Feng Xuefeng (1903-1976)，Zhejiang Yiwu native，Original name Fuchun，Rename Xuefeng，Modern famous poet、Critics、The translator of literary theory and Marxist literary theory。In 1921, he was admitted to the First Normal School of Zhejiang Province，I will participate in Chenguang Society soon，Start writing a new poem。The following year，and Pan Mohua、Should the Poetry Collection "Lake"。In 1925, he listened to Peking University and studied Japanese，In 1926, translated literary works，Especially Soviet -Russian literature and Marxist literary theory，More than ten Marxist theoretical works and a large number of papers have been translated throughout their lives。The editor -in -chief "Scientific Art Theory Book" with the strong support of Lu Xun，1929-1930 Published a total of 9 types，Among them, 3 kinds of Lu Xun translated、4 kinds of Feng Xuefeng。1931-1933 successively served as the "Zuolian" party secretary、Secretary of the Cultural Working Committee of the Central Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China、Minister of Propaganda Department of the Jiangsu Provincial Party Committee of the Communist Party of China，It is one of the important leaders of the party on the left -wing cultural front，Make an important contribution to the left -wing literary movement。In the Central Soviet Area in December 1933，At the Second National Congress of the Chinese Soviet Union, he was selected as the alternate executive committee member of the Central Executive Committee of the Chinese Soviet Government。Participated in the Long March in 1934，Arrived in northern Shaanxi in 1935。In April 1936, I arrived in Shanghai as a Central Special Commissioner，From August of the same year to September 1937, he served as deputy director of the Shanghai Office of the Communist Party of China。Back to the hometown in 1937 to engage in writing，In 1941, he was arrested and jailed by the Kuomintang government until late November 1942 and was rescued from prison。In 1950, he served as Vice Chairman of Shanghai Literary Federation、Lu Xun's President and Chief Editor -in -Chief。Remake in Beijing in 1951，The president and editor -in -chief of the People's Literature Publishing House、Editor -in -chief of Literature and Art、Vice Chairman of the China Writers Association、Party Secretary and other duties。1957 was mistaken for rightists，The death of lung cancer in 1976。In 1979, recovery and recovered reputation。

Feng Xuefeng is a famous modern poet、Critics and writer，Known as one of the "three driving carriages of the Chinese revolutionary realism theory"。He is still a Marxist literature translation that depends on self -learning，I have made important historical contributions to the Chineseization of Marxist literary theory。

　　Bet365 app download

The 1920s and 1930s，Translation of Marxist literary theory，Just like Prometheus in ancient Greek mythology，It is an extremely dangerous and significant cause。Stimulated by Li Dazhao's sacrificed，Feng Xuefeng resolutely joined the Communist Party of China in June 1927。Around December of the same year，Fengfeng War -Department sealing Beibei New Bookstore，Feng Xuefeng was dangerous for being searched for a translation of the editorial department of the bookstore。This manuscript includes several articles about cultural issues written by the Soviets，The title page is written with "This translation book is dedicated to people who sacrificed for communism"。But，The ban on the reactionary authorities and the threat of life are threatened, which can not prevent the translators from "stealing fire"，Marxist literary theory is still constantly being translated，Bet365 app download A wave of Marxist literary theory translation was formed around the 1930s。In this，Feng Xuefeng is considered "the first force is the most diligent，Puttering people "(Chen Zaochun:" Under the banner of Lu Xun -First Examination of Xuefeng Realism theory ")。

Feng Xuefeng's translation of Marxist literary theory does not have a unique advantage，He depends on self -study as a translator。spring 1925，Feng Xuefeng borrowed the entrance examination of his fellow Pan Mohua，Listen to and study Japanese at Peking University。About one year，start to translate prose、Novels and theoretical articles。Before and after the October Revolution，Marx、Engels' literary discussion has not been well sorted out，Pretelonov and other Russian theorists are seen as Marxist literary theory，Chinese translator who really understands Russian is very rare。Therefore，Japanese translation has become an important channel for intellectuals to understand Marxist literary theory，Like Lu Xun、Many important translators such as Guo Moruo and Chen Wangdao，Mainly translated Marxist theoretical writings from Japanese。June 1926，Feng Xuefeng publicly published the first translation -Japanese writer Mori Mori's novel "Huazi"。But he soon realized the significance of the translation of Soviet Russia's literature and Marxist literary theory，and actually put in the work of translation: "There are very few works such as in China，This is about because Chinese research literature understands Russian direct researchers，It is a very lonely person，​​And research materials are also difficult to obtain。"In view of" there is no shortage of people who are willing to know new Russian literature and art "，He decided to start with Japanese "doing a little transfer work，Ji Tu will make the aspect of the new Russian art movement，indirect introduction to the Chinese，Reference for researchers "(" New Russia's Proletarian Literature · Translator Preface ")。November 1926，Feng Xuefeng published in the 21st issue of "Mangyuan" the papers translated from Japanese scholar Sheng Shu Meng "The proletarian poet and the peasant poet"。Almost at the same time，He is still translating the book "The Dawn of the New Russian Literature"。Since then，It is out of control。Until December 1933, he was transferred to the Central Soviet Area，Only came to an end。

