Wu Yuyu (1913-1993)，Anhui Hui Ningborn，Chinese contemporary Marxist historian，One of the important founders of the world history discipline of China。Graduated from Soochow University in 1935，Bachelor of Literature。1941 at the Institute of Economics of Nankai University，Public Sundays of Tsinghua University in the United States，History of Political Thoughts for Main Repair，1944、In 1946, he obtained a master's degree in literature from Harvard University、Doctor of Philosophy Degree。Back to China in 1947，Professor and Director of the Department of History at the National Wuhan University。After the founding of New China，Sui Wuhan University Associate Education Captain、Vice President、Director of the Institute of World History。Member of the Discipline Review Team of the Degree Committee of the State Council、Member of the Third Presidium of the Chinese History Society、Chairman of the Ancient History Research Association、Chairman of the Chinese World Medieval History Research Association、"China Encyclopedia · Foreign History" deputy editor -in -chief。

Wu Yu's learning deep，Vision open。He takes the historical view of materialism as a guide，In the world of ancient times、History comparison、Western history and other aspects are mostly built，The achievements of the exploration of world history textbook construction and the world history theoretical system are significantly achieved。He has edited "Ancient Greece and Rome", "Foreign History Selection", "Fifteen、Sixteen Century East and West History Collection，Cooperation and compilation of two national authoritative textbooks "History of the World" and "World History"，Written "Chinese Encyclopedia · Foreign History" Volume "World History"。His published "Nomadic World and Farming World in World", "Agricultural Book and Readlisted in World History", "The Breeding of the Farming World in the History", "The traditional farming world of Asia and Europe, different countries The dissertations such as the response under the impact of the industrial world，The overall world view of the human history development process is systematically explained and the law summarizes the overall view of human history，It is pioneering in the Chinese historic community、The meaning and influence of the forward -looking nature。He constructs his own discipline system for the world history of China、academic system and discourse system made outstanding contributions。

In recent years，China's World History Discipline has achieved remarkable development。Fun Jin chasing the past，We often look back at the founder and pioneer of this discipline，Remembering their academic performance of the Book of History。Wu Yuxun is one of the predecessors that make people admire，He made an important contribution to this discipline with "overall historical view"，still infiltrate the historic altar、Jiahui Xueren，It is worth the serious summary and reference in the historic community。

　bet365 live casino games

The Fate of the World History of China has started from modern times since modern times，But strictly speaking, it was formed after the establishment of New China。Before 1949，The Department of History of the University of Each University is the history of Western (Europe and the United States) and the history of Toyo (Japan)，The research field is very narrow，There is no status in the historical world。Not long after the founding of New China，For the talents required for cultivation，The departments of the colleges and universities in the country have been adjusted，The discipline of the World History can "fall to the ground"，At the same time, Marxism has established the guidance position of Marxism，officially becomes a discipline with independent academic identity。This shape has learned from the subject system of the Soviet history community，The theory of the social and economic form of the historical view of materialism，vertical divide into ancient、Middle Ages、Modern、Modern Four Paragraph，Forms four disconnected Bet365 app download history branch disciplines that are connected before and after，There are also individual departments divided according to geographical division，Another area、National Branch of Guo Shi。At that time，The continuous evolution and development of European and American history，Its influence also affects Soviet history，Where is the emerging Chinese world history discipline?，How to plan your own discipline prospects，It is always a major problem facing the domestic historian。Expressing over time，Especially when domestic opening and opening up，The problem of the construction of this discipline is even more prominent。It is in this background，Wu Yuxun has always paid close attention to the development direction of Chinese world history disciplines，Then I proposed the scientific concept of the characteristics of the times and academic forward -looking。

