After World War II，Japan has implemented the development strategy of "trade establishment"。With the increase in economic strength and the expansion of trade exports，Trade friction between Japan and the United States is continuously upgraded。It can be said，History of Japanese economic development after World War II，It is also a Japanese -American trade friction、History of confrontation and negotiations。

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The evolution trajectory of the Japanese -US trade friction is basically in line with the upgrade process of the Japanese industrial structure。Where，Textile trade friction occurred the earliest、The longest time。1955，US reduction in textile tariffs，A large amount of cheap Japanese textiles pour into the United States，Opening the prelude to the friction of Japan -US trade。After a long -lasting negotiation，The two countries were in 1957、Signed the "Japan and the United States Textile Agreement" in 1972 and the "US -Japan Textile Trade Agreement"，In order to ensure the actual interests in Japan and the United States trade，Japan has been forced to accept a huge number of "voluntary restrictions export" requirements。Since then，With the upgrading of the industrial structure，Japanese export goods composition and the target of the trade surplus continuously develop to high added value，The two countries have successively in steel (1968-1978)、Home Appliances (1970-1980) and other industries such as trade friction，In the end, they all ended with Japan's "voluntary restrictions on exports" and other compromises。

After entering the 1980s，Japan’s economic strength and industrial competitiveness further enhanced，Automobile (1979-1987)、Semiconductor (1986-1991) and other technical dense products again impacted the US market，In the same period, the United States has adopted a strong US dollar and tax reduction fiscal and financial policy，Make domestic fiscal deficit and trade deficit continuously intensify，Japanese -US trade friction enters the white thermalization stage。In addition to requiring Bet365 app download Japan to limit the export of Japan，It is also required to expand imports，Reduce tariffs，Improve market transparency。1985，The two countries are also targeted at medical products and medical devices that are difficult to increase the export of daily exports、Wood、Electrical appliances and electrical communications industries have launched "market -oriented individual field negotiations" (MOSS)。but，The negotiations at the industry level did not bring the United States to increase the US exit，The reason why the United States believes that it cannot open the Japanese market is its closed market structure，The conflict between the two parties upgrade to the macro level。1988，The United States has passed the "Comprehensive Trade and Competition Law"，Among them, the "Super 301" is designed to open the Japanese market。To promote Japan to expand domestic demand，1989-1990,The Bush government launched the "Japan -US Structural Dorisher Agreement" (SII) negotiation，It is proposed that Japan should change from high savings -type society to high -consumer society，Strengthen the implementation of the "Anti -Monopoly Law", etc.。Under the pressure of the United States，Japan has relaxed the control of the financial securities market，Encourage Japanese companies or individuals to invest in the United States。

1993，The Clinton government has implemented a stricter "result" trade policy for Japan，Requires Japan to purchase in government、Set specific "numerical goals" and "objective standards"。The two countries conducted a series of hard negotiations around the "Japan -US Comprehensive Economic Agreement"，The tough attitude of the United States on Japan has caused a strong rebound from the Japanese government and the folks，In February 1994, the leader of the two sides was broken。The United States immediately announced the launch of "Super 301"，It is intended to impose economic sanctions on Japan，Japanese and American relations fell to the bottom。The Japanese Haneda Cabinet that came to power later took a compromise position，Reach bilateral protocol with the United States。

1995，WTO is officially established，The Japanese government intends to get rid of its passive position in bilateral Bet365 lotto review negotiations，Reject or delay the requirements of bilateral trade negotiations proposed by the United States，Instead of using the multilateral trade dispute resolution mechanism to cope with the unilateral behavior of the US trade protectionism。The mid -to -late 1990s，As the Japanese economy is in a slump，The decline in economic strength and industrial competitiveness，Japanese -US trade friction gradually enters the calm period。

　　Severe or imbalance in trade between the two countries is the direct cause

Through the Japanese -American trade friction，Every time the United States uses strong economic strength and international influence, first pressure，The number of products involved in friction continues to increase、The field is continuously expanded、The degree is becoming more intense。The main reasons include the following three aspects。

First，Japan's high dependence on the US market and the serious imbalance between the two countries are direct reasons。1950，Japan ’s exports to the United States account for 21.9%，rose to 37.1%in 1985。Since Japan's first trade surplus in the United States in 1965，The scale is constantly expanding，and reached the peak of 9369.34 billion yen in 1985，Nearly 40%of the US trade deficit。The United States thinks，The huge trade deficit damages its own interests。March 1985，The US Senate passed a resolution with 92 votes at 0 votes，Ask the president to take revenge measures when refusing to import more American products in Japan。April of the same year，The House of Representatives of the United States also passed a similar resolution with 394 votes for 19 votes。

Second，The strategic intention of the United States to provoke trade friction is to curb Japan's catch -up。After the 1980s，The comparison of the economic strength and industrial competitiveness of Japan and the United States changed.。1960，Japanese GDP is equivalent to 8.2%of the United States，3.2%of the world，By 1988, it rose to 58.5%of the United States，16.0%of the world，Per capita GNI reaches US $ 24,700，More than the United States。The proportion of the United States' GDP dropped from 39.6 % in 1960 to 27.3 % in 1988。Since 1985，Japan Bet365 lotto review has become the world's largest creditor country，Net debt at the end of 1990 nearly $ 450 billion，and the United States has become the world's largest debt country，The net debt at the end of 1990 reached 760 billion US dollars。This elimination of economic strength，exacerbated the economic contradiction between the two countries。A report entitled "American Public Opinion and 1991 US Foreign Policy in 1991" published in early 1991，Take Japan's economic strength as the primary threat to the United States。In this case，Enhancement of the U.S. Congress Trade Protectionism，Trade protectionist legislation and economic sanctions adopted for Japan continuously increased。