Feng Xuefeng's translation of hard work，Attitude and humble and rigorous，Achievements，He mentioned in many places to ask other translators including Lu Xun and Chen Wangdao。But，After all, it mainly depends on Japanese translation，and insist on "literal translation"，Translations are inevitable to understand some places。Feng Xuefeng finds the opportunity to reuse the translation，For example, the book "Art and Social Life", which was translated by his translation, was re -edition in 1937.，"A lot of translations and more words"。From the overall perspective，The results of Feng Xuefeng's translation are the main。His theorist who chose to translate and the "range of the range，Large quantity，Any translator from the Four Fourth Four since the May 4th "(Liu Qingfu:" The Major Contribution of Feng Xuefeng Translation of Marxist Literature and Art "。2016，People's Literature Publishing House published "Feng Xuefeng Complete Works" 12 volumes，Among them, 3 volumes of translation，Including 13 theoretical works and a large number of scattered papers，Except a small number of literary works，The rest are mainly Marxist literary theory，About 700,000 words。The theoretical work translated by Feng Xuefeng has the dawn "Dawn of the New Russian Literature" (1927)、"New Russia's Proletarian Literature" (1927)、"New Russian Performance Movement and Dancing" (1927)、"New Russian Literature and Art Policy" (1928)、Tibetan Tibetan Waiting Waiting for "Flower Collection" (1928)、Lenacarski (also translated "Lunarski") "Basis of the Society of Art" (1929)、Volov Siji "Writer Theory" (1929)、Lenin's "Summary of Scientific Socialism" (1929)、Polithanov bet365 Play online games (Miskius of Plekhanov) "Art and Social Life" (1929)、Merlinge "Literature Review" (1929)、Matcha "The Art of Modern Europe" (1930)、茀 (1930)、Li Bukner "Research on Art" (1933), etc.。other，He also translated Marx、Lenin、Gorky、More than 20 articles from Fayev and others。

Feng Xuefeng's theoretical translation has irreplaceable historical value。can be seen from the above list，Although Matcha、Some theorists such as the Lifeli and Tibetan Yuan -Yuan Ren were later considered by the left -wing critics to think that there are many theoretical errors，But it is not incomparable，And Feng Xuefeng's translation is more written by the classic writer of Marxist literary theory，The test of the era。If his festival translates to Lenin's "Party's Organization and Party Press" (Feng Xuefeng translated "On Emerging Literature") is a very important classic writer literature。Marx's "Prerequisites for the Formation of Art for Formation" and "Freedom and Review of Marx Theory Publishing"，It is the first time to translate into Chinese。Dermitted and solid translation due to Feng Xuefeng，"And the fire is belonged to humans" (Feng Xuefeng's "Flos Monter Broken")，His translation affects a group of writers and theorists。Ding Ling recalled，"Zuo Lian Five Martyrs" Hu Ye also followed the revolutionary road，It was influenced by the theoretical translation of Lu Xun and Feng Xuefeng: "At that time，Hu Ye reads Lu Xun more hardly、The textbook of the progress of the translation of Feng Xuefeng。He started to change，and faster than me ... He read these theoretical books，Go left every day。After we go to Jinan，Hu Ye frequently became a red teacher。"Chen Yong, a literary theorist, recalled:" I know Comrade Xuefeng，It started from the beginning of seeing his translation of "Art and Social Life"。"" Not only that，"Zuo Lian" is an important literary organization of the party leadership left -wing literary movement，Lu Xun believes that "Zuo Lian" can be established，is "Because Polinov has been entered at this time，The theory of Lunakarski, etc.，Give everyone to learn from each other，More solid and powerful "(" A glimpse of Shanghai Literature and Art ")，and Feng Xuefeng and Lu Xun、Qu Qiubai, etc. is the earliest translation of Pilie Hanov、Lenakarsky and other theoretical writings。

