Today’s Iraq east bet365 apuestas Mediterranean、Iran、Syria area，Belonging to Mesopotamia in ancient times。There are two twin rivers here - Tigris and Euphrates，given birth to Sumer、Multiple civilizations including Babylonia and Assyria，From 3500 BC to 500 BC，Prospered for 3000 years。Among them，The Sumerian civilization is not only the earliest civilization in the Mesopotamia (3500 BC-2004 BC)，And it is one bet365 apuestas earliest civilizations in the world。Sumerian civilization created many achievements，A milestone in the history of human civilization，Occupies an extremely important place in world history，To the later ancient Greece、Ancient Roman civilization and even other European civilizations，Both have extremely far-reaching influences。

The Miaodigou Culture in the middle reaches bet365 apuestas Yellow River in China to the Longshan Period (3500 BC-1900 BC)，From the origin of multi-civilizations in East Asia, “the sky is full of stars”，Developed to the point where the core of Chinese civilization is in the Central Plains, especially in the core area of ​​civilization in the western Henan and southern Shanxi areas.。The birth bet365 apuestas Central Plains civilization，Become the starting point for the formation bet365 apuestas core of Chinese civilization，Established many characteristics of Chinese civilization that continue to this day、System、Ideas and genes。Although the Central Plains civilization and the Sumerian civilization are located at the east and west ends bet365 apuestas Eurasian continent respectively，But for two civilization achievements、Features、Comparative analysis of road modes，Very helpful from the perspective bet365 apuestas whole Eurasia，A deeper understanding bet365 apuestas respective historical backgrounds of civilizations at the east and west ends、Environmental conditions，And contributions to world civilization。

　　The Sumerians created a brilliant bet365 apuestas

3500 BC，The Sumerians came to settle in the lower reaches bet365 apuestas Tigris and Euphrates rivers，Started a life of irrigated agriculture。Urbanization first appeared in Uruk (3750 BC-3150 BC)，Followed by Zemdiet Naser (3150 BC-2900 BC)。The Sumerians who settled earlier in the city took advantage bet365 apuestas fertile fields and irrigation canal network，Become a "landlord"；Later immigrants could only rent land from “landlords” for farming or sell labor to “landlords”。Yu is，The "landlords" who settled first became the "citizens" bet365 apuestas city，Later immigrants have no citizenship rights，leading to social stratification，Society begins to become complicated。Strong walls protect residential areas、Shop、Temple、Palace and administrative center，Agriculture、Specialization of handicrafts and arts，Promotes business prosperity，Gathered huge wealth in the city，The prototype bet365 apuestas city-state is born，The dawn of civilization appears。This period，Bronze metallurgy in daily tools、Commonly used in the production of tools and weapons，Roller printing plays an important role in marking property ownership and commerce。Hieroglyphics in Mesopotamia appeared around 3300 BC，Evolved into early cuneiform between 2400 BC and 1800 BC，for accounting、Statistics、Management、Ming Gong、Contract、Oath, etc.。

The original ruler bet365 apuestas Sumerian city-state was the high priest en，Urban Politics、Religion、Administration、The economic center is in the temple，The square in front bet365 apuestas temple is usually the market。Later，With the complexity of urban affairs，An official position ensi appeared，Means "ruler"，Specialized in managing urban municipal administration、Law、Society、Business and trade and even military，State and church begin to separate。When a city-state encounters a war，The Council of Elders or the Assembly of Citizens temporarily appoints a lugal (great man) as a military leader。If the crisis reoccurs，The military power bet365 apuestas "great man" will be solidified。High Priest、Rulers and "Great Men"，They all have the potential to evolve into real kings。But the king needs to rule the world on behalf of a certain god，It is necessary for the important local temple to declare that he was appointed by the heaven。The three symbols of Sumerian kingship are the crowns、Throne and scepter。Early Dynastic period about 3000 BC，A palace separated from the temple appears，Large scale。The administrative officials bet365 apuestas city-state are composed of priests at all levels in the temple、Judge、Scribe、Army Commander、Composition of palace management personnel, etc.。In kind and corvee taxes are the main sources of city-state finance。Sumerian society has a strong spirit of contract，Pay special attention to the law，Preserved "Urukakina" (2350 BC)、The three legal codes of "Ur-Nam" (2100 BC) and "Lebit-Ishtar" (1930 BC)，It is the earliest code in the world，Although these codes were established by the king，Wearing the cloak of divine order，But it still reflects the commendable legal spirit。

Sumerian belief in a variety of professional gods，The most important of them is Inanna, the goddess of fertility、天神安、Enlil, the earth god whose actual status is higher than that bet365 apuestas sky gods、Enki, the water god of wisdom and creativity，Only missing ancestors and gods。Each city-state will choose a certain god as the patron saint bet365 apuestas city，He will receive special treatment，Build the largest temple for it。Sacrifice in Temple Square，Ordinary citizens can participate。Sacrifice ceremony is red tape，Strictly stylized，But the nature of secular utilitarianism and individualism，Resulting in its failure to become the behavioral norm bet365 apuestas entire society，The act of offering sacrifices is essentially bribing the gods to protect themselves。

Sumerian musical instruments were very developed，There are drums、Bronze Bell、fork bell、Flute、Pan flute、Horn、Harp、Lyre、Pipa、castanets, etc.，Used for sacrifice、Banquet、Banshi、Celebration、Funeral。9 lyres and 3 harps were unearthed from the tomb of King Ur around the middle bet365 apuestas third millennium BC，But Sumer did not form a ritual and music system。

