Social bet365 sign up bonus code is designed to help members of society cope with retirement、Medical、Unemployed、Income risks caused by work-related injuries and childbirth，is an institutional arrangement commonly adopted by various countries，The social benefits and costs brought about by this are issues of long-term concern at the policy level and academia。These questions involve some classic theories in economics，Among the important issues in economics research。Economics’ analysis of social bet365 sign up bonus code-related issues is scattered in macroeconomics、Microeconomics、Public Economics、In labor economics and other economic discipline branches，Reflected in the application of basic theories and general methods on social bet365 sign up bonus code issues。But the design of the social bet365 sign up bonus code system is complicated，There are great differences between countries，Systematic focus on the social bet365 sign up bonus code system，Use an economic perspective to refine the problems and solve them，is a supplement to the existing knowledge system。

　　Theoretical basis of social bet365 sign up bonus code economics

　　Social bet365 sign up bonus code involves economic theory in many fields，The research object and macroeconomics、Labor Economics、Microeconomics and public economics both have overlapping and integrated parts，The specific content includes the following aspects。

First, pension bet365 sign up bonus code and life cycle theory in macroeconomics、Optimal Savings Theory、Intertemporal consumption decision、Economic growth theory and other related matters。Accordingly，Pension bet365 sign up bonus code system for savings、Investment、Interest rate、The impact of wages and even human capital investment has also been incorporated into the analytical framework of macroeconomics。Second, the theory of labor supply and demand in labor economics is the framework for analyzing the impact of social bet365 sign up bonus code on labor participation，Including pension bet365 sign up bonus code、The impact of unemployment bet365 sign up bonus code and maternity bet365 sign up bonus code on labor supply, etc.。Third, medical bet365 sign up bonus code is closely related to the information asymmetry theory in microeconomics，Adverse selection and moral hazard problems in the medical bet365 sign up bonus code market are classic problems in microeconomic theory，Research on medical bet365 sign up bonus code issues also enriches microeconomic theory。Fourth, public economics emphasizes the trade-off between efficiency and fairness，Is an important theoretical basis for the design and analysis of social bet365 sign up bonus code policies。The reasons why the government participates in social bet365 sign up bonus code、The redistributive function of social bet365 sign up bonus code、Contents such as the fairness of health and medical bet365 sign up bonus code are based on public economics theory。A literature review in the field of public economics from the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) shows that，Social bet365 sign up bonus code has become an important part of public expenditure analysis。

　　Interdisciplinary Characteristics of Social bet365 sign up bonus code Economics

　　Social bet365 sign up bonus code has interdisciplinary characteristics，Except for the intersection with economics，Public Management、Political Science、Sociology、Demography、bet365 sign up bonus code、Many other disciplines such as public health also examine social bet365 sign up bonus code issues from their own perspectives。In comparison，The difference in social bet365 sign up bonus code economics perspectives is mainly reflected in the general equilibrium analysis framework、The trade-off between efficiency and fairness and attention to individual heterogeneity and other aspects。

First，Focus on the broad impact of social bet365 sign up bonus code programs on individual behavior。As far as the social bet365 sign up bonus code project itself is concerned，Need to see the impact of policies on individual or corporate behavior。For example，In the context of population aging，The sustainability of social bet365 sign up bonus code programs and financial burdens faces great challenges，Raising contribution rates is an option。But it is actually uncertain whether increasing the contribution rate can increase fund income。For enterprises，The most appropriate payment rate is obviously not zero。Some studies also show that，Providing social security can attract excellent employees，Improving corporate innovation capabilities and labor productivity，But when the policy payment rate is higher，Companies will use various methods to avoid payment。Therefore，Need to comprehensively analyze the extensive impact of social bet365 sign up bonus code on individual behavior。While other disciplines analyze the social bet365 sign up bonus code system，Prefer to start from value judgment，Propose ideas on how to improve it，Usually we talk about systems based on systems。

Second，Emphasis on the trade-off between welfare gains and welfare losses brought by social bet365 sign up bonus code。Social bet365 sign up bonus code helps improve people’s welfare，But it also comes at a cost。The benefits that social bet365 sign up bonus code brings to individuals include，Guaranteed old age、Unemployed、Basic life when suffering major medical expenses；Protecting employees from the physical harm of working long hours；Protecting women’s work and needs during their reproductive period, etc.。The distortions caused by social bet365 sign up bonus code include: lower savings、Early retirement、Unemployment duration extended、Excessive medical consumption, etc.。In addition to paying attention to the welfare benefits of social security，With the improvement of protection level，Diminishing marginal returns of guarantee，The welfare losses caused are also worthy of attention。Therefore，The specific parameter design of social bet365 sign up bonus code projects must weigh the impact of welfare gains and losses。

