Social insurance aims to help social members to cope with pension、Medical、unemployment、Income risks brought by work injury and fertility，It is an institutional arrangement commonly used in various countries，The social income and social costs brought by it are issues that have long -term care of the policy and academic circles。These problems involve some classic theories in economics，Emphasis on Economics Research。Analysis of social insurance -related issues is scattered in macroeconomics、Microeconomics、Public Economics、Disciplines such as labor economics，The use of the basic theory and the use of general methods on social insurance issues。But the design of the social insurance system is complicated，Various countries are large，Systematic around the social insurance system，Refined the problems using the perspective of economics and solve the problem，It is a supplement to the existing knowledge system。

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　　Social insurance involves economics theories in multiple fields，Its research objects and macroeconomics、Labor Economics、Microeconomics and public economics all have mutually cross -integrated parts，The specific content includes the following aspects。

First, the theory of life cycle in endowment insurance and macroeconomics、optimal savings theory、Conduct consumer decision、The theory of economic growth theory, etc.。Correspondingly，Pension insurance system for savings、Investment、Interest rate、The impact of wages and even human capital investment has also been included in the analysis framework of macroeconomics。Second, the theory of labor supply and demand in labor economics bet365 live casino games is a framework for analyzing social insurance on labor participation，Including endowment insurance、The impact of unemployment insurance and maternity insurance on labor supply。Third, closely related to the theory of information asymmetry in microeconomics in medical insurance，Reverse selection and moral risk issues in the medical insurance market are classic problems in microeconomic theory，The study of medical insurance issues also enrich the micro -economic theory。Fourth, public economics emphasizes the balance of efficiency and fairness，It is an important theoretical basis for the design and analysis of social insurance policy。Reasons for the government to participate in social insurance、The re -distribution function of social insurance、Fairness of health and medical insurance is based on public economics theory。Literature of the National Economic Research Agency (NBER) The Literature Realization of the Public Economics Literature Disputes，Social insurance has become an important part of public expenditure analysis。

　　Cross -disciplinary characteristics of social insurance economics

　　Social insurance has a cross -disciplinary special sign，In addition to crossing with economics，Public Management、Political Science、Sociology、Population、Insurance learning、Public health science and many other disciplines and other disciplines also examine social insurance issues from their respective perspectives。Comparison of comparison，The differences in the perspective of social insurance economics are mainly reflected in the general balanced analysis framework、Weighing of efficiency and fairness and focusing on individual heterogeneity。

First，Pay attention to the extensive impact of social insurance projects on individual behavior。As far as the social insurance project itself is concerned，Need to see the impact of policy on individual bet365 live casino games or corporate behavior。For example，In the context of population aging，Sustainable sustainability of social insurance projects and fiscal burdens faces great challenges，Increasing payment rate is a choice。But whether the increase in the payment rate can increase the fund income is actually uncertain。For enterprises，The most suitable payment rate is obviously not zero。Some studies also indicate，Provide social security to attract excellent employees，Improve corporate innovation ability and labor productivity，But when the policy payment rate is high，Enterprises will take various ways to avoid payment。So，It is necessary to comprehensively analyze the extensive impact of social insurance on individual behavior。and other disciplines when analyzing the social insurance system，I prefer to start from value judgment，How to make a perfect idea，Usually the system talks about the system。

Second，Emphasizing the balance of welfare income and welfare loss caused by social insurance。Social insurance helps improve people's benefits，But it also provides costly。The benefits brought by social insurance to individuals include，Guaranteed age、unemployment、Basic life when suffering from major medical expenditures; protecting employees from working for long -term work damage to the body; protecting the work and needs of women's fertility。The distortion brought by social insurance includes: reduce savings、Retirement in advance、Unemployment continuous extension、Excessive medical consumption, etc.。In addition to paying attention to the welfare income of social security，With the improvement of the guarantee level，A decreasing marginal income for protection，The welfare loss brought by the welfare is also worthy of attention。So，The specific parameter design of the social insurance project must weigh the effects of welfare income and loss。

