical theory of "from isolation and dispersion to connected whole" in the field of Chinese bet with bet365。He pointed out in the "World bet with bet365" entry of "Encyclopedia of China·Foreign bet with bet365"，World bet with bet365 has experienced vertical and horizontal development processes，“Vertical development refers to the evolution of different production methods in the bet with bet365 of human material production and the resulting changes in different social forms”。There is certainly diversity in social progress，But most of them reflect the regularity of development from low level to high level。“Horizontal development，Refers to the bet with bet365 from mutual isolation between regions to gradual opening、From scattered to gradually close contact，In terms of the process that finally developed into the overall world bet with bet365。"That is to say，Human beings were scattered points (tribes or villages) in prehistory，Due to extremely low productivity levels，There is little division of labor between each point、Exchange and communication，Almost no horizontal connections。After the development of productive forces and the formation of class society，There are different forms of exchanges between countries with relative geographical scope，But due to the self-sufficiency of the agricultural economy，Limited division of labor and exchange，Production does not exceed the scope of natural economy，Regions、Countries、Ethnic groups are still relatively isolated from each other、Occluded state。Only 15、16th century，With the creation of capitalism in Western Europe、The opening of new sea routes, overseas colonial expansion and the formation of the world market，The long-standing state of human isolation and self-restraint is being broken to an increasing extent，The whole world has gradually formed a "closely connected、An interdependent and contradictory entity”，World bet with bet365 "did not really begin its existence until this time"。Mr. Wu also emphasized，The dialectical relationship between horizontal development and vertical development is mutually conditioned，Horizontal development must be compatible with vertical development，But it can promote and deepen vertical development。Material production is the decisive force in promoting both vertical and horizontal development。“Not reaching a higher level of material production，There is no deeper and wider socialization and specialization of production”，bet with bet365 will not be "closely connected、The bet with bet365 of the world as one”。Wu Yuqian pays special attention to 15、Great changes in the 16th century。In the collection of essays "Fifteenth"、In the preface written by "A Beginner's Collection of Eastern and Western bet with bet365 in the Sixteenth Century"，He believes that "these two centuries are a major turning point in the development of bet with bet365 into world bet with bet365"，Global sea lanes and the emerging capitalist mode of production are gradually sweeping the world，A decisive breakthrough in the isolation and isolation between various ethnic groups，The world is gradually becoming one，“Study aspects of change over these two centuries，It is a necessary beginning to examine world bet with bet365 from an overall perspective”。

Using "overall historical view" to carry out multi-level analysis、Comparative investigation from a wide angle，Constitutes a strong support for Wu Yuxi’s theoretical system of world bet with bet365。In the article "The Nomadic World and the Agrarian World in World bet with bet365"，He deeply analyzed the historical development trajectory of the pre-capitalist era，Divide Eurasia from west to east、Roughly parallel farming world and nomadic world，And interpret the three major impacts of the nomadic world on the agricultural world，Revealing the large-scale lateral connections in various regions of the world that were relatively isolated at that time。He pointed out，These impacts will undoubtedly cause serious damage to the social economy of the farming world，But from the overall perspective of world bet with bet365，They "break the seclusion among various ethnic groups to some extent，It has a positive significance that cannot be ignored in the process of historical development into world bet with bet365”，And the gradual integration of nomadic people into farming civilization is also a sign of historical development。And how the agricultural world gave birth to new social breakthroughs, especially the formation of the overall "world bet with bet365"，Wu Yuxi’s "The Breeding of the Industrial World from the Agricultural World in bet with bet365" and other papers，made a detailed analysis of the bet with bet365 of agriculture and mercantilism。In his opinion，The feudal agrarian economies in the east and west of the Eurasian continent all emphasized agriculture and suppressed commerce，They are all narrow and relatively closed self-sufficient economies。But in the feudal society of Western Europe，Business and urban economy developed from being vassals of the feudal agrarian economy to becoming its opposite，Prompt it to turn to a commodity economy，And led to the rise of mercantilism、The opening of new sea routes and the beginning of overseas colonization，Finally brewing the industrial revolution。From this，Western capitalism formed and expanded to all parts of the world，The state of mutual isolation between the East and the West and the complete isolation of the New and Old Worlds were successively broken，bet with bet365 will increasingly become “the bet with bet365 of the whole world”。For the basic characteristics and historical trajectory of modern world bet with bet365，Wu Yuji focuses on sorting out the expansion and influence of Western industrial civilization in the world。He pointed out，In the last few hundred years，Humankind has experienced a social modernization process with the development of capitalist industrial civilization as the main line。Western industrial civilization limited to a corner of Western Europe，Finally broke through the long-term limitations of agricultural civilization in human society，Undertaken rapid global expansion，And lead to major global changes。It’s worth noting，In the "World bet with bet365" section of "Encyclopedia of China·Foreign bet with bet365"，Wu Yuji also put forward unique insights into the development trend of world bet with bet365。In his opinion，Since the victory of the Russian October Revolution，"There emerged a new world that was opposed to the capitalist industrial world，To realize public ownership of production materials、Characterized by the elimination of class exploitation，The socialist industrial world in the new stage”，The two worlds are gradually forming a "confrontation-turned-dialogue、A situation of coexistence and competition。In production、Distribute all aspects to reasonably meet the increasing needs of human beings in material and spiritual life，Should be "the reasonable future of world bet with bet365"。Industrialization started late、The low-level socialist world only needs reforms，Selectively draw on Western science, technology and management experience，It is possible to catch up with and surpass the West，Fully demonstrate the superiority of the socialist system，It will also allow countries wandering between two worlds to increasingly form their own institutional identity and integration。

Wu Yuxi’s theoretical system of world bet with bet365，Taking historical materialism as a theoretical guide，Using the interpretation of "overall bet with bet365"，Breaking through the barriers of "Western-centrism"，Creatively demonstrates the process of human bet with bet365 from isolation and dispersion to world integration，Profoundly reveals the objective laws of world historical development，Major influence in the field of bet with bet365，Considered to be the “most outstanding” achievement in the domestic discussion of the world bet with bet365 system since the reform and opening up，Marks “the rise of new theories of world bet with bet365 in China”。

Wu Yuxi once likened the macroscopic world bet with bet365 he wanted to explore to "a long scroll of mountains and rivers"，Strive for the disciplinary conception of world bet with bet365、The compilation of teaching materials and the construction of the theoretical system clearly show the roots of this picture、Spindle and scene，And devoted himself to it、After death。Present，The young Chinese world bet with bet365 discipline is building a discipline system with Chinese characteristics、There are still many problems in the academic system and discourse system，There is still much work to be done。And the rich academic legacy left by Mr. Wu，It will also continue to give us the confidence and motivation to continue to climb。

　(The author is a professor at the School of bet with bet365, Renmin University of China、Vice President of the Chinese British bet with bet365 Research Association)