It has been more than ten years since my country’s innovative national strategy was proposed in 2006，We have accumulated a lot of useful experience in terms of institutional mechanisms。Especially Beijing、Shanghai and Shenzhen are cutting-edge cities that implement bet365 new user promo-driven development，A series of achievements have been made in building a manufacturing bet365 new user promo system。How to routinize and normalize these experiences，Transformed into formal institutional arrangements that support the continuous improvement of manufacturing bet365 new user promo capabilities，It’s the government、The direction of joint efforts between industry and academia。

Since the reform and opening up，The development of manufacturing industry is an important force for China’s economic growth，Accelerating the process of industrialization has enabled my country to grow into a "world factory" in 2001，Becoming the world’s second largest economy in 2013。Although the added value of manufacturing accounts for a relatively high proportion of China’s total economic output，But it has long relied on the introduction of foreign standardized production technology and mature products，Under the condition of lacking the support of original bet365 new user promo capabilities，It also caused the situation that my country’s manufacturing industry is “big but not strong”。Insufficient original bet365 new user promo capabilities and technology supply，Is the key factor currently restricting the transformation and upgrading of my country’s manufacturing industry。

The transformation and upgrading of my country’s manufacturing industry began in 2005，In 2006, the country formally proposed the strategy of building an innovative country，In 2012, the implementation of bet365 new user promo-driven development strategy was further proposed。so far，The self-sufficiency rate of key parts and materials for my country’s manufacturing industry only reaches 30%，my country imported US0 billion of integrated circuits in 2018，Far higher than the US0 billion of crude oil imports。Including core technology parts and components、Advanced basic technology、Key basic materials、The weakness of the “four bases” of industry including industrial technology foundation，This is the fundamental problem of my country’s manufacturing industry being “big but not strong”。How to improve the original bet365 new user promo capability of the manufacturing industry，Continue to enhance the international competitive advantage of Made in China，Becoming a key problem that urgently needs to be solved。

　　The "Darwin Sea" of breakthrough bet365 new user promo

Different from scale production，The creation of new knowledge and its commercialization are highly uncertain。The success of technological bet365 new user promo involves not only competition between technologies，And it involves the market、Organizational and institutional change。Because this process is very similar to the mutual adaptation and competition between new species and the environment in Darwin's theory of biological evolution，Therefore，Academia compares the integration process of technological bet365 new user promo and its economy to the "Darwin Sea"。Among them，Soft power including institutional mechanisms，Is an important guarantee for the development of scientific and technological bet365 new user promo。

The “Darwin Sea” of bet365 new user promo first manifests itself in the basic research stage。At this stage，There are multiple technical path choices for technological bet365 new user promo。Uncertainty brought about by diversified technology path choices，This often results in many technologies facing the fate of being eliminated in the basic research stage。Secondly，In product development stage，The fierce competition among different technical paths makes new technologies and new products also face the possibility of being eliminated。Again，A certain new technology enters the industrialization stage，Market uncertainty has become a key factor affecting product success。In some cases，New technologies with higher efficiency may face the risk of failure due to the existence of market monopoly power。final，For the entrepreneurial activities of technology workers，The "Darwin Sea" phenomenon also exists。Except the technology itself，The industrialization of technology also requires scientists to have the skills to identify market opportunities、Various business knowledge and experience including team building and resource integration。

Under conditions of high uncertainty，Enterprises will face high cost constraints in the process of implementing innovative competitive strategies。How to design a complete set of effective institutional mechanisms，Encourage enterprises to actively implement innovative competitive strategies，The "Darwin Sea" of breakthrough bet365 new user promo，Continuously improving original bet365 new user promo capabilities is the key to implementing bet365 new user promo-driven development strategy。With the implementation of building an innovative country and bet365 new user promo-driven development strategy，Our country will gradually form and improve the institutional mechanisms and legal systems with Chinese characteristics to promote scientific and technological bet365 new user promo。From technological bet365 new user promo，A look at the practical frontiers of scientific and technological bet365 new user promo in the manufacturing field，The core is to clarify who is the key subject of bet365 new user promo，Carry out institutional and mechanism bet365 new user promo around the institutional needs of key bet365 new user promo entities。

　　Pay attention to the development needs of bet365 new user promo

The creation and commercialization of new knowledge involves more than just the collaboration of basic research and applied development，Including enterprises、University、Diverse bet365 new user promo entities including scientific research institutes and governments。Therefore，With enterprises as the main body、Market-oriented、Technological bet365 new user promo system that closely integrates industry, academia and research，Is the focus of system and mechanism construction and improvement。Among them，Clearly grasp what “enterprises are the main body” and “what kind of enterprises are the main body”，is the key to our thinking about improving the original bet365 new user promo capabilities of the manufacturing industry through institutional bet365 new user promo。

