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Since the reform and opening up，The development of manufacturing is an important force for China's economic growth，Accelerating the industrialization process so that my country grew into a "world factory" in 2001，Become the second largest economy in the world in 2013。Although the value -added of the manufacturing industry is relatively high in China's economic aggregate，But the introduction of foreign standardized production technology and mature products for a long time，Under the condition of lack of original innovative ability support，also caused the "big but not strong" situation of my country's manufacturing industry。Insufficient innovation ability and technical supply，It is the key factor that currently restricts the transformation and upgrading of my country's manufacturing industry。

my country's manufacturing transformation and upgrading began in 2005，In 2006, the State officially proposed to build an innovative national strategy，In 2012, it further proposed the implementation of the innovation -driven development strategy。So far，The self -sufficiency rate of key components and materials in my country's manufacturing industry is only 30%，Integrated circuit of US $ 320 billion in my country in 2018，far higher than the US $ 240 billion in imports of crude oil。Including core technology parts and components、Advanced basic process、Key basic materials、The weakness of the industrial "four bases" including the industrial technology foundation，is the fundamental problem of the "big but not strong" manufacturing industry in my country。How to improve the original innovation ability of the manufacturing industry，Continue to improve the international competitive advantage made in China，Become a key problem that is urgent to solve。

　　Breaking through the innovative "Darwin Sea"

Different production with scale，The creation of new knowledge and its bet365 Play online games commercialization are high uncertainty。The success of technological innovation not only involves competition between technology，and involve market、Organization and institutional change。Because this process is very similar to the mutual adaptation and competition relationship between the new species and the environment of the theory of Darwin's theory of biological evolution，So，Academic circles like to compare the integration of scientific and technological innovation and its economy to "Darwin Sea"。Where，Soft power including institutional mechanism，It is an important guarantee for technological innovation and development。

The innovative "Darwin Sea" is first manifested in the basic research stage。At this stage，Technical innovation exists in a variety of technical path selection。The uncertainty brought by the variety of technical paths，often leads to many technology and technology in the basic research stage that may face the destiny of being eliminated。Next，In the product development stage，The fierce competition of different technical paths makes new technologies and new products also face the possibility of being eliminated。again，A new technology enters the industrialization stage，The uncertainty of the market has become a key factor affecting the winning of the product。In some cases，New technologies with higher efficiency may face the risk of failure due to the existence of market monopoly。Last，For the entrepreneurial activities of science and technology workers，"Darwin Sea" phenomenon also exists。Except the technology itself，The industrialization of technology also requires scientists to have market opportunities to identify、A variety of business knowledge and experience including team construction and resource integration。

Under height uncertainty conditions，Enterprises will face high cost constraints in the process of implementing an innovative competition strategy。How to design a complete set of effective institutional mechanisms，Inspired enterprises to actively implement innovative competition strategies，Bet365 app download Breaking through the innovative "Darwin Sea"，Continuous improvement of original innovation capabilities is the key to implementing an innovation -driven development strategy。With the implementation of innovative countries and innovation -driven development strategies，my country will gradually form and improve the institutional mechanism and legal system that promotes technological innovation with Chinese characteristics。From scientific and technological innovation，Especially the practical forefront of scientific and technological innovation in the manufacturing field，The core is to clarify who is the key subject of innovation，Innovation of institutional and mechanisms around the institutional needs of key innovation subjects。

　　Pay attention to the development needs of innovative enterprises

The creation of new knowledge and its commercialization not only involve mutual collaboration of basic research and application development，and involve including enterprises、University、Diversified innovation subjects including scientific research institutes and government。Therefore，Enterprise as the main body、Market -oriented、The technical innovation system with close combination of industry -university and research，It is the focus of the construction and improvement of institutional mechanism。Where，Clearly grasp what is "the company as the main body" and "What kind of enterprise as the main body"，It is the key to thinking about improving the original innovation capabilities of the manufacturing industry through the innovation。

Practical experience from the transformation and upgrading of manufacturing in recent years，Innovative enterprises are the real subject of improving the ability of original innovation。Innovative enterprises include not only large companies such as Huawei，and including technology -based SMEs and new enterprises。The market competition method of innovative enterprises is innovative competition，Through continuous technological innovation, the competitive advantage of competitors。Technical innovation is the main competitive weapon of innovative enterprises。Bet365 lotto review Therefore，Cultivating and developing innovative enterprises is a focus point for improving the original innovation capabilities of my country's manufacturing industry。When the company’s market competition is dominated by technological innovation，Enterprises have a stronger social "embedded"。Because innovation is highly uncertain，Need to learn and long -term knowledge accumulation process。From this perspective，Innovation even if it happened to the enterprise is not exactly the business，Collaborative force involved in multiple innovation subjects。High social "embedded"，Urgently requires economic and social institutional mechanism innovation。

