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The attributes and values ​​of the evaluation of academic peers are the prerequisite for discussing its procedure regulation。From the perspective of the evaluation subject and the evaluation form，It reflects the inherent logic of the institutional trust value of academic evaluation and verified knowledge production，reflect the professionalism and independence of academic evaluation; from the perspective of the evaluation nature，It is the value judgment of the value of the subject，Independent、Professional and impartiality is its basic characteristics。How to improve the fairness of peer review，Not only an important theoretical problem，It is also a key practice proposition。

　　First，Conversion research perspective，Establishing a procedure for peer evaluation Aviation comments。

There are many factors affecting the evaluation of peer，Scientific historians and scientific sociologists proposed their respective explanations。The former thinks，Scientific achievements are purely "crystals" of scientists' intelligence，Academic innovation is completely inspired by scientists genius，Scholars' first -facing intellectual factors and academic talents determine their status in the academic community，Let's call it academic recognition "intellectual theory"。The latter does not fully agree with the point of view of scientific historians，It is important to advocate that academic peers recognize the internal and external social factors of Chinese academic fields.。Among them, external factors mainly have the political and economic environment、Religious beliefs、Religious beliefs、Social structures and other institutional factors such as the legal system; internal factors mainly include scientific and bet365 live casino games social organizations、Social characteristics of the reviewer and the person being reviewed。On the question of how to determine the influencing factors，Scientific sociologists have gradually been divided into two camps of empiricalism and constructivism。The former insists on the perspective of realism，The latter advocates that the content of scientific knowledge comes from social construction，Their academic recognition has the argument and constructing view of the constructive view。

Real theory takes objectiveism as the logical starting point，Tool rationality -oriented，Academic recognition is approximately existing，and ignore the role of social factors and value in academic evaluation; constructing constructive constructivity is the logical starting point，Guided by value rationality，Simplified academic recognition into a subjective construction product，One -sided emphasis on the role of social factors and values，and ignore the objectivity of the evaluation。Both modes are in a bias that is not the same,，It is difficult to provide academic recognition to provide legitimacy to the formation of legitimacy，Therefore, we have to find "Third Road"。

In fact，Review unfairness is a general value judgment，It is a kind of inherent facts existing in peer review，It is difficult for us to observe it accurately，Not to mention measurement。Although the inner fact is not easy to consider，But it is marked by external facts，If you want to really classify and compare，We should leave these inherent facts that are difficult to examine，Turn from the outside facts。Is the peer review fair，The key is to evaluate whether the actor strictly adheres to the academic position。Review Practice Tell us，The "evil method" with legitimate procedures can often be tolerated by teachers，The "good law" with unfair procedures is more likely to be complained by teachers as evaluation unfair。Lack of impartiality for evaluation，To a large bet365 best casino games extent, those who are dominated in the field of academic evaluation are caused by the "fit" between people who are dominated by the dominant position and those who are not perfect evaluation procedures。Law Sociology Consid by，Judicial Justice is realized through procedural justice，Procedural injustice will also damage judicial justice。If we shift our thinking from the evaluation result to the evaluation program，Convert value issues into program problems to discuss，It may help to solve the deadlock of the comments without discussion。

Rusher divides program justice into pure、Three types of complete and incomplete。Comparison of Roses' program justice theory，The procedure of peer review is the third type -incomplete program justice，That is to say，Procedure justice may not cause the result to be fair。So，How to improve the fairness of peer evaluation through procedure justice? The strategy adopted in the judicial trial is the legal formulation，By improving the legitimate procedure of the law to ensure the justice of justice。This reveals us，To achieve the legitimacy of the evaluation program itself，You can use a certain program system device，Convert incomplete procedures for justice or formal procedural justice，This is the requirements for discussing peer review procedures in this article、The core idea of ​​program institutionalization standards and network governance mode。

　　Second，Establishing a legitimate program requirements，Promote the rule of law of the regulation of the peer review procedures。