　Focusing on the construction of Chinese proletarian literary theory

Mao Zedong in the article "On the Democracy of the People's Democracy"，vividly depicts the great role of promoting the October Revolution in the spread of Marxism in China: "The October Revolution has a sound of artillery，I sent us Marx Leninism。"" correspondingly，Soviet and Russian literature and art have gradually been introduced to China。such as，Zheng Zhenduo translated Gorky's article "Literature and the present Russia"，Introduction to the world's famous book publishing plan for Soviet Russia，Qu Qiubai's "The First Swallow of the Red Russian New Literature Age" enthusiastically introduced the Soviet writer Jerinen (now translated "Karinin")。but but，To say the first systematically introduced the people of Soviet Russian literature and art，It is not Feng Xuefeng。May 4th period，There are four types of translations about Soviet Russian literature and art in my country。until the failure of the Great Revolution，The translation of Soviet Russian literature and art gradually increases more。In the first half of 1927，Feng Xuefeng published three works in translating from the "New Russian Literature and Art Exposition" in Shengshu Meng，"The Dawn of the New Russian Literature", "New Russia's Proletarian Literature", "New Russian Performing Movement and Dancing"。Previous，Only Ren Guoji translated "Soviet Russia's Literature and Art Combat" (1925) (see Li Yanzhu's "Marxism Literary Theory in China" appendix related index)。Sheng Shu Meng visited Soviet Russia in the summer of 1923，Scholars who have been in contact and understand the situation of the Soviet Union。The 1930s，The Soviet -Russian literary and bet365 best casino games artistic writings of its introduction or translation have been translated into Chinese，Lu Xun、Chen Wangdao、Xu Yifei、Hong Shen、Wang Yanquan, etc. have translated his work。The translation of Shengshu Meng about Soviet Russian literature and art is an important window for Chinese writers to cognitive Soviet and Russian literature and art，There is an indispensable literary historical significance。Feng Xuefeng's translation of the work of Sheng Shu Meng，It should be the first systematic introduction to China and Russian writers and their literary ideas and artistic perspectives。

Feng Xuefeng's Soviet Russian literary translation has an important impact on the literary world，Famous writer Shi Zhicun has commented that he is "the hero of Soviet literature and art。A considerable impact on us，Let us start paying attention to Soviet literature "(" The last old friend ")。but but，Feng Xuefeng himself should be more concerned about theoretical translation。Around the 1930s，There are many translators of Chinese Marxist literature，Qu Qiubai、Lu Xun and Feng Xuefeng are the best among them。Compared with Qu Qiubai and Lu Xun's theoretical translation，The academic world's attention to Feng Xuefeng's theoretical translation is much less。Actually，"In the history of modern Chinese literature，Translation of the theory engaged in Marxist literary theory，Xuefeng is not the first，But he is the first person to focus on the theoretical construction of the proletariat "(Chen Zaochun:" Under the banner of Lu Xun -the first exploring the theory of Xuefeng Realism ")。

Feng Xuefeng is a person who realizes the importance of the translation of Marxist literary theory and can do it.。May 4th period，my country has less translations about Marxist literary theory。With the development of "Revolutionary Literature",，Some critics gradually realized that the lack of theoretical preparation，Theoretical translation has become an urgent need。"Revolutionary Literature" During the During the Contest，Lu Xun has eagerly hoped "A practical person，Kenya translated a few books on the historical view of materialism in the world -at least，Is a simple and simple，Two precision -one or two opposition works "(" Classality of Literature ")，He said that he was "squeezed" "watching several scientific discipline theory" ("Three Leisure Collection · Preface")。Feng Xuefeng and Lu Xun have resonated at this point。He pointed out when he talked about the urgency of theoretical translation in 1929，For existing literary writers，Some people have tried to criticize with violent — but who has really used Marxist criticism? The most important thing is to use Marxist's X -ray to take care of all the existing literature。("Writer Theory · Quotes") Feng Xuefeng did a lot of translation work for this，In 1929, he published 6 types of translation (including translated Soviet and Russian poems "Liu Bing")、Translation papers 7 articles。He also persuaded his friends to "publish some" meaningful "books。His so -called 'meaningful'，Marxist Literature and Art Theory is one of them "(Shi Zhicun" We has run three bookstores ")。It can even be considered，It is because of theoretical translation，Feng Xuefeng and Lu Xun formed the original friendship。December 1928，Feng Xuefeng accompanied by Rou Shi to see Lu Xun，This visit is to ask the theoretical translation issues and discuss the editing "Scientific Literary Theory Congs"。Feng Xuefeng recalled，Lu Xun mentioned himself "because I have translated a book" Literature and Art Policy "in the Soviet Union，"Mr. Lu Xun also mentioned that I translated the literature of the Soviet Union in 1926 to 277、Drama、Dance and other three panking things "。

