Establishment of towns、Development、Although growth has its own natural formation process，But classic towns are in a critical period of their founding and development，Introduced the concept of division of labor，This provides a steady stream of power for Bet365 lotto review development and the possibility of innovation in various urbanization models。From this perspective，One of the main clues to the formation of Western urbanization is，Different people and jobs will shape and change cities and towns to a considerable extent，People are the core of a town，Division of labor is the driving force for Bet365 lotto review development。

　　The division of labor between Bet365 lotto review and rural areas is the main line

According to Hobbes，The establishment of towns is closely related to a series of human economic and social activities，For example, domesticated animals and plants、Pottery making、Water Conservancy、Transformation of land、Hunting and herding, etc.，Geddes highly summarized these activities as forms of labor that led to the origin of towns。Town in Fortress、Village、Continuous reproduction based on hunting grounds and so on，formed the early prototype of the town。Its characteristics are，People are under extremely limited productivity levels，The division of labor is used to create areas or containers that can accommodate a considerable population for specific production and life in a specialized manner。This gathering laid the foundation for the later comprehensive Bet365 lotto review of the town。This is also summarized by Kotkin: "The evolution of cities shows the process of human beings from a primitive state of ignorance to reproduction and expansion to the whole world"。

While these early scholars viewed towns as a new、Controllable order，But what really integrates the laws of urbanization Bet365 lotto review into theory and raises it to the level of national governance，It is based on the ranking、A large number of classical economists represented by Smith and others。They have raised the concept and realm of urbanization to new heights from the perspective of division of labor，Thus providing guidance for truly exploring the path of urbanization research。

Petty pointed out: "Because in such a large city，Manufacturing industries will affect each other，Every manufacturing industry will be divided into as many parts as possible，Thus making the work of every craft worker simpler and easier... The benefits of specialization can be achieved by concentrating a manufacturing industry in a specific area，Because such concentration will lead to savings in transportation and transportation costs”。In other words，Peti is very concerned about the specialization of Bet365 lotto review industries，And regard it as the basic feature of urbanization division of labor-the improvement of Bet365 lotto review development efficiency，This depends on the reasonable allocation of division of labor in the industrial chain。In the Petty era，The industrial revolution has not yet arisen，“City” and “city” were still two concepts in Britain in the 17th century，The role of “city” is often reflected in facilitating the concentration and professional operation of the industrial chain，It is a common phenomenon that "city" rises from "city"。In addition，Pedi also proposed tax expropriation of land to support urbanization construction，Such as "divided land expropriation" and "whole-area expropriation" methods，This has implications for raising funds for Bet365 lotto review development。

Due to the times，Peti cannot observe more types of urbanization development patterns，And Smith studied the origin of towns、The depth and breadth of Bet365 lotto review division of labor and the mercantilist towns。In "The Wealth of Nations"，Smith analyzed Britain、France、Big cities in Italy and other countries、The development of commercial cities (towns) and small industrial towns，Special attention to mercantilism and analysis of commercial and trading towns。He observed，Differentiated Bet365 lotto review and rural industrial development model，The inherent mechanism is that the Bet365 lotto review industrial and commercial production model has a tendency to surpass the agricultural production model from the perspective of productivity，“City” and “city” gradually become an integrated and interactive economic system。

Actually，The division of labor gradually focused on one fundamental issue during the establishment and growth of urbanization，That is, the division of labor between Bet365 lotto review and rural areas，And triggered the late Lewis、Yang Xiaokai and a large number of development economists’ discussion on the Bet365 lotto review-rural dual economy。This can be summarized as，Bet365 lotto review and rural areas are “each other’s prospects”。The city urbanizes the countryside，The countryside also ruralizes the city，Bet365 lotto review and rural areas are separated and brought together at the same time，Split and set。Therefore，The early development of urbanization from the perspective of division of labor，Understood as an Bet365 lotto review and rural area and its related groups each keep their own business，Everything is a process of success。

