1825，Britain built the world's first railway。After that，Railway has gradually become one of the symbols of the industrial revolution。After the Opium War，The powers of the powers began to sting China's way of road，Constantly intimidating to seduce the Qing court self -built railway，Plugs from it to profit。The internal position of the court bureaucratic system is very different。Westernization School hopes to run railway、Communication and other business，Development of assisting the military industry。The conservatives regard the railway as "Qi Qi Qiao"，Resolutely resist。1980s，With the continuous advancement of the Westernization Movement，The two factions finally launched three large -scale controversy on the establishment of the railway。

1872-1876，The US Deputy Consul in Shanghai Olivie Brater privately built the Wusong Railway，This is the first railway appearing on the land of China。During the construction of the railway，Repeated contradictions with the Chinese people。First when the land is requisition，Destroy the irrigation ditch，Causes dissatisfaction among the masses，Caused during the construction process，Pilem marks have been pulled away many times。and then，Death caused by the train rolling people，Lead hundreds of people to gather to prevent the train from passing。The Qing government has to Bet365 app download buy the right of the road，After the railway is recovered，Governor of Liangjiang Shen Zhen immediately demolished it。

After a few years，The Westernization School is in the process of foreign exchanges，Gradually see the role of the railway in national defense，Hope that the railway "strong country"。December 3, 1880，The representative of the Westernization School Liu Mingchuan played "Create the Railway to Fix the Fold"，Please build a railway，thus opened the first debate on the construction of railways within the court。Li Hongzhang and other Westernization faction Chen Railway，"The Xing of the Railway，There are nine ends of Dali ": Easy to be national economy、​​Easy to military and political、Easy to Beijing、Easy to live in people's livelihood、Easy to transfer、Easy Postal、Easy to mine、Easy to attract investment、Easy to travel。In addition，Westernization School also thinks，The railway has "fast、Security、Enemy、Mi Ni Chaos、Fishing Military Fees "and other features，Therefore，Opening the railway is "nation's shrinking，The role of the three armies must be enthusiastic "。At the same time，There are also officials who strongly oppose the railway。Conservatives represented by the vice ambassador to Britain think，The main disadvantages of building railways are three: First, harmful Feng Shui，"The Spirit of the Mountains and River is uneasy，is the disaster of drought "; the second is the taxation of harmful lessons，"The disasters of smuggling tax evasion are hundreds of，National lesson benefits to do Bet365 lotto review not supply "; third is harmful national defense，Qianli Railway "Difficulties Strict Strict Strict"，Foreign enemies, "One Thoughts can straight into the room"。

Although there are different opinions，But the Westernization faction takes advantage of the upper hand。November 8, 1881，China's first self -built railway -Tangxu Railway is opened to traffic，Opening the prelude to the Chinese self -built railway。

1884，"Jiashen Yishu"，Prince of Alcohol Enter the main center，CEO，The policies in the Qing court have changed。June of that year，The imperial court descended: "The railway incident ... but these startups，or can be adapted to local conditions，Try to do it in discretion。Li Hongzhang, a businessman of the Prime Minister of the Prime Minister Li Hongzhang in detail，Properly played。"The railway has become the focus of the debate of the country and the field for the second time。Li Hongzhang suggested to continue trying the railway，Put forward to repair the transportation railway。But the Governor of Yunyun did not support，The main reason is that the railway "is close to the Yellow River，Huangliu migration is not fixed，turbulent abnormalities during the flood，After the railway will cause after the railway，Can it not conflict，Real Unsure "。Final，The Qing government ordered the "Solidice Office" Railway。

