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For 100 years，Western Region, represented by Turpan, Xinjiang, my country，Thousands of documents were unearthed，Shocking the world academic circles，Turpan literature with Dunhuang literature，It has spawned an international manifestation -Turpan Studies in Dunhuang，to a large extent changed the appearance and direction of academic history。

　　Have more distinctive characteristics

"Turpan Literature" in the academic world，Not only literature unearthed from the Turpan Basin，You can also refer to the literature unearthed in the entire Western Regions。Compared with Dunhuang literature，Turpan literature has more distinctive characteristics。

First, the excavation of Turpan literature was earlier。As early as 1890，The British Powell won a Sanskritian who wrote in the early 6th century in the Xinjiang Kuka.。From 1893，Russia、Sweden、UK、France、Archaeologists and sinologists from Japan and other countries come to the Western Regions for inspection。Visible，Turpan literature has already attracted attention in the world academic circles，This field has very deep academic connections and research foundations。

Second, the era recorded in Turpan literature earlier，longer periods。Turpan unearthed "The Buddhas Reerement of the Buddhas for Sixth Year (296) on March 18th"，The literature from the Turpan Basin is from the Sixteen Kingdoms to the early Tang Dynasty as the community，Dunhuang literature is mostly Tang and Five Dynasties，Turpan Literature and Dunhuang Literature just formed complementary in the times。

Third, more literature types。Turpan literature looks at the land from the land，There is a Buddhist cave site、The site of the old city、Tomb Site，Vast area of ​​the unearthed area，There are various types of unearthed cultural relics and literature evidence;，Paper、Brick quality、stone、Wood、帛、mochi; look at the color of bet365 live casino games the literature，There is ink color、Blue、Zhu Se; From the perspective of the content of the literature，It is closer to the real life at that time，Involved in all aspects of social life。

Fourth is the essence of Turpan literature.。Especially after the founding of the People's Republic of China，my country's archeological team carried out a large -scale scientific excavation of Turpan tombs，until today，Turpan literature is still unearthed，and stored in the Museum of Uygur Autonomous Region and the Turpan Museum。

Five is that Turpan literature will continue to be unearthed，In the vast Western region，I don’t know how many archeological discoveries are worthy of our expectations，I don’t know how many unearthed literatures are waiting for everyone to sort out。

　　Touched the Turpan Literature Document Bottom

For a century，What experience is worthy of the experience of Turpan literature? How should Turpan learn in the future?、Reading、Talk about it。

First is the census。To engage in Turpan literature sorting and research，All Turpan literature must be read and compared one by one，Comprehensively observe and open the literature of different genre。Therefore，Touched the family of Turpan Literature is very important。Current，Scholars do the census of the Turpan literature hidden abroad in foreign countries.，About "General Eyes" has been released，Especially "Turpan Document General Eyes (Japan Collection Volume)" (2005 of Wuhan University Press)、"Turpan Document General Eyes (European and American Collection Volume)" (2007 in Wuhan University Press) brought us a lot of convenience，Based on the second book，By using the International Dunhuang website，You can basically understand the collection of the Turpan literature abroad。but，Turpan literature hidden in China，There is no similar "Summary" publishing at present，We mainly rely on "The Chronicles of Turpan Unearthed Gaochang Literature" (Taipei Xinwenfeng Publishing Company 1997)、"The Chronicles of the Tang Dynasty Literature Early Literature" (2002 of Taipei Xinwenfeng Publishing Company)。After the census of Turpan Literature，Also Bet365 app download need statistics，When writing "Turpan Literature Collection · Confucian Classic Volume"，Statistics Turpan unearthed in Turpan, which is currently collected at home and abroad, a total of 7 113 pieces of Confucian classics，They are: "Shang Shu" 7 pieces、24 pieces of the Book of Songs、4 pieces of "Book of Rites"、14 pieces of "Spring and Autumn Zuo's Biography"、31 cases of the Analects、"Filial Scripture" 9 pieces、24 pieces of "Eria"。