Feng Xuefeng also realized a plan、The importance of systematically translation of Marxist literature，I have done a lot of organizational work of Marxist literary theory。Feng Xuefeng and Shi Zhecun、Dai Wangshu、Su Wen and other writers familiar with each other，His thoughts affected these writers who were later known as modernists。Some of them discuss the support of Lu Xun together，Editor -in -chief set bet365 best casino games a series introduced Marxist literature，Later, there will be "Scientific Art Theory Book"。This set of books was originally planned to publish 12 species，Invited Lu Xun、Xia Yan、Feng Naichao、Dai Wangshu、Su Wen and Liu Naou, etc.。Since May 1929，until August 1930，9 types of the actual publishing of the series。Where，Lu Xun translated 3 types，Feng Xuefeng translated 4 kinds。Japanese scholar Ruuda Zhao compared several sets of Marxist literary theory series at the time.，"From the structure、The unity of content，"Book of Scientific Art Theory" has the unparalleled richness of other series "(" Lu Xun、Feng Xuefeng's acceptance of Marxist literary theory ")。from 1931 to the end of 1933，Feng Xuefeng has successively served as the "Zuo Lian" party secretary、Secretary of the Cultural Working Committee of the Central Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China、Minister of Propaganda Department of the Jiangsu Provincial Party Committee of the Communist Party of China，It is one of the party's important leaders on the left -wing cultural front。This period，"Zuo Lian" and "Social Federation" and other cultural organizations under the leadership of the party consciously promoted the translation work of Marxist theory。"Zuo Lian" established the Marxist Literature and Art Theory Research Association，"Research on Foreign Marx Literature and Art Theory" is one of its tasks;。Feng Xuefeng also published a large number of theoretical translation articles on the "Zuolian" authority published by his editor，"This magazine's introduction to Marxist literature and art theory and foreign Prove literature is too powerful" (Mao Dun、Lu Xun: "Chinese Left -Wing Literature Publication Video")。

　　"As a pure Bolsheviki"

Marxist literary theory as foreign thoughts，Translation is an important part of its spread in China。The translation of Marxist literary theory is determined by the Chinese revolution.。In the book "On the Literary Movement of the Democratic Revolution"，Feng Xuefeng has recalled and said，"This period has stirred up among youth and advanced workers and peasants.，For revolutionary theory，Thoughts and requirements for the understanding of life and real society and history，Formally the main topic mentioned the agenda of culture and art movement "。This passage also reveals the important social reasons for the translation of Marxist literary theory after the failure of the Great Revolution。Speaking of specific translation，Which works choose to translate、How to translate and translate levels，Directly related to the translator。Feng Xuefeng's perception of translation roughly has a transformation process。In the preface to translated "The Dawn of the New Russian Literature" in 1927，He still said that the dawn period of the Soviet Russian literary world "is a particularly interesting research object"。In 1929 "Writer Theory · Quotes"，​​He clearly stated that "the scholar's disgusting attitude can be abandoned"。Overall，Feng Xuefeng's theoretical translation is basically synchronized with the development of revolutionary literature and art，historically responding to some challenges encountered in the process of Sinicization of Marxist literary theory。

First，Feng Xuefeng specially emphasizes the characteristics of the Marxist critic of the translation object。"Revolutionary Literature" theory expands the influence of Marxist literature，Let Creation Agency、Sun Club and Lu Xun and the people around them are united，Based on this, "Zuo Lian"，At the same time, it also exposes the lack of left -wing critics' theoretical preparations。Although theoretical translation is almost performed at the same time，Make a huge contribution to the Chineseization of Marxist literary theory，But it is unavoidable to mix some theoretical writings of "left" leaning mechanical theory。Feng Xuefeng did translate Trotsky、Writing of Lifeli and Macham，But he is generally cautious in terms of the choice of translation objects，This is related。Feng Xuefeng translated and published the Polov Schola Critical Critical Collection "Writer Theory"、Merlin Literature Review Collection "Literature Review"，In addition, there are Plekhanov discussion cars Ernixov Literature，Tibetan Yuan -only people discussed Fayev's "Burning" and other writers and other writers and other writers。It is not enough to introduce the "marksmanship" bet365 best casino games that Marxist criticism is criticized，In "Writer Theory · Quotes"，Feng Xuefeng further proposed，Clept the author's thoughts and the composition of his works according to the social trend，and determine whether this social trend and the tendency to work are true，is the characteristics of Marxist critics。If he borrows the deeds, he evaluates Volov Siji "as a pure Bolsheviki"。He introduced Lua Karlsky，It also emphasizes the identity of the "actual guidator" of its Marxist art theory，It is believed that this is "a characteristic of all the papers at the same bottom" ("The Basic of the Society of Art · The Basic Translator")。Standing on the position of "actual instructors" and the analysis and grasp of "social trends and works tendencies"，It also becomes a significant feature of Feng Xuefeng's translation and criticism。