After the 20th century，This line of research on division of labor is generally modeled by economists，Including applications of spatial equilibrium and spatial mismatch hypothesis, etc.。Also，Jacobs supplemented the deficiencies of spatial balance in the analysis of Bet365 lotto review economic history from the perspective of the city’s economic origins and innovation，Believe that Bet365 lotto review supply of innovative products and technologies is more important than supply factors；And Henderson formed a logical system of Bet365 lotto review spatial balance，And seek a general equilibrium system for Bet365 lotto review development；Krugman explained spatial equilibrium from the perspective of economic geography of technology and transportation costs，And pointed out the role of Bet365 lotto review agglomeration economy in reducing costs；Glazer thinks，New technologies and further reductions in transportation costs，It will reduce the proportion of specialized manufacturing cities，But it will regenerate cities that specialize in the production of creativity and ideas，Can future urbanization development create some "creative manufacturing" models、“Ideological Production” City，May be the key to breaking through the existing urbanization model。

　　From Bet365 lotto review and commercial town to digital creative town

After the industrial revolution is completed，Urbanization bids farewell to the slow process of simply relying on the division of labor model to promote Bet365 lotto review，Urbanization began to rely on the industrial expansion of modern industry and commerce，Continuously refresh the speed and model of urbanization Bet365 lotto review。Among them，Industrial and commercial towns based on the industrial urbanization model have become the leaders in this period。

The development of industrial capitalism in the 19th century spawned a large number of industrial coke cities from the perspective of rapid changes in productivity、Mechanical City、Transportation hub town, etc.，Every lot in town becomes a bargain item，Organized、Large-scale Bet365 lotto review factory production started the history of industrial urbanization development，The production function and commodity trading function of towns are continuously enlarged。This period，The power that creates new cities is mines、Factories and Railways，accompanied by the rapid increase in Bet365 lotto review population growth rate。Marx pointed out，“Capital except factory workers、Manual workshop workers and handicraft workers gather together on a large scale，…it also mobilizes another army of domestic workers scattered in big cities and rural areas through many invisible lines。”The industrial urbanization model promotes the development of Bet365 lotto review productivity，Also caused pollution、Slums、A series of Bet365 lotto review diseases such as deterioration of distribution relations。Marx pointed out，The root causes of capitalist Bet365 lotto review diseases，The root lies in the system of property ownership and labor-capital production relations adopted by capitalism in the 19th century，Bet365 lotto review diseases are endogenous to the capitalist mode of production and production relations。This is also described in full view in Engels's "The Condition of the Working Class in England"。

Research on industrial towns，Marshall emphasized the importance of “regionalization”，Inspection with a strong economic geography analysis nature，Especially the urbanization structure around the center，This became the pioneering research on Bet365 lotto review and rural planning and regional economics。The regional division of labor and traffic guidance between the town "center" and the peripheral "suburbs" have become the main routes，And led to a lot of discussion on the issue of Bet365 lotto review population migration。Actually，The surface of the town structure outside the center is productive，But it is essentially about production relations。And Harvey starts from the concept of "spatial division of labor"，Continues Marx and Marshall’s research on industrial towns。Harvey thinks，The spatial location must be conducive to production and capital circulation，For this，Capitalist towns need to “build a production environment” around fixed capital；Similarly，Since the consumption process is independent of the direct production process，In order to allow society’s consumption funds to consume better，Capitalist towns need to “build a consumption environment” around consumption funds。The purpose of spatial division of labor is to serve the division of labor in the capital circulation process，The essence is an analysis of the "spatial division of labor" in which industrial capital and commercial capital perform different functions in their respective fields。From this perspective，Harvey regards Bet365 lotto review economic geography, which is independent of the capitalist production process, as an essential division of labor in the capitalist accumulation process，This division of labor complements the circulation of capital。

Entering the 21st century，Bet365 lotto review development continues to be digitized、Intelligent empowerment，A number of digital creative towns have emerged。Future，It is not ruled out that some emerging towns in the sense of the "metaverse" may trigger revolutionary changes in towns。Therefore，The traditional industrial and commercial town model or division of labor cannot be fully used to analyze emerging towns，Some modern urbanization research pays too much attention to the methodology of ex post data measurement verification，To a considerable extent, it lacks original contributions to the innovation of urbanization development model。This explains，Research on urbanization urgently needs innovation，To keep up with the development of the times。

　(Author’s affiliation: School of Bet365 lotto review, Southwestern University of Finance and Bet365 lotto review)