third，Consolidating the leading position of the United States in the high -tech field is an important reason for Japan -US trade friction。1985，Japanese companies have surpassed the United States for the first time to become the world's largest semiconductor seller。1986，The market share of Japanese chips exceeds the United States，Living in the world's first place，And the top three in the world's semiconductor sales are Japanese companies。Facing the rise of the Japanese semiconductor industry，The United States has adopted more severe trade protection measures than ever before: implement dumping surveys for Japanese chip manufacturers，Requires Japan to voluntarily restrict exports、Comprehensive abolition of semiconductor tariffs、Open the semiconductor market for the United States、More than a thousand patents of the "Research Combination of Super Large -scale Integrated Circuit Technology" publicly，and launch the "301 survey" of the semiconductor industry，Forced Japan in 1986、Signed the "Japan -US Semiconductor Guarantee Agreement" twice in 1991。March 1987，The United States also takes "Japan dumping to the third country" and "US semiconductor share has not expanded in the Japanese market"，100%revenge tariffs from Japanese computers and color TV products，It is the most severe economic sanction that the United States has implemented in Japan over the past 40 years after World War II。In the second semiconductor agreement signed by Japan and the United States，It also further required the market share of US semiconductor products in Japan from the original 10%to 20%。Through a series of suppression，The United Bet365 app download States has successfully consolidated its leading position in the world semiconductor industry。1993，The market share of the world semiconductor in the United States exceeds Japan，Return to the world's first throne。

　　Avoid and transfer conflicts by expanding foreign investment

From the original textile trade friction，Japan has accumulated experience in relieving and resolving trade friction through negotiation negotiations。For example，Understand how to get a balance between free trade and their own interests，What attitude should we take to deal with trade friction。In the trade friction in other areas that happened later，Japan insists on the premise that it does not harm the fundamental interests of the country，Make a minimum concession。，To deal with the friction of Japan -US trade，Japan also took the following measures。

1 is to expand foreign investment，Avoiding and transferring conflicts。Starting from the 1980s，Japan has increased the direct investment of European and American countries to avoid trade barriers、Reduce trade friction、The purpose of consolidating and improving the market share of Japanese products。Take the automotive industry as an example，Starting in 1982，Toyota、Nissan、Honda、Mazda、Mitsubishi、Fuji Heavy Industry and other Japanese car companies have invested in production in the United States。This directly leads to a decline in the US trade deficit in the Japanese trade，This has greatly improved the tension between the two countries。，Japan also transferred domestic or disadvantaged industries or processes to Southeast Asia and other areas，Take the area as the export production base of Japan。

The second is to pay attention to the management and coordination of industry associations。Economic Group Federation、Japan Trade Revitalization Association and industry associations are obtaining information、Provide foreign trade consulting and assist the government and enterprises to develop and adjust foreign trade relations、Relieve foreign trade friction and other aspects，Give full use of irreplaceable management and services、The functions of supervision and coordination。In the Trade friction of Japanese -American Automobile，Facing the restrictions on the bet365 live casino games U.S. and European quotas that may cause disorderly exports，The Japanese Automobile Industry Chamber of Commerce Coordinates the automatic limit between automobile manufacturers，Reached a tacit understanding of the number of automobile production and exports between enterprises。

Third is to use trade friction as an opportunity to eliminate backward production capacity，Realize industrial upgrading。Objectively speaking，The trade friction between Japan and the United States did not prevent the development of related industries in Japan。Industry (such as textile industry) that shrinks in trade frictions is precisely at a disadvantage、Industry upgrade in Japan，and those high -end industries with comparative advantages have not been suppressed due to trade friction。On the contrary，To eliminate trade friction，Forcing Japanese companies to increase R & D investment，Development more high -end products。Japan's automotive industry and electronics industry have maintained a strong trade surplus capability in the 1990s。

Fourth is to promote domestic reform and market openness with external pressure。Except for the requirements of the United States，The Japanese government also has the willingness to promote the reform of the country。Zeng Geng Cabinet once cleverly leaned on the pressure from the United States，To maximize political internal pressure，Reduce the resistance of the interest group。January 1985，At the summit of the two countries，Japan and the United States jointly launched the opening of the telecommunications industry，eliminating Japan's trade barriers in the telecommunications industry。July of the same year，Japan has also formulated the "Main Framework for Improve Market Access Action Plan"，Actively promote market opening and liberalization。

What cannot be ignored is，Although the trade friction between Japan and the United States at the industry level，All restricted exports to the United States with Japanese side、Control product price and market share、Remove trade barriers and other compromise measures are temporarily resolved，But in the end it failed to prevent the trade friction between the two countries from upgrading to the macro level。In the "Japan -US Structural Disorders Agreement" signed in the late 1980s，Forced by the United States requests bet365 live casino games Japan to expand the pressure of domestic demand，Japan promises to conduct 43 billion yen of public business investment in 10 years。For this，A large amount of debt of the Japanese government，Low -efficiency public investment crowded economic resources，greatly hurt the macroeconomic operation efficiency。The rapidly rising public debt also increased the fiscal burden on the Japanese government，Weaken fiscal sustainability。until today，Japan's debt level is still much higher than the average level of developed countries。

(Author Unit: Institute of Industrial and Economics of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)