Deep academic reflection is the prerequisite for Wu Yu's discipline。In the papers such as "The Foreign Studies of the World History Discipline"，He pointed out through a detailed academic history，Historians of ancient and modern Chinese and foreign history have written "History of the World" for the world's known worlds，But since modern times，No longer occlude between major continents、isolation，There is no gap between people who are known to the world and objective existence，The historian began to write a world history with modern significance。He pointed out，Since modern times, Western history has a considerable impact on domestic，After the founding of the New China, the introduction of the Soviet Union about world history，Although it also strives to meet historical materialism，But it also caused some aspects of Western history。In order to look forward to the prospects of my country's world history discipline，Review "Modern Western History, which affects the inheritance of the world history of our country"，so as to learn about it。From this，He has made an in -depth analysis of the value and defects of the "romantic history" and "national history" represented by Lamac and the western "romantic history" and "national history"，Repeated reviews of various special history of Western historians broke through the field of political history，A absorbing academic nutrition of "overall society" from it。He also projected his vision to Westerners' tendency to write "world history" since the 18th century，The value of the path of "unity and diversity of world history" involves the value of the "unity and diversity of world history"，It also points out its limitations，That is, "I believe that Europe is the center of world history"，"World History is the total of the history of various countries"。Especially worth noting is，He also made a dialectical analysis of the trend of the "global inspection" history of the Western academic community。In his opinion，Walls’s "World History" although there are defects，But it predicts that "the economic relationship of the world will be mixed under one system"，Have "beyond the region、The boundary of the country's other "global vision。and the main representative of the "morphological school" Spengler's "West of the West"、Tang Yinby's "Historical Research" and other works，Although the research on the evolution of human civilization has a fateful color，But it breaks through the regional limitations of Western Europe，"The idea of ​​examining human history from the world"。Affected by it，Later historian Barack Labu's overall worldview displayed in the "Thames World History Atlas" and the papers set "The World of Changes"，Just "put aside the European center theory，Re -directional for Western History "。

Through multi -level academic reflection，Wu Yuhuan emphasized，Viewpoints of Western and Soviet History，World History of Chinese Scholars，Value worthy of reference，But from the development of the discipline of world history，It also needs to be developed、Some cross -domain。To construct China's world history discipline，It is necessary to overcome the error view that "treat the country and region that grows in it as the world center"，Because this is bound to be high、Beautify the status of a certain area and country in world history，"It is a symptom that regards world history as a syndrome that is attracted to the national history"。At the bet365 Play online games same time，World History should not only talk about or mainly explain the unity of objective and regular development，The problems of "typical", "atypical", "developed", and "unopened" that have been discussed in the domestic historical community have also involved diversity，But all are "replenishing unity with diversity"。This kind of view of world history has not been separated from the existing views of the West since the 18th century，That is。

On the basis of criticizing the previous valuable academic achievements，Wu Yuzheng takes Marxism as the theoretical guide，"Overall History" proposes scientific concepts to the Chinese history discipline in China。He pointed out，World History of the Discipline of History，The theme needs to explore and interpret how history develops into the history of the world。Just as Marx pointed out，"The history of the world has not been existed in the past，As the result of the history of world history "; Engels also emphasized the modern production method、Division of the spontaneous division of labor between the original retreat and self -definition of all ethnic groups，Promote the formation of "world history"。This means，Human history has developed from the historical development of the original people of each other to the history of the world.，And the subject of the world's historical discipline should list this process as its main task，Focus on gradually breaking through the "horizontal development process of history"。So，Construction of World History Discipline，It must break all countries、National、4227_4241，Become a historic branch with limited research objects。For this，Mr. Wu wrote the "Grand Encyclopedia of China · Foreign History" "World History" part of his，A complete definition for the discipline of the world: "World history is an important branch of history，The content is the original for human history、Countries、The scattered crowd developed into a process of becoming a close connection to the whole world for systematic discussion and elaboration。The main task of the World History Discipline is from the perspective of the world's global situation，Comprehensive inspection of various regions、Countries、History of various nations，Use related disciplines such as cultural anthropology、The results of archeology，Research and clarify the evolution of human history，Reveal the laws and trends of evolution。"At the same time, he emphasized，Construction of this discipline，It must be fully borrowed from the history of critical and country in the West since the 19th century、The results of specialized history, especially the results of historical materialism，Both open vision，Also do in -depth specific issues research，Don't talk about trends or trends and ignore cases and even details。He is full of expectations for this discipline，and affectionate metaphor，"For example, open the window in the early spring season，See the green tree color from the window far away "。

　Early editor -in -chief of world historical textbooks

When revealing the development prospects of the world historical discipline with "overall historical view"，Wu Yuzheng also actively integrates this idea into the planning and compilation of related textbooks，and worried about it，Endless work。

