Foreign trade is promoting economic development、While improving residential benefits，It also affects the ecological environment and pollution emissions。For this，Economists represented by GROSSMAN and KRUEGER divided the trade influence environment into scale effects (Scale Effect)、Composition effect and technical effects (Technique Effect)。Pollution is the "by -product" in the product production process。The total amount bet365 live casino games of pollution emissions in a country can be expressed as the addition of pollution emissions in various industries，and the total pollution emissions in a certain industry can be expressed as the volume of emissions (that is, pollution emissions strength) caused by the total output of the industry and the output of the industry。If the total output of the industry is further represented as the proportion of the industry output and the product of the total output，So the total amount of domestic pollution emissions is actually affected by the total economic output scale、The influence of the proportion of output in various industries and the intensity of industry pollution emissions。The above factors correspond to the scale effect of the environmental effect decomposition framework of trade、Structural effect and technical effect，It helps to more clear and accurate examining how the economic system changes caused by foreign trade in a country will affect the total amount of domestic pollution emissions。

The scale effect of foreign trade，refers to when the output structure and production bet365 live casino games technology remain unchanged，The scale of output brought by foreign trade changes，The phenomenon that affects the scale of domestic pollution emissions。In order to accurately portray this output scale，General output that is generally used as a measurement standard，Usually also uses the export amount and import amount that eliminate price factors to measure the scale effect of foreign trade on the environmental impact。For example，Under the circumstances of unchanged scale income，If foreign trade leads to an increase of 10%of domestic output，The intensity of the industrial structure and the contamination emissions of various industries remains unchanged (that is, the industries expanded by 10%in the same year as unchanged production technology)，Foreign trade will lead to an increase of 10%of the total domestic pollution emissions。It is worth explanation is，It may be affected by various factors such as supply and demand and exchange rate due to the price，The environmental effect of foreign trade is more concerned about quantitative effects，How to affect changes in the actual production scale in China，Empirical analysis usually uses fixed basis prices and other methods to eliminate the effects of price fluctuations on the decomposition result。

Structural effects of foreign trade，refers to when the production scale and production bet365 live casino games technology remain unchanged，The impact of changes in output structure caused by foreign trade on the total amount of domestic pollution emissions。Compared with the scale effect，The direction of the structural effect is not fixed，Whether it helps to reduce or increase pollution emissions，It mainly depends on two variables: the country'Bet365 app download s element endowment and economic development level。According to the endowment theory of factor，The comparative advantage of the export trade of a country comes from the endowment of the element，Countries with capital factor advantages are more inclined to export capital dense products，Labor -intensive countries More export labor dense products。Due to the characteristics of high pollution strength due to capital -intensive industries (such as papermaking、Petrochemical and other industries)，Capital -intensive countries participating in foreign trade will increase the proportion of domestic capital -intensive industries in total output，This leading to the transformation of the country's output structure to "pollution"，The structural effect of foreign trade at this time will increase domestic pollution emissions。At the same time，Capital -intensive countries often have higher income levels，Environmental regulation is stricter，Corporate sewage costs are also higher。and the relatively low income level of the country's environmental regulation standards are relatively low，Forms a accelerated attraction to high energy consumption and high pollution industry，As a result, the total amount of domestic pollution emissions increases，This is consistent with the description of the classic "polluted paradise" hypothesis。In real life，Countries with relatively abundant capital are often developed countries with relatively high income level and environmental standards，countries with relatively abundant labor force are often developing countries with relatively low income level and environmental standards，Make the above two mechanisms function bet365 best casino games at the same time，The impact of structural effects on the total amount of domestic pollution emissions is also more complicated。other，Investigating the environmental effect of foreign trade also needs to pay attention to the endogenousness of environmental regulation。A country's environmental regulation is also affected by its foreign trade to a certain extent，Then affect the structural effect of foreign trade。How to solve the endogenous problem of environmental regulation has become one of the focus of environmental economics，The current representative solution includes the use of tool variables、Non -reference correction and structural models。

The technical effect of foreign trade，refers，The impact of changes in production technology (pollution emission strength) brought about by foreign trade on the total amount of domestic pollution emissions。Generally speaking，This technical effect can be divided into two aspects: direct and indirect aspects。On the one hand，A large number of theoretical and empirical research has been confirmed，Foreign trade can promote the overflow and spread of clean production technology and advanced management models in different countries，Then improve the production technology level of countries, especially developing countries,，Reduce the energy and resource input required for the products required by the product of the production unit，Then reduce the total amount bet365 live casino games of pollution emissions。On the other hand，Comprehensive strength of national comprehensive strength with the open trade，Promote the implementation of stricter environmental regulation in the country，Then promote enterprises to actively carry out technology research and development and innovation，to reduce the intensity of pollution emissions and the cost of sewage。In empirical analysis，Usually use pollution emissions strength (the total output of the industry is divided by the total amount of industry pollution emissions) to portray the technical effect，But due to the changes in the intensity of pollution emissions、Enterprise production technology、Pollution control levels and other factors affect，It is difficult to really strip out of the contaminated emissions intensity caused by foreign trade。

Different from the environmental effect of export trade，The decomposition and calculation of the environmental effects of import trade also need to consider the input and output relationship between the industry，The comprehensive impact of getting the end product import on domestic pollution emissions。The final product import not only reduces the pollution emissions directly produced by the product，It also reduced the pollution emissions caused by a series of intermediate products required。So，When decomposing the environmental effect of import trade，It needs to be combined with Ryomyv input -output analysis method。Input founded by Lyon Highlights — the output analysis method is based on all departments of economic activities，The source and quantity of intermediate product sources and quantities that are directly or indirectly consumed during the production process，to reflect the input of different departments -output relationship and degree。The complete consumption coefficient obtained from the calculation of the input -output table，Not only reflects the direct use of another department's products，It also includes indirect consumption caused by input -output connection。So，The environmental effect of decomposing import Bet365 lotto review trade usually uses a complete consumption coefficient to adjust the intensity bet365 live casino games of pollution emissions。other，When inspecting the environmental effect of foreign trade，You should also pay attention to distinguish between domestic intermediate products and imported middle products。Large empirical research indicates，China's export trade contains higher foreign added value，That is, the enterprise uses imported intermediate products when producing export products。

When examining the domestic environmental impact of a foreign trade foreign trade，scale effect、Structural effect and technical effect decomposition framework helps analyze and quantify the impact of various economic factors including foreign trade on the domestic environment。From the actual perspective of our country，Although the scale of foreign trade has maintained a stable growth，But the growth rate of the total pollution emissions caused by it is relatively slow。Decomposition Results Display，The contribution rate of the decline in the decline in the pollution emissions of the manufacturing industry exceeds 3/4，At the same time, the export structure upgrade lags behind the domestic industry upgrade，That is to say, the structural effect of export trade actually exacerbates domestic pollution emissions。So，Use more green and environmentally friendly production technology，Limit the development of high pollution、High energy consumption industry，Promote upgrading of foreign trade structure，is to promote my country's high level to open to the public，Then effective measures to promote the construction of ecological civilization in high -quality development。

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