Followed by reading。Reading of Turpan Literature，Especially the reading of Chinese literature，Domestic scholars do better than foreign scholars。For example，List of "Turpan unearthed documents" (Cultural Relics Publishing House 1992-1996) and "New Turpan Untrene Literature" (Zhonghua Book Company 2008) is compared to "Okiya Integration" (Fa Tibetan Museum 1984 to 2010). Read more precisely。For a long time，Due to the absence of language scholars，Or because of the organizer ignoring the Chinese and ancient Chinese、Modern Chinese and modern Chinese characters、Write this identifier symbol and the importance of special format for Turpan literature，Turpan literature can not help but make mistakes in learning，Leading Book Yan said。For example，Dagu 1036 "Tang Liu □ Raising to someone to lift McGrady" mistakenly records the "miscellaneous" as "difficult"，Dagu 8056 "Sixteen Years of the Tang Dynasty (781) June and Mi Fourteen Money" mistakenly recorded "Dai Na" as "Qianna"，Dagu 1505 "Remnant" mistakenly "HistoryMother "recorded as" Shitun Niang "(""" "Three" is actually the custom of "Three")。If we go through the work of the older generation of Japanese scholars, Rinai Tian Sheng，For example, "Research on the History of Chinese Legal System" (1960th of the University of Tokyo)、"Research on the Tang and Song Law Books" (1983 of the University of Tokyo)，I will find more errors that occur when reading Turpan unearthed contracts，Another example，OR.8212/1515M.tagh.0124 "Tang You (?) Subwell Resignation"，"The Literature of Stan's Third Central Asian Archeology (the Non -Buddhist Sutra)" (Shanghai Dictionary Press bet365 Play online games 2005) was mistakenly recorded as "Yang Jian"，Due to the error of reading this word，As a result, the document is named "Tang You Suyan Remnant Document"，The true nature of the document is covered。Therefore，We organize Turpan Literature，Be sure to solidify the basic skills of vulgar language and vulgar characters。

Occascularity again。Turpan unearthed literature mostly comes from the tomb，Many documents have been highly fragmented。There are three main reasons: First, the second tailoring of the document during the burial。Due to cutting the documents into various shapes due to burial，Ruddy paper boots、Paper Hat，As a result, the complete document becomes fragmented。Second, it is caused by the corrosion of the body and funerals in the tomb。Third, the relocation after the unearthed is damaged。If the scattered fragment is out of the same tomb，The line spacing is the same，Paper、Calligraphy、Font specifications、The line spacing is the same，The stubble of the broken document is also in line with，We can condense it。We used to be based on senior scholars，Grand Valley 3101、3103、3104 The residual tablets are compatible，Reappear the style of "Tang Zhang's Rental Pottery"，69tam140: 17/3 and 69TAM140: 17/5-1，so that "Tang Zhangxin hired to hire the deed" breaks the mirror。

Finally, it is a disconnection。Literature as a historical material，If the age is unknown，This article is almost unavailable。Turpan Literature，A voucher、Brick Zhi、Tracing such as official document，Often marked the age、month、Date，Historical materials are extremely valuable，But due to the high fragmentation of many literature，As a result，This requires language and words、History、Archaeological angle and the carrier of the literature、Calligraphy and other angles，Troubled it for it，For example, 69tam117: 57/2 documents，List of "Turpan Unearthed Documents" is named "Someone Buy Vine Garden Passenger"，No specific era。We think this is a typical Gaochang Chief Voucher，and it is very likely to be the period of Gaochang Yanshou，Bet365 lotto review Because of the document "He (River、诃) Theft (Tao) "" still pass "only appears in this period，As long as it is compared with 69TAM135: 2 "Gao Chang Yanshou (628) Zhao Shanzhong Buy for Land Coupon"。

　　Accurate name of the literature and prize break sentence

Name is qualitative，It reflects the author's most comprehensive document、The most essential understanding，At the same time, it involves the genre classification of documents。For example, 60TAM322: 7/4 (B) Document: "[于] □ □ [Township] People [Zhang] Taking Silver Money □" And: 60tam322: 7/3-2 (b) Document: "□□□ Zhao Zhao。Ruo Zhao's Qianzhi [Day] Ruo Yan [Quota] □□□□ Take (?) "And: 60tam322: 7/3-1 Document:" If it is extended [not] ] "。above three books，List of "Turpan Untresh Document" only loads the version，No recorded text，and not named，only marked as "Document Residual Film"。We think the above are three contracts，According to the content and terms, they can be named "Tang's Money Lake"。