Next，Feng Xuefeng's theoretical translation is very prominent "the social significance of art and literature" ("Modern European Art · Translator Preface")。If Feng Xuefeng introduced the emerging literary part of the Soviet Union in the early days, it was because of research interest，Then the theoretical translation of the later, with stronger realistic pertinence。Literature has classical，This is one of the basic perspectives of Marxist literary theory。But，The 1920s and 1930s，Chinese literary and art circles have no lack of negative opinions for this。1929，Liang Shiqiu publicly declared: capitalists and workers "their human nature is not the same"，"Literature is the most basic art of human nature"，"There is no class difference between literature" ("Is literature classified?")。Other people do not deny the classity of literature，However, "literature is propaganda" proposed by the left -wing critics holds an objection。such as，Hu Qiuyuan once raised "Perhaps the problem is not to ignore the class of literature and art，Drimage of the class of literature and art "，In his opinion，"Do not think of classical reflections as simple formulas" ("Classification of Literature and Art")。Left -wing writers based on Marxist literature，Refueing and criticizing the views of Liang Shiqiu, Hu Qiuyuan and others，The theory mastered by the left -wing writers has been largely affected by translating。Feng Xuefeng often sought "authority" answer from the representative theorist at that time，"The author has a deep understanding of art，and Purely stands on the position of Marxism "。In just a few years，He translated works such as "Art Sociology Foundation Mission and its issues", "Research on Art", "The Basis of Art Society", "Art and Social Life"，Translated Marx、Lenin and other classic writers' works and related articles in literature，Answer the related questions about the relationship between literature and art and social life in time。Feng Xuefeng hopes that his translation can "cause the study of Marxist art theory and social sciences"，allow readers to "reach what the author said at the end of the article‘ only placing art science on the sociology of social and art foundation，True to become a precise science "(" Confidence of the Precision Science "(" Art Social Foundation Mission and Problem · Translator Preface "。

Last，Feng Xuefeng attaches great importance to the translation of Soviet literary and art policy。Soviet Russia is the first socialist country，The actual situation of the Soviet -Russian literary world and their literary and artistic policies have attracted the attention of Chinese intellectuals。1924，Ren Yongchu translated from the Russian magazine and translated the disciplinary articles of the three factions.，Published the following year。June 1925，The Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party published "About the Party's Literature Policy"，Feng Xuefeng and Lu Xun translated the opinions of various factions and the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China from Japanese。Feng Xuefeng not only pays attention to this resolution，In fact, he also translated the "Paris Commune at the bottom Bet365 app download of the Paris Commune", "Soviet Cultural Construction Five -Year Plan", and many articles introduced by the Communist Party's literary and artistic policy。There are literary and artistic systems in any country and society，Policy arrangements for communicating literary and social systems，That is literary policy。but，Only Marxists dare to publicly declare that literature will serve the class and social political struggle。That's for this，Feng Xuefeng attaches importance to translation literary policy，It can be understood as how to arrange literature and writers，His translation is to find theoretical and policy basis from Soviet Russian literary and artistic policy，Objectively revealed the identity political discourse in the process of Sinicization of Marxist literary theory。"Revolutionary Literature" During the During the Contest，Creation Agency and Sun News Agency and other critical small bourgeois writers，Require them to "change direction"，Get "proletarian consciousness" and so on，Behind the thoughts that implicit identity to the writer。Feng Xuefeng admits to the influence of Soviet and Russian literary and artistic policy，Therefore, he dares to criticize the sectarianism of the creation agency，But it has also been affected by some of the mechanical opinions，If Lu Xun is defined as "the same passersby"。Try to define the identity of Lu Xun，Itself shows that he is in identity in his identity，There is no essential difference between critics with Creation Agency，So it is not difficult to understand that Lu Xun is suspicious.。Identity political discourse reflects the important characteristics of the Sinicization of Marxist literature。"Zuo Lian" was established，Feng Xuefeng has served as the secretary of the party group and the secretary of the Cultural Commission，His Soviet -Russian literary policy translation of the development of his personal literary and artistic thought，even the exploration and practice of literary and artistic policies in the left -wing aspect of the 1930s，It has important historical significance。

　(This article is the 2021 National Social Science Foundation key project "The History of the Communist Party of China (1921-1949)" (21AZD135) phased achievement)

(Author Unit: Jiangnan Cultural Research Center, Zhejiang Normal University、School of Humanities)