Iraq east of the Mediterranean Sea today、Iran、Syria area，In ancient times, it belonged to the Mesopotamian region。There are two twin rivers here -the bottom of the Dagris and Euphrates，Breeding Sumel、Babylonia and Assyria multiple civilizations，From 3500 BC to 500 BC，It has been prosperous for 3000 years。Where，Sumel civilization is not only the earliest civilization in the two river basins (before 3500 — 1st 2004)，and is one of the earliest civilizations in the world。Sumerian civilization has created many achievements，It has a milestone in the history of human civilization，It has an extremely important place in world history，For the later ancient Greece、Ancient Roman civilization and even other European civilization，All have a profound impact。

Miao Digou culture from the middle reaches of the Yellow River in China to Longshan Times (BC 3500 — 1 before 1900)，Origin from East Asia's Diverse Civilization "Full of Heaven Dou"，The core of the core area of ​​the Chinese civilization in the core area of ​​the civilization in the Central Plains, especially the Jinnan region of the Central Plains,。The birth of the Central Plains Civilization，The starting point formed by becoming the core of Chinese civilization，Lay many characteristics of Chinese civilization that has been stretched to this day、System、Concept and gene。Although the Central Plains civilization and Sumel civilization are located at both ends of East Eurasia，​​But to two civilization achievements、Features、Comparison analysis of road mode，Very helpful perspective from the entire Eurasia，More deeply knowing the historical background of the civilization at both ends of the east and west、Environmental bet365 best casino games conditions，and contribution to world civilization。

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3500 BC，The Sumelns come to the end of the Greeis River and the Euphraphon River to settle，Starting irrigation agricultural life。Urbanization first appeared in Uruk (before 3750 — 3150)，Subsequent Jimpeta Naisa (1st 3150 -before 2900)。The Sumerians who settled earlier in the city accounted for the advantages of the good field and the irrigation canal，Become a "landlord"; later immigrants can only rent land for land plowing or selling labor from the "landlord"。From yes，The "landlord" who settled first became the city's "citizens"，Later immigrants have no citizenship，Leading society，Society starts to complexize。The solid city wall protects the residential area、Store、Temple、Palace and Administrative Center，Agriculture、Specialization of handicraft industry and art，Promoting the prosperity of business，Make the city gathered huge wealth，City -state prototype was born，Civilization dawn first appears。This period，Bronze Metallurgical Tools、General use in production tools and weapons，The roller is printed in the ownership of the logo property and the business。The image -shaped text of the two river basins appeared around 3300 BC，From 2400 BC to 1800 BC, it evolved into an early wedge -shaped text，Used for bookkeeping、Statistics、Management、Ming Gong、Contract、Alliance Oath, etc.。

The original ruler of Sumerian City State was senior priest EN，Urban Politics、Religious、Administrative、The Economic Center is in Temple，The square in front of the temple is usually the market。Later，With the complexity of urban affairs，An official ENSI appeared，means "rulers"，Specializing in managing urban municipalities、Law、Society、Business, trade and even military，Politics and religion began to separate。When the city -state encounters war，bet365 best casino games Presbyterian consultant group or the citizen meeting temporarily appointed Lugal (great person) as military leader。If the crisis appears repeatedly，"Great Man" of the military power will be solidified。Senior priest、The rulers and "Great People"，It is possible to evolve into a real king。But the king needs to represent the heavenly god ruled the world，It is announced by the important local temples that he is assigned by Tianting。The three symbols of the Sumerian kingship are crown、throne and scepter。About 3000 BC Early Dynasties，The palace separated from the temple appears，Grand scale。Administrative officials of the city -state are by priests at all levels of the temple、Judge、Scholar、Army Chiefs、Palace managers, etc.。Taxation of physical and off -service is the main source of city -state finance。Sumerian society has a strong contract spirit，Pay special attention to the law，The reserved "Urika" (2350 BC)、"Urnim" (2100 BC) and "Libet -Ishtar" (1930 BC) three codes，is the earliest codes in the world，Although these codes are formulated by the king，Course in the order of God's prestige，But still reflect the valuable legal spirit。

Sumel beliefs a variety of full -time gods，Among them, the most important is the goddess of the gods of wealth Inanna、Tian Shen An、The actual status is higher than the god of the gods, the earth god enlil、Wonderful and creative Water God Enki，Only the ancestor god。Each city -state will choose a patron saint of a god as the city，He will be treated specially，Build the largest temple for it。Sacrifice at Temple Square，Ordinary citizens can participate。Sacrifice Ceremony Fanwen 缛，strict programming，But the essence of secular utilitarianism and individualism，As a result, it fails to become the behavioral specification of the entire society，The sacrifice behavior is essentially the bribe God bless itself。

Bet365 lotto review Sumerian's instrument is very developed，Drum、bronze bell、Fork Bell、Flute、flute、No.、Harm、Qixianqin、Pipa、Sound board, etc.，Used for sacrifice、Banquet、Teacher、celebration、Funeral。About 9 Qianqin and 3 harp，But Somel did not form a ritual and music system。