Then it's collation。The writer of the Turpan literature comes from all levels，The degree of cultural level is uneven，In addition, most of them are written，Thousands of people Thousands of face，Mistake、Don't write、Vulgar writing is inevitable，So the collation is needed。For example, 97TSYM1: 12 Ancient Write "The Analects of Confucius Yao Yao" Note: "Gentleman has no crowd，No small，No dare Pei。"Pei" here，Cha Ruan Yuan published "Thirteen Classic Note" This work "Slow"，Check this document No. 6 Note "Pei Ranzhuang Zhuang" language，So we think that writing "No Dare to Pei" is involved in injection and mistakes。

Last sentence break。Broken sentence is to add a new punctuation，It reflects the accurate understanding of the conclusion of the sentence of the sentence.。72tam169: 26 (b)、Two、III "Gao Chang Shu Yi" has "Title Yun, a province to sue a certain province, but Xia is grateful to be deepened by Ruyan to comfort the heart and heat,"，List of "Turpan Unearthed Documents" reads and sentences: "Title Yun, a province: a certain only Xia Xia is grateful (thought)，Ruyan Shu Xuanhuai。Bet365 app download Micro -hot Ruqiao (Cited by: This should be ‘ratio’，List is the error of ‘巧’)? "We think that the sentence should be disconnected as:" Title: a certain province: a certain province: Xia Xia is grateful (thought) deep，Go to Ru Yan Shu，comfortable，slightly hot，Do you? "

　　It is worth vigorous inheritance and reference

Note reflects the comprehensive level of the literature，Therefore，First of all、Through through from a historical perspective、Real from the perspective of archeology。For example, 64TAM37: 21 "Tang □ □ Two Years Cao Zhongmin Renting Field Equipment" has "Cao Zhongmin rented in Zhitian ZhujinmingSi Lian and other parts of the word "，"Knowing" in this document means "management"，"Zhitian" is management、Investigating the virtual or miscellaneous person in the tube Uchida acres，Sometimes the government officers are appointed by local officials，There are "Zhi Xun (Earth)" in Turpan's literature (the same as "Zhitian")、"Zhizhen", "Zhishui", "Zhibing", "Zhiqiao Road"，All can be compared。

Followed by research。"Zhizhen", "Zhishui", "Zhibing", "Zhiqiao Road"、Literature research、Document inheritance three aspects，Micro test、Middle viewing comparison、Macro Studies Three Combination，On the basis of Turpan literature,，Strive to write "History of the Silk Road Culture", "Silk Road Military History", "Silk Road Commercial History", "Silk Road National History"。For example, 64TAM35: 15 "Wu Zhou Changan (703) Cao Bao Bao Lifting Money Lake"，This contract tells a person named "Cao Bao Bao"，Together with the mother's surname，The mother and child borrowed the copper coin from the "Shi Xuanzheng" to pick up the text。Cao、Item、Shi San's surnames are all surnames of Soga，If writing "The History of the Silk Road"，This document is an important historical material。

Last inheritance。Thousands of Turpan documents provided us with valuable experiences for the ancients to govern Turpan and operate the Silk Road，It can provide intellectual support for the construction of the "Belt and Road"。For example，The spread of Confucian Bet365 app download culture on Turpan during the Middle Ages，It provides an important reference for us to spread Chinese traditional culture today;，There are a lot of content about disease and disaster prevention in Turpan literature、The Tang Dynasty provided legal litigation language services for people from all walks of life on the Silk Road，These are worthy of our inheritance and reference。

　　(This article is the major project of the National Social Science Foundation "Turpan Literature Collection · School Note · Language and Corner Construction" (17zda314) phase results)

(The author is the director of the Dunhuang Turpan Literature Research Institute of Southwest University for Nationalities、Professor)