From the practical experience of manufacturing transformation and upgrading in recent years，Innovative enterprises are the real subjects of improving original bet365 new user promo capabilities。Innovative companies include not only large companies like Huawei，Including technology-based small and medium-sized enterprises and new start-ups。The market competition method of innovative enterprises is innovative competition，Disintegrate competitors’ competitive advantages through continuous technological bet365 new user promo。Technological bet365 new user promo is the main competitive weapon for innovative enterprises。Therefore，Cultivation and development of innovative enterprises is the focus of improving the original bet365 new user promo capability of my country’s manufacturing industry。When the market competition of enterprises is dominated by technological bet365 new user promo，Enterprises have stronger social "embeddedness"。Because bet365 new user promo is highly uncertain，Need collective learning and long-term knowledge accumulation process。From this perspective，Even if bet365 new user promo happens to an enterprise, it is not entirely the business of the enterprise，Coordinated efforts involving multiple bet365 new user promo entities。Innovative enterprises have a high degree of social “embeddedness”，Urgent need for economic and social institutional bet365 new user promo。

First，Need a suitable financial environment。bet365 new user promo in the process of implementing innovative competitive strategies，Not only facing technical uncertainty，And facing market uncertainty。When situations of high uncertainty arise，It is difficult to win the competition just relying on the company's own capital and short-term bank financing。Therefore，As an important part of soft power，bet365 new user promo first need a suitable financial environment。

Second，Need a suitable industry-university-research collaborative bet365 new user promo mechanism。Major common technical issues raised by innovative enterprises regarding industrial development may involve basic research fields，i.e. Pasteur’s Quadrant。When basic research problems arise during the application of technology，bet365 new user promo issues exceed the resource allocation boundaries of innovative enterprises，Need national investment and policy support in basic research。At the same time，High-level scientific and technological talents are the basis for innovative enterprises to implement innovative competitive strategies。High-tech talents are not ordinary labor force，Need long-term training from colleges and universities。Therefore，Government-supported universities and research institutes and their collaborative bet365 new user promo with enterprises，Is an important guarantee for improving original bet365 new user promo capabilities。

　Third，Need the cultivation and development of bet365 new user promo clusters。Innovative enterprises in the process of implementing innovative competitive strategies，It is often necessary to build an efficient collaborative bet365 new user promo network。Among them，Upstream and downstream enterprises and competitors are important components of the bet365 new user promo network。Through competition and collaboration among the various entities in the bet365 new user promo network，Jointly promote the creation and commercialization of new knowledge。Therefore，Cultivation and support of high-tech manufacturing clusters，Is an important measure to enhance the original bet365 new user promo capability and competitiveness of the manufacturing industry。

　Fourth，Need to build a suitable bet365 new user promo and entrepreneurship environment。Revolving around the emergence of innovative enterprises，The improvement of the original bet365 new user promo capability of the manufacturing industry and the transformation and upgrading of the industry require a new bet365 new user promo and entrepreneurship environment。The bet365 new user promo and entrepreneurship environment not only includes policies and measures to encourage bet365 new user promo and entrepreneurship，It also includes a social atmosphere that encourages bet365 new user promo and entrepreneurship。

　　Building a manufacturing bet365 new user promo system with Chinese characteristics

Starting from the social "embeddedness" of innovative enterprises，Building a national and regional manufacturing bet365 new user promo system with Chinese characteristics is an important step in improving the original bet365 new user promo capabilities of the manufacturing industry。Different from the broader bet365 new user promo system，The manufacturing bet365 new user promo system emphasizes the bet365 new user promo system created to improve the manufacturing bet365 new user promo capability。

From the actual situation of my country’s manufacturing industry development，Scientific judgment based on weak areas of common technology research and development in the manufacturing industry，Need to build a number of national manufacturing bet365 new user promo centers and basic research institutions。National manufacturing bet365 new user promo centers and basic research institutions focus on solving problems in common technologies and basic research related to manufacturing，Provide basic research support for innovative enterprises to implement innovative competitive strategies。

Because bet365 new user promo is highly uncertain，Establishing a social risk sharing mechanism is an important guarantee for innovative enterprises to implement innovative competitive strategies。On the one hand，The government can encourage commercial financial institutions to provide funds for innovative enterprises through reinsurance；On the other hand，Policy financial institutions can be created to make long-term investments in innovative enterprises。Also，For certain key areas involving the national economy and people’s livelihood，The government can support original bet365 new user promo by investing in state-owned enterprises。

Actively promote the formation and development of new systems and mechanisms for collaborative bet365 new user promo between industry, academia, and research。On the one hand，Through the construction of new engineering disciplines in colleges and universities，Accelerate the training of scientific and technological talents urgently needed by innovative enterprises；On the other hand，Accelerate the construction of a legal system that promotes the transfer of new knowledge and technology in universities and scientific research institutions。At the same time，Encourage science and technology workers to start their own businesses，Form a human capitalization mechanism that is conducive to bet365 new user promo and entrepreneurship，Create a good atmosphere for bet365 new user promo and entrepreneurship。

It has been more than ten years since my country’s innovative national strategy was proposed in 2006，We have accumulated a lot of useful experience in terms of institutional mechanisms。Especially Beijing、Shanghai and Shenzhen are cutting-edge cities that implement bet365 new user promo-driven development，A series of achievements have been made in building a manufacturing bet365 new user promo system。How to routinize and normalize these experiences，Transformed into formal institutional arrangements that support the continuous improvement of manufacturing bet365 new user promo capabilities，It’s the government、The direction of joint efforts between industry and academia。

　(The author is director and professor of the Institute of Economics at Nankai University)