The so-called "bet365 offer view" refers to the basic understanding and view of the bet365 offer,is a set of basic concepts we form by understanding and reflecting on physical experience。Since the bet365 offer is the basic object of medical research,Any medical system is based on a specific view of the bet365 offer,The raising and solving of medical problems,It must also be expanded based on a specific bet365 offer model。Therefore,The bet365 offer view is the core component of the medical paradigm and the entire medical world picture,The study of the bet365 offer concept has fundamental significance in medical philosophy。
Since Western medicine was fully introduced into China,Chinese society has entered an era in which Chinese and Western medicine coexist。Starting from the scientific and metaphysical debate in the early 20th century,The history of Chinese medicine in modern times can also be said to contain a "history of debates between Chinese and Western medicine"。In the long run,If you want to guide people back to rationality、Constructive discussion and debate,Even promote society to reach a true consensus on the relationship between Chinese and Western medicine,Ultimately, we should hope for breakthroughs in comparative research on the philosophy of Chinese and Western medicine。In Comparative Research on the Philosophy of Chinese and Western Medicine,bet365 offer concept is a breakthrough point worthy of attention。Once the differences and connections between the two views of the bet365 offer in Chinese and Western medicine are philosophically clarified,Comparison of the philosophies of Chinese and Western medicine is expected to be fully promoted,And achieved breakthrough progress。
Differences in theoretical assumptions bring about different conceptual models
Here,There is a simple and common misunderstanding that needs clarification。People are often "naturally" inclined to think,The anatomy of Western medicine has made the bet365 offer structure tangible、Clearly displayed under the eyes of doctors and ordinary people。The "anatomical bet365 offer" expressed by Western medicine through anatomical concepts such as "cells", "tissues", "organs" and "systems",Revealing the "truth" and "prototype" of the bet365 offer。The "qi bet365 offer" expressed in traditional Chinese medicine using ancient terms such as "qi", "yin and yang", "five elements", "hidden images" and "meridians",Invisible、Intangible,Mysterious and mysterious。Some people think,This is the vague and ambiguous bet365 offer concept expressed by ancient Chinese people when their rational thinking was underdeveloped,It is the "false image" and "model" of the bet365 offer。The traditional system theory view of traditional Chinese medicine regards the bet365 offer of Chinese and Western medicine as a black box and a white box,This is a typical expression of the above misunderstanding。
Recent research on the history of anatomical thought reminds us that the anatomical bet365 offer in the West has not existed since ancient times,The vaporized bet365 offer in ancient China does not exclude dissection。
Western medicine’s view of the anatomical bet365 offer is the same as many other modern concepts,All can be traced back to ancient Greece,And was officially born in the modern scientific revolution of the 16th and 17th centuries。The birth of the anatomical bet365 offer is not a discovery of truth,It is an invention of concept。In the modern scientific revolution,Andreas Vesalius、William Harvey、Descartes and others studied anatomy、Physiology、Metaphysics and other aspects have made major changes in ancient Greek anatomy and bet365 offer views,It was only then that the anatomical bet365 offer was forged into a complete and self-consistent Western medical concept。Later,Because this view of the bet365 offer has been used and developed for hundreds of years,It will become so "natural" and "self-evident" to us,so that we can easily mistakenly believe,The anatomical bet365 offer is the only real bet365 offer。
Research shows,In the early development of the qi bet365 offer view of traditional Chinese medicine,The ancient Chinese did not reject understanding the bet365 offer through anatomy。But during dissection activities,What they “see” is something different from Western medicine。Scientific philosophy has already reminded us,Observation always permeates theory。In both autopsy and vivisection,People do not directly see the reality of the bet365 offer,Always try to grasp the truth based on the synthesis of anatomical experience and theoretical assumptions。This means,The dissected bet365 offer and the vaporized bet365 offer are not the truth and illusion、The relationship between prototype and model。Both are models,All trying to understand the truth about the bet365 offer,Trying to use concepts to express the living fleshy bet365 offer that we actually feel in our daily experience。Nothing more,Each has its own empirical basis and theoretical presupposition,Constitute two different medical concept models。
Comparative bet365 offer is based on open communication
Since the anatomical bet365 offer and the pneumatic bet365 offer are conceptual models developed independently in the Eastern and Western thought traditions,Each is associated with a set of fundamentally different concepts,How should we compare the two views of the bet365 offer at a philosophical level?