First，The financial environment that needs to be compatible with it。Innovative enterprises in the process of implementing an innovative competitive strategy，Not only facing technical uncertainty，Facing market uncertainty。When a high uncertainty occurs，It is difficult to win the victory of competition just by relying on the company's own capital and short -term banking financing。So，An important part of as a soft power，Innovative enterprises first need a financial environment that is compatible with it。

2，Need to be adapted to the coordinated innovation mechanism of industry, university, research。An innovative enterprise may involve the field of basic research on major common technical problems proposed on industrial development，That is the Bask quadrant。When basic research problems occur during the application of technology，Innovative issues exceeded the resource allocation boundary of innovative enterprises，The country's investment and policy support in the field of basic research。At the same time，High -level scientific and technological talents are the basis for innovative enterprises to implement innovative competition strategies。High -tech talents are not ordinary labor，Long -term cultivation of colleges and universities。Therefore，Universities and scientific research institutes supported by the government and their collaborative innovation with enterprises，It is an important guarantee Bet365 lotto review for improving the ability of original innovation。

third，The cultivation and development of innovative clusters need to be cultivated。Innovative enterprises in the process of implementing an innovative competitive strategy，Often needs to build an efficient collaborative innovation network。Where，Upstream companies and competitors are an important part of the innovation network。Mutual competition and collaboration between the subjects of the innovation network，jointly promote the creation of new knowledge and its commercialization。Therefore，Cultivate and support high -tech manufacturing clusters，It is an important measure to enhance the original innovation capabilities and competitiveness of the manufacturing industry。

Fourth，Need to build a suitable innovation and entrepreneurial environment。The emergence of innovative enterprises，The improvement of the original innovation capabilities of the manufacturing industry and the transformation and upgrading of the industry requires a new innovation and entrepreneurial environment。Innovation and entrepreneurial environment includes not only policy measures to motivate innovation and entrepreneurship，also includes a social atmosphere that encourages innovation and entrepreneurship。

　　Construction of a manufacturing innovation system with Chinese characteristics

Start from the social "embedded" of innovative enterprises，Construction of a country and regional manufacturing innovation system with Chinese characteristics is an important part of improving the original innovation capabilities of the manufacturing industry。Different from a more macro innovation system，The innovation system of the manufacturing innovation system emphasizes the innovation system created for the improvement of manufacturing innovation capabilities。

From the actual situation of the development of my country's manufacturing industry，Scientific judgment in weak fields based on the development of common technology in the manufacturing industry，It is necessary to build a number of national manufacturing innovation centers and basic research institutions。National Manufacturing Innovation Center and basic research institutions focus on solving problems in common technologies and basic research related to manufacturing，Provide basic research support for the implementation of innovative competition bet365 best casino games strategies for innovative enterprises。

Because innovation is high uncertainty，The social sharing mechanism to establish a risk is an important guarantee for innovative enterprises to implement an innovative competitive strategy。On the one hand，The government can encourage commercial financial institutions to provide funds for innovative enterprises through reinsurance; on the other hand,，It can create policy financial institutions for long -term investment in innovative enterprises。Another，For some key areas involved in national economy and people's livelihood，The government can invest in state -owned enterprises to support original innovation。

Actively promote the formation and development of the new institutional mechanism of cooperative innovation and innovation of industry -university, research, research。On the one hand，Construction through the new engineering of colleges and universities，Accelerate the training of scientific and technological talents urgently needed by innovative enterprises; on the other hand，Accelerate the construction of legal system construction of new knowledge and technical transfer transfer to universities and scientific research institutions。At the same time，Encourage science and technology workers to start a business，Forms a mechanism for human capitalization that is conducive to innovation and entrepreneurship，Create a good atmosphere of innovation and entrepreneurs。

Since the proposal of my country's innovative national strategy in 2006, it has passed for more than ten years，We have accumulated a lot of beneficial experience in terms of institutional mechanism。Especially Beijing、Shanghai and Shenzhen's cutting -edge cities that implement innovation -driven development，It has achieved a series of achievements in building a manufacturing innovation system。How to customize these experiences and routine，Converted into a formal institutional arrangement that supports the continuous improvement of manufacturing innovation capabilities，Is the government、The direction of joint efforts in the industry and academia。

　(The author is the director and professor of the Institute of Economics of Nankai University)