Since reform and opening up，Mainly engaged in "OEM manufacturing、China in processing and manufacturing sectors such as “OEM”，Forced to be at the bottom of the global industrial chain。As the demographic dividend gradually weakens and factor costs continue to rise，To realize the jump to the middle and high end of the value chain，China should vigorously promote the transformation and upgrading of manufacturing bet365 kentucky bonus code，Thus getting rid of the "low-end lock-in" of the global value chain。Meanwhile，The current outbreak of the COVID-19 epidemic has greatly hindered the free flow of goods and factors，Global supply chain has shrunk。To cope with the multiple challenges brought about by environmental changes at home and abroad，China needs to seek “opportunities” amid “crisis” at the right time，Based on the huge domestic market，Exploring the internal driving forces of global value chain upgrading。The release of localized industrial agglomeration advantages can be an important breakthrough。

　　bet365 kentucky bonus code helps the country’s value chain climb

The uneven spatial distribution of economic activities has always received widespread attention。Produced as a set、Transaction、Industrial agglomeration integrating coordination and other functions，By connecting bet365 kentucky bonus code in the cluster、bet365 kentucky bonus code and workers、Interactive network between bet365 kentucky bonus code and consumers，Promote the flow and sharing of various production factors，Accelerated products、Creation and application of knowledge，Then generating significant external economies，Promote the global value chain upgrade of bet365 kentucky bonus code in the cluster。First, the interaction between bet365 kentucky bonus code。The large-scale agglomeration of bet365 kentucky bonus code has formed a broad consumer market for intermediate goods，Provides a solid market foundation for intermediate product suppliers to achieve economies of scale。The development of such manufacturers，Diversify the types of intermediates，Reduced the price of domestic intermediate goods，Realized the sharing mechanism of “things”。And geographical proximity，Conducive to interactive communication between bet365 kentucky bonus code，Promote the dissemination and application of knowledge, especially cognitive knowledge。The accumulation of human capital and the “innovation-imitation” model brought about by this close communication interaction，Promotes technology equipment transactions and R&D collaboration between bet365 kentucky bonus code，Implemented the "knowledge" sharing mechanism。Collaborative correlation between spatial agglomeration bet365 kentucky bonus code，It also increases the company’s default costs，Relieves information asymmetry and transaction risks between bet365 kentucky bonus code，Improved the business credit of the company，Conducive to passing collective guarantee、Mutual insurance between individuals to raise funds，At the same time, improve the scale and efficiency of financial institutions in providing financing services to the cluster as a whole，Realized the "financing" sharing mechanism。The second is the interaction between bet365 kentucky bonus code and workers。On the one hand，The spatial agglomeration of bet365 kentucky bonus code promotes the creation and growth of the labor "reservoir"，Ensuring sufficient labor supply，Improved the flexibility of bet365 kentucky bonus code to adjust output plans according to internal and external situations。On the other hand，The large gathering of workers accelerates the flow of supply and demand information，Reduced the asymmetry of supply and demand information，To better achieve industry matching between enterprise demand and labor supply、Job type matching and position matching。The third is the interaction between bet365 kentucky bonus code and consumers。bet365 kentucky bonus code in the cluster can attract a large number of workers to become consumers，Meet consumers’ diverse preferences through the development of new products，Form an effective local market scale，Helping bet365 kentucky bonus code release economies of scale and scope。At the same time，These companies can also quickly feedback domestic and foreign user experiences to upstream companies in the cluster，Establish a market information feedback mechanism from "single enterprise" to "cluster as a whole"，Realizing information sharing on the consumer side，Reducing the "bullwhip effect" caused by upstream companies due to supply chain levels，Accelerate product updates。

The above three interactive relationships，From the perspective of the intensive margin of a given trade pattern，The external effects released by industrial agglomeration can effectively improve the level of enterprise innovation and product quality，And further increase the enterprise cost markup、Reduce the relative price of domestic intermediate goods，Improve the ability of bet365 kentucky bonus code to obtain added value。From the extended margin perspective of changing trade patterns，Industrial agglomeration can promote bet365 kentucky bonus code to shift from low value-added processing trade to high value-added general trade，Extend the duration for the enterprise to engage in general trade。Visible，Industrial agglomeration realizes the upgrading of trade structure by transforming trade methods，In turn, it will drive the export domestic value-added rate of the entire cluster and the entire industry，Promote the domestic manufacturing industry to move up the global value chain。