The construction of teaching materials in our world history has gone through a process of reference and independent tree building。At the beginning of the sprouting of the discipline，Domestic compilation、Compiled Western History of the West and Japan、East History Textbook，or write European History、Modern History of the World and even the history of the world。Most of these textbooks run through the "Western European Center theory"，Lack of knowledge system for overall cognition of world history，and not in China。After the founding of New China，The Discipline of the World History was established，Facing the problem of lack of appropriate universal textbooks。To solve the dilemma of "rice -free cooking"，Historically compiled related history of the Soviet Union，Among them, the multi -volume "World General History" of the Soviet Academy of Sciences has been translated since 1959.。At the same time，Chinese scholars also began to try to compile textbooks or lectures。but but，Generally speaking，As the historian said，Ten years after the founding bet365 best casino games of New China，restricted by the political environment at that time，Historically, "Speaking of Soviet History"，Most of the world history courses still use Soviet textbooks。

In order to meet the teaching needs of the world history knowledge system，Decisions according to the national liberal arts textbook meeting of colleges and universities，Wu Yuzheng and Peking University Professor Liang jointly plan、Editor's four volumes of "History of the World"，Famous experts who gathered at the time of the domestic world history community participated in writing，Published by the People's Publishing House in 1962。other，Multi -rolls of Multi -Benate History Collection "World History Data Series" has been compiled one after another。The entire framework of this "History of the World" has not been separated from Soviet textbooks，But it is guided by Marxism，Compared the history of human origin to the First World War，and break through the barriers of the Western "European Central Theory"，strengthened the content of the Asian, Africa and Latinosa,，Added chapters of Chinese exchange between China and foreign cultural exchanges，improvement than Soviet textbooks。It can be said，This is the first time the world -wide history works written by world historians in my country after the founding of the People's Republic of China，represents the level reached by the Chinese World History Institute at that time，The foundation of the discipline of the world history of China。Several revisions and repubys of this book，There are as many as 400,000 copies，The cultivation of the cultivation of world historical talents in our country and the popularization of related knowledge deeply、Gong Mo Gao，Called "Zhou Wu Ben" in the academic world。In the early 1970s，China's diplomatic work opens a new situation，China has restored the legal seat in the United Nations，Create diplomatic relations with a large number of European and American countries。To understand the world，Comrade Mao Zedong issued a "Learn a little World History" instructions，People's Publishing House will release the four -volume repulsion of the Four Volumes of the World of the World。

Open of reform and opening up，Spring that brings ideological liberation and academic development to the Chinese intellectual community，Writing a one to adapt to the development of the times、World General History with Chinese characteristics，Starting becoming a strong appeal in the historical world。Facing this new situation，Based on the "Overall History View" that has been germinated for a long time，Wu Yuzheng took the lead in the voices of re -compiling world history textbooks。1978，The Ministry of Education held a symposium on liberal arts teaching work in Wuhan in Wuhan，He made a speech entitled "Opinions on Compiled World History"，Analysis of the disadvantages of the "History of the World" in the Soviet Union，Emphasize that "world history does not mean the sum of the history of the country and regional history"，The vision of "overall history" should be used，"Examine world history from the whole situation"，Preliminary proposed thoughts and ways to overall world history。He emphasized，"We want to write a new one、World History with distinctive characteristics，First of all, it must be eliminated by various centers since ancient times，It must be established with the world as the whole game，Come to examine the development of human history "。In his opinion，"The writing of world history is inseparable from the history of the country、Regional history and various specialized history "，Leave the latter，The writing of world history will lose the necessary basis，"But you must see，World History does not mean the sum of the history of the country and the regional history，That is actually a split、Discovery the world history "。At the end of 1979，Wu Yuzhang presided over the World History Conference jointly organized by the Institute of World History of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and the Department of History of Wuhan University，More than a hundred representatives participating in the conference shall have a warm discussion on the writing history of the world.。In the following ten years,，Chinese scholars continuously launch the attempts and pioneering of new world historical bet365 best casino games textbooks，Mr. Wu even puts it into practice for his "overall history"。