　　Central Plains bet365 apuestas has made brilliant achievements

Around 3300 BC，The Miaodigou culture in the Central Plains and Guanzhong areas began to become socially complex，The emergence of large central settlements such as the west slope of Lingbao, Henan。The trench settlement on the western slope of Lingbao is about 400,000 square meters，A large house with an indoor area of ​​more than 200 square meters，There is a large tomb 5 meters long in the cemetery，There are also some small and medium-sized tombs。Li Xinwei based on the area of ​​the tomb and the number of funerary objects and the large-mouth jar、The status level indicators of ivory wares and jade axes，Divide the tombs in Xispo Cemetery into four levels，The social stratification and complexity of this settlement are clear as daylight。However，What’s striking is，The first-level tombs are not rich in grave goods，The quality is not very high either，This is very different from the luxurious burial in the Ur Tomb in Sumer，And there is not much religious atmosphere。This shows that the mechanism bet365 apuestas complexity of Miaodigou cultural society，The impact of divine power is very limited，Military factors probably played a big role。Yu is，Li Boqian believes that the Central Plains region, represented by Xipo, has entered the ancient country era dominated by royal power。This settlement uses painted pottery art as its carrier，Radiating cultural influence to the outside world，Thus Han Jianye believes that the cultural "China" is formed。

The middle reaches bet365 apuestas Yellow River have experienced nearly a thousand years of development，Between approximately 2300 BC and 1900 BC，A city appears，And serve as the city bet365 apuestas country，For example, the Taosi City Site in Linfen Basin in southern Shanxi，Dengfeng Wangcheng Gang in the Songshan Ring Area in Western Henan Province、Yuzhou Wadian、Xinmi, Xinzhai, etc.。Among them, the Taosi City Site has the most comprehensive functional divisions，In the middle period of Taosi culture (2100 BC-2000 BC), the construction bet365 apuestas "palace city-outer city" dual-city capital model was completed。Except for the palace where the king lives and has administrative offices，There may be an ancestral temple building。The king lives in Taosi City、Nobility、Official、Handmade craftsman、Ordinary residents，Even within the royal family who are related by blood，Also divided into aristocratic ruling class and civilian ruled class，It is not a civil society like Sumerian society but there is a slave class。

Except for cottage industry，Gongguan in the middle period of Taosi culture managed the handicraft stone tool and pottery industries，It is commodity production under the planned economy，Very different from the market-oriented production of goods in Sumer。The earliest Chinese characters began to appear in the middle period of Taosi culture，From the archaeological data of official inscriptions，The invention of Chinese characters was mainly used for administrative management rather than commercial activities and conclusion of contracts。The royal power of Taosi State is still symbolized by the jade ax，At the same time, the ruler that can measure the earth and establish the calendar has been added as authority。With stone chime、Taogu、鍟gul、木混、The ritual and music system composed of copper bells and other bells is the representation，The ideology of king-centeredness and ritual and music education，Suppresses the spirit of law and contract in society。Although "Shang Shu Shun Dian" says that "an image is used as a punishment"，But there is a lack of archaeological evidence and unearthed documentary evidence。Although there are no bronzes in Taosi Temple，But red copper casting created a precedent for Chinese copper ritual vessels，Walked a different path to bet365 apuestas from Sumerian bronze tools and weapons。

A large treasury in the capital of Taosi，Indicates that Taosi State also has a national tax system，Tax in kind is likely to be food。The religious characteristics of Taosi’s royal power are not very obvious，But sacrifice to heaven、Sacrifice to the ground、The three major religious sacrificial powers of ancestor worship，Only available to nobles and elites，Different from the public sacrifices in the Sumerian temple square。Moreover, in Taosi culture, heaven is superior to earth and earth is inferior，The virtues of our ancestors are worthy of Heaven，Not like the Sumerian bet365 apuestas，Each city-state has its own special main god，Theocracy occupies a particularly important position in social, political and economic life。

　　The economic foundations bet365 apuestas two are completely different

The above-mentioned differences between Sumerian civilization and Central Plains civilization，The fundamental reason is that the economic foundations bet365 apuestas two civilizations are completely different。Sumerian civilization was based on a developed commodity economy，The commodity economy in the Central Plains has not developed yet。

Although there was a professional pottery making settlement in Yangguanzhai, Xi'an in the Guanzhong area，There is a market for pottery products，But the Central Plains region has always been based on small farmer economy。The decentralized small-scale peasant economy is easily self-sufficient，But it is extremely vulnerable to the commodity economy and society、The harassment, impact and even plunder of nomadic economic society，And frequent natural disasters，Vulnerable，Only submit to the leadership of strong royal power and military power，Cohesion into a complex society，In order to resist natural and man-made disasters，Achieve survival and development。The "Di Zhong" ideology invented by the Central Plains civilization，Strengthens the ethics of centralization，The earliest country in the Central Plains became a state as soon as it appeared，Instead bet365 apuestas fragmented city-state system like the Sumerian civilization。

The Central Plains etiquette system derived from the ancestor worship and patriarchal system of heaven and earth，Yitao、Jade、Bronze ritual vessels are material carriers，Not only regulates the behavior of people in society，It has become a framework for stratified social organization，Downplaying religion、Law and spirit of contract。Therefore，The civilization bet365 apuestas Central Plains has a very different path from that bet365 apuestas Sumerian civilization，It can be called the “Chinese model” in the history bet365 apuestas development of world civilization。

(Author’s unit: Institute of Archeology, bet365 apuestas Academy of History)