Study various systems in the Tang Dynasty，"Tang Liu Dian" is an indispensable classic literature。Chen Yinque、Yan Gengwang、Wang Yan、Wu Zongguo、Wu Zongguo、Zhang Gong and other generations of scholars' relay exploration，The academic world has rarely regarded the "Tang Liu Dian" directly as the static record of the actual use system during the Kaiyuan period of the Tang Dynasty，I realized that this book "Although it contains various systems that are changing，But not as a codes that follow the political operation at that time "。Regardless of historical or legal circles，Most scholars do not agree with the attributes of their administrative codes。Due to its specific compilation purpose and system，The contained in the book cannot be regarded as a direct manifestation of the actual use system at that time。When we use it to study the Tang Dynasty system，It is necessary to first understand the methods and main characteristics of its system description，Then use it flexibly and accurately。

　　Bet365 lotto review

Tang Xuanzong ordered the intention of writing the "Six Classics"，That is, according to the system of the six officials of "Zhou Li"，Classic literature compiled a class of institutional regulations since the founding of the Tang Dynasty。Dr. Gu Dezhang, Dr. Tai Chang from the Huichang period (841-846), quoted the "Dingyuan Six Classics" 敕 "in" The Lord of the East "，"Listening to politics，Infinite ancient and modern。Fa with Zhou Guan，As the Tang Dian。It can be seen that Xuanzong originally named the book "Kaiyuan Six Classics"，Basic compilation principles: First, "intricate ancient and modern"，compiled into an institutional history of the ancient and modern system; the second is to "law with Zhou officials"，Compared with "Zhou Li" to make a classic literature compiled by the album。

According to "New Tang Book · Yi Wen Zhi" record，Ten years of Kaiyuan (722)，"Lu Jian, a living house, was repaired" Six Classics "。Xuanzong handwritten six，Said: Riccrete、Ceremony、Ceremony、Policy Ceremony、Settlement Code、Code "。This six articles are completely taken from the post of "Zhou Li"，Just because of avoiding taboos as a scripture。"Zhou Li" divides the six aspects of the state government affairs，Not only the theoretical basis for the Sui Dynasty to merge the Shangshu Zhuzhu into six parts，Also entrusts Tang Xuanzong's idealism of the national governance system。This ideal is far from the actual situation of the Tang Dynasty system，It is considered an important reason for the editor -in -chief "tired years"Bet365 app download 。By the 26th year of Kaiyuan, Li Linfu led it to the play，The structure of this book is very different from the original design。

Southern Song Tibetan bookmaker Chen Zhensun "Zhizhai Book Record Solving Questions" quoted Wei Shu "Ji Xian Note" in "Tang Liu Dian"，"Zhang said that Xu Jian, the party committee, Xu Jian，Thinking Sutra Mo Neng Ding。No.、Xu Qin、Weishu，Beginning into the sixth Division，Its revolution and bet。Later Zhang Jiuling will also commit to Xian，Twenty -six years of playing grass "。Where，The key is the prime minister and a bachelor's bachelor Zhang said, "And make a bachelor's noise, etc.，Former History Officer，divided into the six divisions，"Six Classics"，Activity of "Zhou Guan"。But hard work，Calendar for a few years。Later Zhang Jiuling Committee Lu Shanjing，Li Linfu Committee Garden (Xian)，From the beginning of 26 years，Bai Yan Chen He，To date "(Liu Su's" New Language of the Tang Dynasty "Volume 9" Nineteen ")。The records of the two books are roughly the same，There are two important points。

1 is "divided into the six divisions with the command"，The format of the law format used during the Kaiyuan period mainly compiles according to the lawsuit of such government affairs and its officials，but not a simple assembly，Instead, it is rewritten prompts or generalization。The "Six Division" mentioned here literally refers to the six departments of Shangshu Province and the twenty -four divisions of its affiliated，In fact, all the provinces of Taiwan、Temple Supervisor、Weifu、East Palace Palace、State and county institutions。Because the government affairs of all institutions are summarized in the six parts of Shangshu，Sixth (six divisions) can summarize all national government affairs。

Second, "The Democratic Revolution and betting"，The purpose of the "former History Officer" is to find out the revolution of the Tang Dynasty officials and put it behind the officials in the form of small characters。This makes "Tang Liu Dian" a factual history of the de facto official system，It also shows that it is not an administrative code。As for the "Datang's New Language", "Starting from 26 years，Bai Yan Chen He，So far "，Not referring to the use of the code of the codes，Instead of circulating in the secretary province as the etiquette and music literature。