1986，commissioned by the State Education Commission，Wu Yuzheng and Professor Qi Shirong of Beijing Normal University jointly edited the new college world historical textbooks。He strives to do it with an old age，Calling the prestigious world -renowned world history experts to participate，Whenever they repeatedly communicate and discuss with them。He even worked hard，，Draw a few sections below and destination title，and remind the key content，I also made a detailed modification on the many expressions of the first draft，Can be described as a tonic，Zhang Huang You。What is even more sighing is，April 9, 1993，At the editor of the textbook for Wuhan University，Wu Yuxun still ignores the severe weakness to meet，Sudden cerebral hemorrhage，Unfortunately dying suddenly。

After Mr. Wu Yuzheng、The unremitting efforts of Mr. Qi Shirong and experts，This set of six -volume "World History" from 1992 to 1994 has been Qi from Higher Education Publishing House。The book uses Mr. Wu's "Overall History" as the basic academic road，Breaking the influence of the Soviet history model，Dedicated to express it with its own theory and discourse，Complete genre，Rich in content。It examines the development of the entire human society with a magnificent vision，Except human society in the economy、Politics and culture from decentralization to the overall historical trajectory，Pay particular attention to various regions、All ethnic groups、Horizontal communication and contact between countries，and incorporate China into the historical narrative of the world，Reveal human history evolution on the basis of comprehensive consideration、Objective laws of development。This set of "World History", which is known as "Wu Qiben" by the academic community，provides a complete and pioneering cross -century textbook for the cultivation of world historical talents in our universities in my country。This book has always been selected from the history majors of various universities，It is also designated as a reference book for the National Graduate Entrance Admission Examination，It is also the preferred book for social readers to learn and understand world history。

　Deliven to build a world history theoretical system

In the process of discipline ideas and textbooks，Wu Yuyu is more committed to the construction of the theoretical system of the world history，and integrate it with the previous two，Issue to develop academic new ways to develop world history research。

The 1950s and 1960s，He focuses on exploring the history of ancient world and history，The results are frequent。Expansion of academic reflection and research，From the 1970s，He gradually focuses on the exploration of the theoretical system of the world history of China。He uses "overall history" as the scientific framework，Special comparison of large span，Burning Ointment Assembly，Written farming，Many vision and wide vision have been published one after another、Academic papers with deep insights，Among them, "Nomadic World and Farming World in World", "Agricultural Books and Readlists in World History", "The Breeding of the Industrial World in History", "The Breeding of the Industrial World" Reactions under the impact of the world。At the same time，He also wrote the "World History" part of "Chinese Encyclopedia · Foreign History Volume"。Pioneering through unremitting efforts，Constructing China's own world history theoretical system。

In this theoretical system，Wu Yuzheng first proposed the world history theory of "from isolation from isolation to the whole"。He pointed out in the "World History" entry of "Chinese Encyclopedia · Foreign History"，World history has experienced vertical and horizontal development processes，"Vertical development refers to the evolution of different production methods in human material production and the change of different social forms that is attracted to"。Social progress, although there are diversity，But most of them reflect the regularity of from low -level to advanced development。"Horizontal Development，refers to history from the mutual occlusion between each region to the gradual openness、From each other to each other to gradually connect，Finally developed into the process of overall world history。"" means，Human beings are scattered points (tribes or villages)bet365 Play online games ，Due to extremely low productivity level，There are very few division of labor between each point、exchange and communication，There is almost no horizontal connection。After the development of productive forces and the formation of class society，There are different forms of communication among countries with relatively geographical range，But due to the self -sufficiency of the farming economy，Limited division of labor and exchange，Production does not exceed the natural economic scope，All regions、Countries、Still in various ethnic groups are still in a relative isolation、The state of the occlusion。Just to 15、16th century，Creative with Western European capitalism、New route development and overseas colonial expansion and the formation of the world market，The long -term existence of human retreat to self -defense is broken to an increasingly extent，The whole world has gradually formed a "close contact、One -one that depends on each other and contradicts each other "，World history "It didn't really start its existence until this time"。Mr. Wu also emphasized，A dialectical relationship between the condition between the horizontal development and vertical development，Horizontal development must be compatible with vertical development，But it can promote and deepen vertical development。Material production is both the decisive power of promoting vertical development and promoting horizontal development。"No higher material production level，Socialization and professionalism with a wider degree of production and widespread in terms of extent "，History will not be "close contact、World History integrating knot "。Wu Yuyi pays special attention to 15、The huge changes in the 16th century。In the collection of thesis "fifteen、In the preface written by the Sixteen Century Eastern and West History Collection，He believes that "these two centuries are a major turning point in the development of history into world history"，World of World Horodiac and emerging capitalist production methods gradually sweeping the world，Breakthroughs that have decisive significance for closure and isolation between nations，The world is gradually connected into one，"Study all aspects of these two centuries changes，It is a necessary start from the global investigation of world history "。