bet365 best casino games third，Considering the heterogeneity and participation incentives of the individual。Individuals with different heterogeneous preferences，Usually there are different risk avoidance tendencies，Social insurance design should consider the heterogeneity of the individual。An example extended is，The functions of social insurance and other social security projects need to be distinguished by the function of re -distribution。The main function of social insurance is to deal with specific risks，Such as an old age、unemployment、disease, etc.，Pay treatment according to the agreed conditions，instead of determining whether to give treatment compensation based on the income level，Its goal is not to improve the overall social income distribution status。If you want to reduce the income gap，Reduce the genus coefficient，Then you need other re -assignment items，If the minimum living security、Food subsidy、Free public education, etc.。From the perspective of participating incentives，Social insurance projects need to pay more attention to the function of intergenerational re -distribution。

　　The main analysis method of social insurance economics

Compared with other disciplines，Economics pays more attention to quantitative analysis in analysis methods、Identification of causality、Inquiry of individual behavior。The main analysis methods are the following。

First，Welfare analysis method。The impact of social insurance policies on individual behavior is obtained through individual utility，Discussing the optimal social insurance level through social welfare to maximize the level of social insurance is an important analysis method in social insurance economics。For example, when the influence of pension insurance on savings，You can follow the theory of life cycle，People get the choice of savings through the desired utility of maximizing their lives。The main purpose of savings Bet365 app download is to accumulate assets，Consumption after retirement。Suppose people survive several periods，No uncertainty，Through the desired utility of the lifetime，Determine the consumption level of each period，so as to get the savings level of each period。At the same time, individuals face budget constraints，That is, consumption plus savings of each period must be equal to the income of each period。From this，The level of retirement savings of individuals depends on the level of income and time preferences。At the same time in other situations，The higher the income level, the higher the income level，The higher the level of pension savings，But the savings rate (savings/income) does not change with income。The greater the discount rate of time, the more，The lower the savings level。

Second，Micro measuring method of large samples。Although theoretical derivation can conclude that social insurance will have a series of effects on individual behavior，And we did observe social insurance and wages、Medical insurance and medical expenditures、The relationship between social insurance and labor participation。But there may be many other factors that also affect individual behavior，The existence of these other factors，It may cause the correlation that we observe and the inconsistency of the theoretical expected。

For example，Theoretically, we can get the introduction of endowment insurance to lead to a decline in labor supply for the elderly，But there are many factors that affect the supply of labor，If we only compare whether there is differences between endowment insurance and labor supply，The result obtained is likely to be the labor supply of people with endowment insurance but higher。One of the important reasons is that the person who participated in the endowment insurance and the person who did not participate in the endowment insurance Bet365 lotto review was not the same type。To solve this problem，In the field of economics, more and more use data and empirical research methods evaluate the effect of social insurance projects，Studies based on large samples are large samples，Representative is higher; second, the information contained in the sample is rich，Fully reflect individual differences。This not only helps to observe the difference in individuals in multiple dimensions，also helps to identify the cause and effect between social insurance and individual behavior。The development of alias economics provides some tools and strategies for causal recognition，It is a way to pay more and more attention to social insurance。

third，Policy experiments and behavioral economics methods。Use the exogenal impact of social insurance -related reforms to identify the influence of individual behavior，and test economic theory，This method is becoming more and more popular。First, the design ideas of this method are easy to identify the cause and effect，Second, the continuous launch of relevant reform experiments in the world today provides conditions for the implementation of this method，Third is the gain of large sample data，It provides a possibility for the statistical inspection of the differences of the experimental group and the control group and the differences between the two。and behavioral economics incorporates the perspective of psychology and nervous system，For people’s savings behavior、Risk behavior、Social insurance participation behavior and other new explanations。This is a relatively cutting -edge method in the study of social insurance problems。

Social Insurance Economics emphasizes the methods and perspectives of economics，But it does not exclude the research method of other disciplines。Economics model contains many assumptions，But the complex real world sometimes does not meet these assumptions，It is also difficult to fully Bet365 app download portray the model。It has a strong complementarity between economics and other disciplines，The research conclusions of other disciplines can supplement the analysis of social insurance economics，You can also challenge social insurance economics methods，Promote its continuous development。

　　(The author is a professor at the School of Economics of Fudan University)