The evaluation procedure in the sense of law refers，Make a process of evaluation decision、Method and Relationship。The evaluation program is a concept of time and space，It has four features。First，Unlike the process，Otherwise, peer review will become a "automatic vending machine" type review。Second，Unlike rigorous and detailedization，Otherwise, peer review will become a "robot" review。third，Bet365 app download Unlike the system，Program is the prerequisite and foundation for the implementation of the system。If the evaluation system is the result of controlling the evaluation behavior，So the evaluation program is the process of controlling the evaluation behavior。Fourth，The program has dual value internal and external。External value refers to "What values ​​are promoted by the program"，This is a tool value，Its judgment standard mainly depends on whether it helps the formation of fair results。Internal value refers to "What are the values ​​of the program itself"，It is the value independent of the result，If fair、Participate、Reason、Dignity, etc.。If the value of the program tool is mainly to discover the external purpose of the truth，So，The theoretical basis of the internal value internal value of the program is in the inherent purpose of solving differences and disputes.。Because，If you follow the "Internal Standard" design program，Disputes may be more psychologically willing to accept the decision made by the evaluation experts，It is also easier for all parties to reach a sense，This will make the evaluation results be trusted and respected。Internal value strengthens people's trust in the program，Therefore, to a certain extent, the result is justified，It also enables the dispute to be effectively solved at the two levels of psychology and practice。

Realization of the function of the legitimate program，Need to meet certain conditions，This is called a program in law philosophy。If you do not have eye -catching procedures, applicable requirements，and focus on denying the applicable tailor，Then it will be restricted and evaluated at the same time to suppress the selection space of the experts，This leads to the rigidity of the evaluation system and the evaluation of another form.。Dual attributes that have internal specified and external prescribed procedures，Procedures for peer reviews also include absolute program bet365 live casino games requirements and relative program requirements。Absolute procedure requirements refer to the indispensable factor of all programs，Lack of these principles，Generally affects the trust of people's hearts。Combined with Chinese and foreign scholars' research and author's survey research，Program neutral，During the peer review process，Program neutral、Program participation and program disclosure are the most basic common psychological needs of teachers，They constitute the absolute procedures for peer review。For the relative procedures for review，Peer review as a key way to run academic careers，The basic attributes of academic occupations determine the basic context of peer evaluation，This context is academic、Freedom、Independent、Basic features of competitive and ethicality。Comprehensive domestic and foreign scholars' perspective，The relative procedures for reviewing this article include procedural fairness、Program reasonable、Programming in time and end。

From the perspective of a legitimate program，Absolutely elements and relative elements effectively run，It also needs program supervision and program relief，They are often easily ignored in the evaluation practice。Procedure requirements are procedural justice principles for the effective operation of peers，Provides guidance for the system design of the legitimate program。The process of rule of law for peer review is to establish the requirements of the evaluation procedure，The institutionalized standard of the development of the review program，Build a program system，So as to achieve the evaluation program regulation。

　　third，Establish a network governance mode，Promote the change of internal and external governance of peer review。

The ideal picture of the peer review "with quality and innovation"，The prerequisite is academic autonomy。No independent academic community，No academic field independent of the economy and other fields，No Chinese academic research field in the bet365 live casino games current world structure "Cultural Hegemony"，It is difficult to defend the autonomy of peer evaluation。This requires us to broaden our vision，Shin from the internal perspective to the external perspective，Discuss a new concept of systematic peer evaluation and governance。Actually，Pass review is a systematic engineering，The external perspective is also the meaning of the question discussed by the evaluation procedure。

Chinese college peer review involves government management、Social Environment、Academic Community、University、As researchers' teachers and various academic organizations，Is a national system、College、System composed of different levels such as academic community，presents the "three -circle layer" network format structure，To truly establish "quality and innovation -oriented peer review mechanism"，Government and university should be、Society、Academic Community、Teachers and other actors cover them，Build a network -type governance mode of "Effective Link of the State and Social Action" on the basis of mutual trust。This model has a special significance for the program regulation of the peer review。The change at the macro level is the premise of the micro -level change，If the macro evaluation system has no substantial reform，Still follow Weber's sense of the section level structure management method，Requires colleges and universities to establish a quality -oriented peer review system，Change the tendency of bad behavior in the review of teachers' title review，Lack of realistic foundation and institutional support in practice in practice。Only realize the changes in interior and outside governance of peer review at the same time，From external to government functions，Encourage the society to actively participate，Cultivate academic communities; coordinate two powers inside universities from the inside，Evaluation method of transforming colleges and universities，Bet365 lotto review Guide teachers academic behavior，"Pass" can truly become the main body involved and dominated by academic evaluation，The peer review system as the "reviewer system" can be truly established。

(This article is the Humanities and Social Science Research Project of the Ministry of Education of the Ministry of Education.

(Author Unit: Shanghai University of Foreign Economic and Trade Socialism Theoretical System Research Center; Institute of Higher Education of Fudan University)