　　Localization path to expand bet365 kentucky bonus code

Chinese bet365 kentucky bonus code have long been responsible for low value-added processing、Assembly、Manufacturing link，Relies heavily on the global supply chain dominated by developed countries to provide intermediate goods。On the one hand，Relatively expensive、R&D investment with long payback period，Obtaining high-tech foreign intermediate products at low cost is more in line with the short-term interests of bet365 kentucky bonus code，Thus weakening the enthusiasm of bet365 kentucky bonus code to carry out substantive innovation。Insufficient investment in scientific research and lack of “high-end and sophisticated” talents，Making it difficult for bet365 kentucky bonus code to reach the "threshold" for acquiring technology spillovers from intermediate goods，Spillover technology cannot be absorbed, digested and re-innovated。On the other hand，Developed countries maintain their leadership position in global value chains，Technological blockade and product price reduction are often imposed on bet365 kentucky bonus code in developing countries，Controlled international supply of intermediate goods、Marketing Channels、The consumer evaluation system blocks OEM companies that hope to transform。The “low-end lock-in” of the value chain faced by my country’s manufacturing companies，Need to fundamentally change the “external demand-driven” growth model，Relying on the vast domestic market to explore localization paths for upgrading the global value chain。Existing research shows，External effects brought about by industrial agglomeration in the local market，Can improve the company's ability to obtain added value，Optimizing enterprise trade methods，Improve the competitive advantage of the cluster as a whole in participating in the global value chain。Therefore，Chinese companies realize their climb up the global value chain，We can focus on the localization path of industrial agglomeration，Through cluster layout、Scale development，Improve your own innovation capabilities，Breaking through the value chain capture problem。

First，Strengthening the construction of urban agglomerations，Promote and optimize industrial clusters through urban clusters。The agglomeration of production factors brought about by urban agglomerations、Population agglomeration and innovation-driven effects，Can effectively promote high-quality industrial agglomeration、fusion。First, promote the integrated construction of urban agglomerations。Focus on “top-level design”，It is necessary to coordinate the coordinated pattern of land and space in urban agglomerations of different sizes，We must also optimize the tiered development pattern of industries within urban agglomerations，Make full use of the location advantages of cities at all levels based on "point-axis-network"、Upgrading the industrial supply chain system。The second is to use urban agglomerations to expand domestic demand、The leading role in promoting consumption，Provide a broad market for further expansion of industrial clusters。Vigorously develop service consumption and new consumption，Utilizing big data、New technologies such as artificial intelligence，Cultivate customization、New business formats such as intelligence、New mode。The third is to focus on the development of innovative urban agglomerations，Promote high-quality construction of industrial clusters through scientific research and innovation。Actively build an innovative collaborative service platform，Improve innovation supply capabilities；Strengthen market-oriented achievement transformation incentive policy，Improving the conversion rate of scientific and technological achievements。The fourth is to strengthen the linkage between urban agglomerations，Promote the overall development of urban agglomerations、Development into a film、“Breaking Circle” Development。Utilizing big data、New technologies such as the Internet speed up the flow of information，Unblocking Industry Cluster、The information "artery" for collaborative linkage between urban agglomerations，Improve bet365 kentucky bonus code’ ability to capture domestic and international market information。Promote the construction of modern transportation and logistics system，Smooth commodity transportation network，Consolidate the “hardware” foundation for a unified domestic market，Organically link the high-quality construction of urban agglomerations with the construction of a new development pattern。

Second，Promote the free flow of production factors，Promote the optimization of bet365 kentucky bonus code spatial structure through reasonable and efficient agglomeration of factors。Production factors flow spontaneously according to the supply and demand structure and price system of different regions，Be able to give full play to the comparative advantages of the location、Optimize bet365 kentucky bonus code spatial structure。In terms of the labor market，A unified and standardized human resources market system should be improved，Through education、On-the-job training、“Learning by doing” and other mechanisms to achieve human capital accumulation，While giving full play to the regulatory role of the market，Building a "two-wheel" drive system of supervision and service，Promote the reasonable flow of all types of talents to form a talent gathering highland，Ensure effective matching between human capital and economic development。In capital markets，In addition to giving full play to the self-regulating role of the capital market，We should also effectively carry out policy guidance and regulation。On the one hand，Accelerate the innovation of various financial products that serve the real economy；On the other hand，For investors and financiers of different sizes，Create multiple levels、A capital service market with distinctive characteristics，Prevent the disorderly expansion of capital，Make it effectively support the development of the real economy。

　Third，Relying on industrial clusters for scientific research and innovation，Fully unleash the knowledge spillover brought about by industrial agglomeration。Various innovation bases focusing on R&D of common industrial basic technologies，Is the main source for bet365 kentucky bonus code to obtain public technical support。Establishing an innovation platform relying on industrial clusters，Be able to fully unleash the knowledge spillover effects brought about by industrial agglomeration，Better provide technical services to bet365 kentucky bonus code in the cluster、Innovation guidance，Promote high-quality development of industrial clusters。First, overall management with basic technology research and development as the core，Optimize the resource allocation of the innovation platform，Ensuring the stability of technology research and development、Accurate、Long lasting。The second is to strengthen the connection between innovation bases and independent innovation leading bet365 kentucky bonus code in industrial clusters，Work together to overcome core technology bottlenecks，Build an orderly connection and efficient integration of key industry supply chains within industrial clusters，Improve the cluster’s overall ability to obtain added value in the global value chain。The third is to strengthen R&D interaction and personnel exchanges between scientific research institutions and bet365 kentucky bonus code，Increase support for innovation and entrepreneurship，Location advantages through industrial clusters，Promote the deep integration of "industry, academia and research"，Fully mobilize the innovation vitality of bet365 kentucky bonus code，Helping local companies achieve value chain upgrades。

　(Author’s affiliation: School of Economics, Nankai University)