In the debate between Chinese and Western medicine and some research on traditional Chinese medicine,People often fail to fully reflect and criticize,Or directly equate the two,Thus began to investigate the qi transformed bet365 offer (including hidden images、The material basis or anatomical basis of meridians, etc.;Or directly assert the absolute difference or incommensurability between the two,thereby refusing further research、Explore and communicate。Both of these are too simple in theory、A hasty and undesirable approach。
We cannot directly enumerate two seemingly opposing concepts in the two intellectual traditions to express the differences between the two sides,For example, asserting that bet365 offer anatomy is based on atomism、Reductionism,The vaporized bet365 offer is based on the theory of vitality、Holism。On the one hand,These concepts are not univocal concepts in the complex context,The exact meaning of itself has yet to be clarified,Therefore, unless appropriate reflection and criticism,Otherwise it cannot be directly used to express the uniqueness of the two bet365 offer views。On the other hand,Before comparing individual ideas,The two heterogeneous ideological contexts in which they are located must first achieve mutual openness,Establish inner communication。Only this kind of mutual openness and inner communication,In order to create the theoretical space required for comparative research。This ideological requirement,Constitutes a methodological obstacle that has been difficult to achieve in the past comparative research on the bet365 offer view of traditional Chinese and Western medicine。If appropriate ideological resources are not introduced to overcome the above methodological obstacles,Comparative research will lack a foundation,It may even be difficult all the time。
Phenomenological method lays the foundation for comparative bet365 offer
In recent decades,bet365 offer academic circles have increasingly deepened their research on the European phenomenological tradition,Prepared the necessary ideological resources to overcome the above methodological obstacles。Compared with the Anglo-American analytic philosophy tradition,The philosophical tendency dominated by the European phenomenology tradition,Its uniqueness lies in its attempt to reflect on and criticize the metaphysical foundation of modern Western science。This constructive self-reflection and criticism within the Western intellectual tradition promotes its opening to other intellectual traditions,Thus giving birth to some ideological frameworks that transcend modern Western dualism、New ideological elements with unique affinity and creativity。These new ideological elements contribute brand-new methodological resources to the comparative study of heterogeneous ideological traditions。
The "genetic phenomenology" research program presented by the French philosopher Merleau-Ponty in "The Phenomenology of Perception",is a method suitable for comparative research on the bet365 offer view of traditional Chinese and Western medicine。This method was first created by the German phenomenologist Husserl,Later by Merleau-Ponty on Perception、bet365 offer、Space、Time、Further application and elucidation of the phenomenological study of the world。The purpose is,Using the methods of phenomenological reduction and phenomenological construction,Reveals that all scientific concepts and scientific theories are ultimately based on human beings’ original perceptual experiences (that is, those in the process of birth、My own perceptual experience that has not yet been objectified),They are all certain definitions and explanations of original perceptual experience through reflective activities,Thus trying to provide a more reasonable basis for modern Western science、A deeper metaphysical foundation。
From a phenomenological perspective,No matter how great the superficial differences between the two views of the bet365 offer may be,All based on what is common to all human subjects、Similar primary physical experience,Otherwise, the basis of daily communication and language translation between different ideological traditions will be completely lost。It is this original physical experience,Provides a basis of identity for comparison of bet365 offer views in Chinese and Western medicine,Established the theoretical possibility of comparative research。Under specific research,We can first resort to the method of phenomenological reduction,Retracing the two basic concepts corresponding to the bet365 offer view of Chinese and Western medicine back to the common perspective of the original bet365 offer experience,Then start from the original bet365 offer experience,Through different phenomenological construction mechanisms,Elucidate the huge differences in the bet365 offer views of Chinese and Western medicine and their ideological roots。Of course,The above “backtracking” from basic concepts to original perceptual experience,The focus is no longer on the "actual history" directly presented by existing historical evidence from a positivist perspective,But the meaning construction of basic concepts in the phenomenological sense、The "history of intention" of transmission and precipitation。
If the above phenomenological method can be promoted and implemented in the comparative study of the bet365 offer view of traditional Chinese and Western medicine,It is possible for us to reveal a certain unique style of thought contained in each of the two basic concepts,Or some inner unity of meaning。This style of thought or unity of meaning stipulates their respective paradigms of bet365 offer view。We can rely on the complex thought structure of the bet365 offer view paradigm,Multiple levels、Characterize the differences and connections between the two paradigms in multiple dimensions。for example,We can introduce the phenomenological distinction of “object/phenomenon”,Explain the bet365 offer view paradigms of the anatomical bet365 offer and the vaporized bet365 offer as "object bet365 offer" and "phenomenal bet365 offer" respectively,Explain the ontological basis of the two views of the bet365 offer as "object ontology" and "phenomenon ontology" respectively,etc.。
In short,Once the respective ideological paradigms and phenomenological construction mechanisms of the two bet365 offer views are philosophically clarified,The comprehensive comparison of Chinese and Western medicine philosophy has a brand-new philosophical foundation。We can follow the bet365 offer view paradigm,Reunderstand and interpret the medical paradigms of Chinese and Western medicine and their uniqueness in theory and practice。
In view of the fact that many basic concepts related to the bet365 offer view of traditional Chinese medicine are also the basic concepts of traditional Chinese medicine,It is also the basic concept of the entire ancient Chinese ideological tradition,We can also rely on the bet365 offer concept paradigm and medical paradigm of traditional Chinese medicine,Reunderstanding the entire ancient Chinese world。With the help of conceptual tools provided by the phenomenological method,"Qi", "Yin and Yang" and "Five Elements" originally seemed mysterious and insubstantial、Basic concepts that are difficult to understand,It will be possible to be reactivated under a unified metaphysical framework,Regaining some comprehensibility。Through modern interpretations of these basic concepts,The medical nature and status of traditional Chinese medicine,And the ideological nature of the ancient Chinese world picture,It is possible to get a new explanation。Therefore,If traditional Chinese medicine is the key to unlocking the treasure house of Chinese civilization,Comparative study on the bet365 offer view of traditional Chinese and Western medicine,It may be the key to activating this key。
(This article is a phased result of the National Social Science Fund Western Project "Comparative Research on the bet365 offer Concept of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine from the Phenomenological Perspective" (15XZX004)
(Author’s affiliation: Department of History of Science, Tsinghua University)
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