Multi -level、Comparison of a broad angle，It constitutes a powerful support for Wu Yuzheng's world history theoretical system。In the article "Nomadic World and Farming World in World"，He has deeply analyzed the historical development trajectory of the capitalist era，Divide Eurasia into East from West to East、Great parallel farming world and nomadic world，and through interpretation of the nomadic world, three major impact on the farming world，revealing a large -scale horizontal connection in the world's regions that are relatively isolated at that time。He pointed out，These shocks will undoubtedly cause serious damage to the socio -economy of the farming world，But from the perspective of world history，They "to some extent break the retreat and self -defense of various ethnic groups，History development is a positive significance that cannot be ignored in the process of world history "，and the gradually incorporated nomadic people into the farming civilization are also the sign of historical development。How to breed a new social breakthrough in the farming world, especially the formation of the overall "world history"，Wu Yuxi's "The Breeding of the Industrial World in History of the Farming World in History" and other papers，Then a detailed analysis of the farmers and merchants in history。In his opinion，The feudal agricultural economy of the Eastern and Western Assembly on Asia and Europe is ahead of agriculture，Both of the self -sufficient economy of narrow and relatively occlusion。But in the feudal society in Western Europe，The commercial and urban economy has developed from the vassal of the feudal agricultural economy to its opposite object，Promote it to the commodity economy，and lead to the rise of recreationalism、New route development and overseas colonial start，Finally, the industrial revolution is brewed。From this，Western capitalism formed and expands around the world，Eastern and Bet365 app download Western states are completely isolated from each other and the new and old continents are completely broken.，History has become increasingly becoming "history of the world"。The basic characteristics and historical trajectory of the history of modern world world，Wu Yuyu focuses on the expansion and influence of Western industrial civilization in the world。He pointed out，In the last century,，Humanity has gone through the social modernization process with the development of capitalist industrial civilization。Limited to Western industrial civilization in Western Europe，Eventually breakthrough the long -term restrictions on human society and agricultural civilization，A rapid global expansion，Then lead to major global changes。It is worth noting that，The "World History" part in "Chinese Encyclopedia · Foreign History"，Wu Yuxun also put forward unique insights on the development trend of world history。In his opinion，Starting from the victory of the October Revolution in Russia，"There is a opposite to the capitalist industrial world，To achieve public ownership、Destroy class exploitation characteristics，Fang's socialist industry world in the new stage "，These two worlds are gradually forming the "confrontation steering dialogue、Coexistence and Competition "situation。in production、All aspects of all aspects reasonably meet the needs of human life and spiritual life that humans are constantly improving，It should be "a reasonable future of world history"。Industrialization starting late、The socialist world with a low level only needs to reform，I choose to learn from Western science and technology and management experience，It is possible to catch up and surpass the West，Fully show the superiority of the socialist system，and will make the country wandering between the two worlds increasingly forming an institutional identity and integration of its own system。

Wu Yu's world history theoretical system，Taking the historical view of materialism as the theoretical guide，Interpretation of "Overall History"，Breaking the barrier of the "Western Central Centers"，Creatively demonstrated the process of human history from isolation from isolation to the world，profoundly revealed the objective laws of the historical development of the world，major influence in the historical world，It is considered to be the "most prominent" achievement of the world's history system since the reform and opening up，It marks "the rise of new theories of world history in China"。

Wu Yuyu once compared the macro world history he wanted to explore to "long rolls of rivers and mountains"，Disciplinary conception of the history of world history、Textbook compilation and the construction of theoretical system clearly display the root pulse of this scroll、Subdivy and Scenery，Bowing for it、After death, it has been。Now，The young Chinese world history discipline is constructing a discipline system with Chinese characteristics、There are still many problems in the academic system and discourse system，There are still many jobs to do。and the rich academic heritage left by Mr. Wu，It will also continue to give us self -confidence and motivation that continues to rise。

　(The author is a professor at the School of History of Renmin University of China、Vice President of the Chinese British History Research Association)