　Third，Considering individual heterogeneity and participation incentives。Individuals with different heterogeneous preferences，Usually have different risk aversion tendencies，Individual heterogeneity should be taken into account in the design of social bet365 sign up bonus code。An example derived from this is，The redistribution functions of social bet365 sign up bonus code and other social security projects need to be distinguished。The main function of social bet365 sign up bonus code is to deal with specific risks，Like old age、Unemployed、Disease, etc.，Pay benefits according to agreed conditions，Instead of determining whether to provide compensation based on income level，The goal is not to improve the overall income distribution of society。If you want to narrow the income gap，Reduce the Gini coefficient，Other redistribution projects are needed，Such as minimum living security、Food subsidy、Free public education, etc.。From the perspective of participation incentives，Social bet365 sign up bonus code projects need to pay more attention to the function of intergenerational redistribution。

　　Main analysis methods of social bet365 sign up bonus code economics

Compared with other subjects，Economics pays more attention to quantitative analysis in analytical methods、Identification of causal relationships、Exploration of individual behavior。The main analysis methods are as follows。

First，Welfare Analysis Method。Obtain the impact of social bet365 sign up bonus code policies on individual behavior through maximizing individual utility，Discussing the optimal level of social bet365 sign up bonus code through maximization of social welfare is an important analysis method in social bet365 sign up bonus code economics。For example, when examining the impact of pension bet365 sign up bonus code on savings，Can be based on life cycle theory，People make choices about saving by maximizing their lifetime expected utility。The main purpose of saving is to accumulate assets，For consumption after retirement。Assume people survive for a certain period of time，No uncertainty，By maximizing lifetime expected utility，Determine the consumption level in each period，Thus, the savings level in each period can be obtained。At the same time, individuals face budget constraints，That is, the consumption plus savings in each period must be equal to the income in each period。Therefore，An individual’s level of retirement savings depends on income level and time preference。All other things being equal，Individuals with higher income levels，The higher the level of retirement savings，But the savings rate (savings/income) does not change with income。The greater the time discount rate，The lower the savings level。

Second，Large sample microeconometric method。Although theoretical derivation can conclude that social bet365 sign up bonus code will have a series of impacts on individual behavior，And we do observe social bet365 sign up bonus code and wages、Medical bet365 sign up bonus code and Medical Expenditure、The relationship between social bet365 sign up bonus code and labor participation。But there may be many other factors affecting individual behavior，And the existence of these other factors，May lead to inconsistency between our observed correlation and theoretical prediction。

For example，Theoretically we can get that the introduction of pension bet365 sign up bonus code will lead to a decrease in the supply of elderly labor，But there are many factors that affect labor supply，If we only compare the difference between whether there is pension bet365 sign up bonus code and labor supply，The result obtained is probably that the labor supply of people with pension bet365 sign up bonus code is higher。One of the important reasons is that people who participate in pension bet365 sign up bonus code and people who do not participate in pension bet365 sign up bonus code are not the same type of people。In order to solve this problem，The field of economics increasingly uses data and empirical research methods to evaluate the effectiveness of social bet365 sign up bonus code projects，Research based on large samples is based on large sample size，Higher representation；Second, the sample contains rich information，Fully reflect individual differences。This not only helps to observe individual differences in multiple dimensions，It also helps to identify the causal relationship between social bet365 sign up bonus code and individual behavior。The development of econometrics provides some tools and strategies for causal identification，It is a method that social bet365 sign up bonus code pays more and more attention to。

　Third，Policy Experiments and Behavioral Economics Methods。Use the exogenous shocks brought about by social bet365 sign up bonus code-related reforms to identify the impact on individual behavior，And test economic theory，This method is becoming more and more popular。First, the method is designed to facilitate the identification of causal relationships，Second, countries around the world continue to launch relevant reform experiments, which provide conditions for the implementation of this method，Third, the availability of large sample data is improved，Provides the possibility of statistical testing to distinguish the experimental group from the control group and the difference between the two。Behavioral economics incorporates the perspectives of psychology and neuroscience，To people’s saving behavior、Risky sexual behavior、Propose new explanations for social bet365 sign up bonus code participation behavior。This is a relatively cutting-edge method in studying social bet365 sign up bonus code issues。

Social bet365 sign up bonus code economics emphasizes the methods and perspectives of economics，But it does not exclude research methods from other disciplines。The economic model contains many assumptions，But the complex real world sometimes does not conform to these assumptions，It is also difficult to completely describe it with a model。There are strong complementarities between economics and other disciplines，Research conclusions from other disciplines can supplement the analysis of social bet365 sign up bonus code economics，Also a challenge to the economic approach to social bet365 sign up bonus code，Promote its continuous development。

　　(The author is a professor at the School of Economics, Fudan University)