The establishment of the town、Development、Gaofa has a side of its natural formation process，But classic towns are in the critical period of its establishment and development，Introduction to the concept of division of labor，This provides a steady stream of motivation for urban development and the possibility of innovation of various urbanization models。From this perspective，A main clue formed by the formation of western urbanization is，Different people and work will shape and change the town，People are the core of town，division of labor is the driving force for urban development。

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From Hobbes,，The establishment of cities and towns is closely related to a series of human economic and social activities，For example, domesticated animals and plants、Preparation、Water conservancy、Reform land、hunting and grazing, etc.，and Gudis summarizes these activities as a form of labor that leads to the origin of urban and towns。The town is in the fortress、Village、Foundation of Hunting Land and other continuous reproduction，formed an early urban prototype。Its feature is，People are under the condition of extremely limited productivity，Using division of labor and specialized ways, it can accommodate areas or containers that can accommodate a considerable population for specific production and life。This gathering has laid the foundation for the comprehensive development of the later period of the town。This is also summarized by Kotkin as: "The evolution bet365 best casino games of cities shows the process of human beings from unreparable state to reproduction to the world"。

Although these early scholars regard towns as a new、Controlled order，But the regular things that truly develop urbanization development into theory and rise to the national governance level，is to match the second、A large number of classical economists represented by Smith。They have raised the concept and realm of urbanization along the perspective of division of labor to a new height，to provide guidelines for the real development of urbanization research。

Paid the first point: "Because in such a large city，Manufacturing will affect each other，Each manufacturing will be divided into as many parts as possible，As a result, the work of each handicraft worker is simpler and easier ... the benefits of professionalization can be achieved by focusing on a certain manufacturing industry in a specific area，Because this concentration will cause the saving of transportation and transportation costs "。In other words，With 10 points to the professionalization of the urban industry，and regard it as the basic characteristic of the division of labor in urbanization -improvement of urban development efficiency，This depends on the reasonable configuration of division of labor in the industrial chain。At the time of the era，The Industrial Revolution has not yet emerged，"City" and "City" in the 17th century Britain belong to two concepts，"City" is often reflected in the concentration and professional operation of the convenience of the industrial chain，"City" from "City" is a phenomenon that is commonplace。other，With the first proposal, it also proposed to use the taxation of land to support urbanization construction，bet365 Play online games For example, "Divide Land Collection" and "Global Exemption":，This is enlightened for the raising of urban development funds。

Due to the reasons，With the first of the same type of urbanization development model，and Smith studied the origin of the town、The depth and breadth of the division of labor and the cities and towns of the cities and towns。In "National Wealth Theory"，Smith analyzed the UK、France、Big cities in Italy and other countries、The development of commercial cities (towns) and small industrial towns，In particular, paying attention to the attention of recreationalism and analysis of commercial and trade towns。He observed，Differential urban and rural industry development model，The inner mechanism is the trend of the industrial and commercial production model of the town from the perspective of productivity，"City" and "City" gradually become an economic system for integrated interactive development。

Actually，division of labor is gradually concentrated in a fundamental problem during the establishment and growth of urbanization，That is urban and rural division of labor，and caused later Lewis、Yang Xiaokai, a large number of developing economists' discussion on urban and rural dual economies。This can be summarized as，City and Rural "mutual prospects"。The city enables the country to urbanize，The countryside also makes urban ruralization，Urban and rural are also separated and closer to，Segmentation and collection。Therefore，Early development of urbanization under the perspective of division of labor，Understanding as a urban and rural and its related populations to keep their business，and the process of karma。

After the 20th century，The line of division of bet365 best casino games labor is generally modeled by economists，Including the application of space equilibrium and spatial mismatch hypothesis, etc.。Another，Jacobs supplemented from the perspective of urban economic origin and innovation.，It is believed that the products and technical supply of urban supply innovation are more important than the supply elements; and Henderson forms a logical system in a balanced city space，The general equilibrium system for urban development; Cruggman explained the space equilibrium from the economic geographical perspective of technology and traffic costs，and point out the role of the city's aggregation economy to reduce costs; Graile thinks，Further reduction of new technology and traffic costs，The proportion of professional manufacturing cities will be reduced，But the city's rebirth of professional production creativity and thought，Can the future urbanization development can create some "creative manufacturing" type、"Thought Production" cities，It may be the key to break through the existing urbanization model。

　　From industrial and commercial towns to digital creative towns

After the completion of the Industrial Revolution，Urbanization bid farewell to the slow process of simply relying on division of labor models to promote development，Urbanization has begun to rely on the industrial expansion of modern industrial and commerce，Constantly refresh the speed and mode of urbanization development。Where，The industrial and urbanization model based on the industrial urbanization model becomes the leader of this period。

The development of industrial capitalism in the 19th century has spawned a large number of industrial coke City from the perspective of rapid productivity、Bet365 lotto review Mechanical City、Transportation Hub Town, etc.，Each part of the town becomes a bargaining product，There are organizations、Large -scale urban factory production has opened up the history of industrial urbanization，The production function and product trading function of the town are continuously amplified。This period，The power to generate a new city is mine、Factory and Railway，and accompanied by the rapid increase of urban population growth rate。Marx pointed out，"In addition to the factory workers、Handmade workshop workers and handicraft workers are concentrated on a large scale，... It also mobilizes another family worker in large cities and rural areas through many invisible lines。"The industrial urbanization model while promoting the development of urban productivity，also caused pollution、slum、A series of urban diseases such as deterioration relationships。Marx pointed out，The root cause of capitalist urban diseases，Basically lies in the property ownership and labor production relationship system used by capitalism in the 19th century，Urban diseases are endogenous in capitalist production methods and production relations。This also has a panoramic description in Engels' "British Workers Class Status"。

Research on industrial town，Marshall emphasizes the "regionalization"，With a strong economic and geographical analysis nature to investigate，Especially the urbanization structure of the central peripheral，This becomes a pioneering study of later urban and rural planning and regional economics。The regional division of labor and traffic guidance of the "center" and the peripheral "suburban" becomes the main line，and caused a lot of discussions on the migration of urban bet365 best casino games population。Actually，The surface of the town outside the center is productive for productivity，But essentially the production relationship。and Harvey starts from the concept of "spatial division of labor"，Continuing the research of Marx and Marshall's industrial town。Harvey thinks，Space location is conducive to production and capital cycle，For this，Capitalist towns need to "build a production environment" around fixed capital;，Because the consumption process is independent of the direct production process，In order to make the consumer fund of society better consume，Capitalist towns need to "build a consumer environment" around the consumer fund。The purpose of the spatial division of labor is to serve the division of labor in the capital cycle，It is essentially the analysis of "spatial division of labor" from industrial capital and commercial capital in their respective fields。From this perspective，Harvey regards urban economic and geography independent of capitalism as the indispensable division of labor in the process of capitalism，This division of labor complements the capital cycle。

Enter the 21st century，Urban development is constantly digitalized、Intelligent empowerment，A batch of digital creative towns appeared。Future，It is not ruled out that some emerging towns in the "Yuan Universe" sense may cause revolutionary changes in urban and towns。Therefore，In the traditional sense of industrial and commercial urban model or division of labor, the division of labor can not be completely used to analyze emerging towns，and some modern urbanization studies excessively attach great importance to the methodology of post -data measurement verification，Lack of original Bet365 app download contributions to the innovation of urbanization development model to a fairly extent。This description，Urbanization research urgently needs innovation，With the trend of the development of the times。

　(Author Unit: School of Economics, Southwest University of Finance and Economics)