　　Central Plains Civilization achievement glory

Around 3300 BC，Miao Digou culture in the Central Plains and Guanzhong region begins to be complicated by society，Large centers such as Lingbao Xipo, Henan appeared。The ring of Lingbao West Po is about 400,000 square meters，Large houses with an indoor area of ​​more than 200 square meters，There are 5 meters long tomb in the cemetery，There are some small and medium -sized tombs。Li Xinwei according to the area of ​​the tomb and the number of funerals and the number of funerals and reference to the large port、The identity level indication of ivory and jade 钺 钺，Divide the tombs of the Xipo Cemetery into four levels，Social layers and complexity of this settlement. Watch the fire。But，Attention is，Level 1 Grand Tomb Crims is neither abundant，The quality is not very high，This is a great difference between the luxury burial of the Ur King's Mausoleum of Sumerier，I can't see how much religious atmosphere。This indicates that in the mechanism of the complexity of the culture and society of the temple under the gap，The influence of divine rights is very limited，Military factors are likely to play a great role。From yes，Li Boqian believes。This settlement is based on color pottery art，Radiation cultural influence to the four outside，From this Han Jianye believes that the "China" forms the "China" formed。

The middle reaches of the Yellow River has undergone nearly a thousand years of development，between from about 2300 BC and 1900 BC，City，as the capital of the state country，Tao Temple City, the Linfen Basin, Jinnan，Dengfeng Wangchenggang in Songshan Bet365 app download area western Henan、Yuzhou Watian、Xinmi Xinzhai, etc.。Among them, Tao Temple City Site Metropolitan City Functional District Plan is the most prepared，In the middle of Tao Temple Culture (before 2100 -before 2000), the construction of the dual -city city model of "Miyagi -Waiguo City"。In addition to the palace of Wangjuju and administrative office，There may be ancestral temple building。The king lives in Tao Temple City、Noble、Official、Handcraft craftsmen、Ordinary residents，Even the internal royal family with a blood relationship，It is also divided into noble ruling class and civilians' ruling class，Unlike Sumerian society, it is a civic society but the slave class exists。

In addition to the family handicraft，Tao Temple Culture in the middle of the workers management handicraft stone tools and pottery industry，It is a commodity production under the planned economy，It is very different from the market -oriented commodity production with Somel。The earliest Chinese characters began to appear in the middle of Tao Temple culture，Look at the archeological information of the text engraved by the official position，The invention of Chinese characters is mainly used for administrative management rather than business activities and conclusions。The kingship of Tao Temple State is still marked by jade 钺，At the same time, the Guifen that can be determined and the calendar can be determined as the authority。Shi Shi、Tao Drum、Drum、Wooden、The ritual and music system composed of copper bells is the appearance，The ideology of the king's neutralization and ritual and music，Inhibit the legal spirit and contract spirit of society。Although "Shangshu · Shun Dian" has a cloud "Elephant with Ceremony"，but lack of archeological evidence and unearthed literature evidence。Tao Temple has no bronze，But the red copper casting created the precedent of the Chinese Bet365 lotto review copper ceremony，The road of civilization different from Sumer bronze tools and weapons。

Treasure Treasury in Tao Temple City，It shows that there is also a national taxation system in Tao Temple State，physical tax is likely to be food。The religious characteristics of Tao Temple's kingship are not very obvious，But sacrifice heaven、Sacrifice、Three religious sacrifice power of the ancestors，limited to the mastery of nobles and elites，Different from public sacrifice on the Summel Temple Square。And Tao Temple culture is humble in heaven，Ancestral morality is matched with heaven，instead of Somel Civilization，The city -state has its own special main god，God rights occupy a particularly important position in social and political and economic life。

　　The economic foundation of the two is very different

The above differences between Sumel Civilization and Central Plains Civilization，The root cause is that the economic foundation of the two civilizations is completely different。Sumel civilization is based on developed commodity economy，The commodity economy in the Central Plains has not developed。

Although there has been a professional potter in Xi'an Yangguanzhai in Guanzhong area，There is a pottery product market，But the Central Plains has always been based on the economy of small farmers。Disted small farmers are easy to be self -sufficient，But it is very vulnerable to commodity economy and society、The attack, impact and even plunder of the nomadic economy and society，and frequent natural disaster strikes，Unbearable blow，Only the leadership of the strong king and military rights in accordance with the leadership，Condensing into a complex society，can resist natural disasters and human disasters，Get survival and development。The "Mediterranean" ideology invented by the Central Plains Civilization，Strengthen the ethics of centralized power，The first appearance of the Central Plains bet365 best casino games is the state of the state，Not the cracked city -state system like Sumerian civilization。

The Central Plains Rites System from the ancestors of Heaven and Earth and the Triggence System，Yitao、Jade、Copper ceremony is a materialized carrier，Not only regulating the behavior of social people，It has become a framework for layered social organizations，Dental religion、Law and Contract Spirit。Therefore，Central Plains Civilization and Sumerian Civilization Road are very different，"China Model" in the history of the development of world civilization。

(Author Unit: Institute of Archaeological Research Institute of China History Research Institute)