1885，Fujian and Zhejiang Governor Zuo Zongtang Different，The end of the end of the end of the Lord "Railway should be imitated"。Zuo Zongtang thinks，There are at least two great benefits to build railways，The first is "Treatment of Soldiers Bet365 app download Transfer Lingtong，No unfavorableness "; the second is" Once it is done，People are therefore rich，The country is stronger，The character is therefore prosperous "。Construction railway，"Favorite harm"。Li Hongzhang subsequently played the railway affairs to the management of the Prime Minister's Naval Affairs of the Prime Minister of the Railway Affairs，"Trial -handling" railway only has some living space。With the richness of foreign experience，Understanding the history of Western development，At this stage, the Westernization School thinks，In addition to the "strong country", the railway，There is still a "rich country" effect。So，The railway of the "trial" of the Westernization faction basically surrounds the ore and other matters。Li Hongzhang In order to solve the problem of Kaiping Coal Mine Transport，Decided to extend the built -up Tangxuan Railway to Yanzhuang，New Kaiping Railway。In this several years of debate，The Westernization School finally occupies a dominant position。

November 1888，Yizhen, please build the railway from Tianjin to Tongzhou，caused the third railway debate，It is also the most intense confrontation between the two parties。The editor of the Hanlin Academy edited Ding Lijun in 1889 with the book "On the Overseas Play"，Attack foreign affairs activities, especially the construction of railways。In his opinion，"Discussion of Jintong Railway，The troops called by the troops、Yunbai each section，All are fake words，In fact, it is specifically specializing in transportation and business goods to get thick and good. "。Once Bet365 lotto review the railway operates，"To the boat car，Sitting is unemployed "，The consequences are not "more complaints must be more"，is "Thieves Zigo，Damage and Goodness "。If it is viewed，"Therefore, the railway in one province is affected by the people of a province，Railway in the provinces will be affected by the people in the world "。Ding Lijun requested "Putting the China Railway of China，Always ban "。

but，After the previous two arguments，Some officials in conservatives have also been loosened，The point of more people is that the area of ​​Zhili is Gyeonggi，The railway is not feasible，But the border defense area can be tried to handle the railway。Some officials of conservatives recommend the suspension of Jintong Railway，Changed in "Texas in Shandong、Jining Road，Tongtong North and South River Transport "。Weng Tonghe and others also in favor of the railway "can be tried on the border，Do not catch it in the hinterland，Should temporarily slowly slowly，With Zhaocai "。

Until 1895 China -Japan Naval Battle，Tian Chao's country is defeated by the country，Doen and bottom deeply stimulated，Renewing the trend of reforms spread in intellectuals，The voices of saving death a day，The discussion of changing the court up and down gradually rise。

August 10, 1895，Governor of Liangjiang and Minister of Nanyang, Liu Kun, planned to set "Please set up a railway company to borrow a fold"，Detailed explanation of the "railway to save the country": one，Self -exercise of power;，It is advisable to business;，can be reciprocated;，bet365 best casino games Available foreigners; Five，Establishing a school; six，Destiny on the ground; Seven，Promotion Industry。September 30, 1895，The new Governor of Zhili and the Minister of the Beiyang Wang Wenshao played the court: "The way of self -improvement，Taking talent -based;，Taking the school as the first。"October 29, 1896，Emperor Guangxu approved the establishment of a railway school in Shanhaiguan。The first academic institution in the history of Chinese history was born。

Looking at three major disputes，Both the basic positions of Westernization and Conservatives remain unchanged，But their specific views are constantly changing。As far as the Westernization School is concerned，First of all, send the effect of the "powerful country" of the railway，Focusing on its national defense function，Later, I gradually realized that the railway is still "rich in the country"，So advocate the use of railways to develop economy。As far as conservatives are concerned，At first it was opposed to all "foreign foreign things"，There is no room for negotiation on the railway，It is even requested to prohibit the discussion of railways forever。and then，Agree with the "trial" railway in the border defense place。Until the defeat of the Sino -Japanese War，Large -scale opposition voices tend to disappear。

(This article is the Humanities and Social Sciences Project of the Ministry of Education "The Study and Basic Experience Research on the Construction of Southwest Railway Construction since the establishment of the New China" (20yjc770001) Bet365 app download in the phased achievement of the regional poverty alleviation)

(Author Unit: School of Marxism University of Southwest Jiaotong University)