　　Rites and "Tang Liu Dian" two faces

Although the political fluctuations from the queen from Wu Zetian to the queen to the queen lasted for more than half a century，But due to the stability of the grassroots and the development of production，The Tang Dynasty still ushered in the "Kaiyuan Shengshi" shortly after its establishment for a hundred years。The law system that was found in the Zhenguan period was unable to adapt to reality at this time，Under the background of political bet365 best casino games and social transformation，Tang Xuanzong through rituals to summarize and refine the spirit of the institutional system，Then realize the structural adjustment of the system。Kaiyuan New Format Format Law and "Tang Liu Dian" and "Kaiyuan New Ceremony"，All happened in this context。

As a book named "Code"，Its nature and compilation style are quite special，It has always received the attention of researchers，The perspective of different disciplines is different，Can be said to be ambiguous。Actually，Back to the understanding of the Tang Dynasty people，It should be more accurate answer。yuan and early years，Lu Wen in the article "On behalf of Zheng Xianggong, please delete the implementation of the sixth Code Kaiyuan Rites"，Analysis of the background and purpose compiled by the "Six Classics"，It is to pioneer Tang Taizong to Tang Xuanzong、The system that supports Datang Basic Industry summarizes and refine it.，垂。The situation of this type of work that it has targeted in the Confucian Confucianism is "or the ancient and weever to the present，Famous funeral;，Forgotten at the end of this end。or I think it is detailed，or I want to be slightly thought。Unlike compromise，Yitong Fang "。After the establishment of the Tang Dynasty，History enters a new stage，"Country and Tianwei Xin，Audiovisual。Taizong Zheng's drowning，Rough establishment; after Xuanzong Cheng Chengfu，爰 臣。爰 臣，The purpose of Mingrui，Ji Ruxian in the Dianbian，Archaeological training in secret articles，The method of the discussion of materials for materials，Thirty volumes of "Datang Six Classics"，Fang of Ethics with Ethics，Holding "New Gifts of Kaiyuan" 150 volumes "。

This drama represents the understanding of the Tang Dynasty people's understanding of the nature of the Tang Dynasty，Only in the Kaiyuan period，Only if you have the conditions to summarize and theoreticalization of the "unified" created by Tang Taizong, the basic institutional framework of the country and the institutional system that is improved on this basis。​​The so -called "method of the discussion officer"，It is the theoretical summary of "divided into the six divisions"，Government affairs that each institution and their officials should be in charge，Standardize it by the corresponding order，and through the further summary refinement of the "Tang Liu Dian"，rise to the height of the rule。This has established the "Tang Liu Dian" as an institutional paradigm with a "outline" meaning，Classic documents that can be recruited for the relevant system construction and governance measures for a long time later。

Chen Yinque said，"The sixth classrooms in the kaishi were arranged than the ancient book of the ancient book of the ancient Bet365 lotto review book，This is one of the ends of the fans of the pretending to make a pretty pretty ceremony，Therefore, his book has become an administrative book in the Tang Dynasty to facilitate attracting books，It is not the Corporation of the Zhou officials that it supports，Political affairs with the division of officials "(see" The Summary of the Sui and Tang Dynasties "，Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House 1982 Edition)。Although Chen's understanding of the nature of "Tang Liu Dian" and the problem of doing use, there is still great uncertainty，But he pointed out that "the book has become a book such as a book that is convenient for attracting in the Tang Dynasty"，But it is quite keen knowledge。Chen Yinque's point of view is generally consistent with the summary of "Sku Quanshu's Summary"，Both point out the two faces that they have，"Tang Liu Dian" is both a summary and refinement of the system since the founding of the Tang Dynasty，It is also a major theoretical construction for the future。Because it is the product of making a ceremony，On the one hand, a category of classification of ordering in the early Tang Dynasty from the beginning of the Tang Dynasty to the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty，"Divide into the six divisions，"Six Classics"，Activity of "Zhou Guan"，On the other hand, the ideal design of the institutional structure of the new era is displayed。After a little bit of the view of Yan Gengwang's summary of the "Supreme Summary of the Book of Siku"，"System contained in the" Six Classics "，Although the discussion of the discussion at the time also quoted it，It is the ideal system in the ideal of new innovation，But it is not a system，Therefore Zheng Xianggong has this request "。This is the refutation of this saying，It has also been entangled by those who have always talked about this problem，But the nature of the "Tang Liu Dian" cannot be ignored。In short，Organic composition part of the ritual and music during the Kaiyuan period，"Tang Liu Dian" is both a summary and refinement of the ritual and music administration of reality，It is also based on "Zhou Li" as the outlook and writing of the ideal goal of governing the country.。

　The main features described by the "Tang Liu Dian" system

It is irreplaceable as an irreplaceable literature as a research history of the Tang Dynasty，"Tang Liu Dian" is not only about the collection of the Tang Dynasty code system, especially the early Tang system，and created a new type of writing system，In the ancient Chinese "political book" literature，Its records and description methods of the system are quite special。Make a comprehensive summary of this is a major research topic，More obvious features can be tried to make the following summary。

First, the neat presentation of the three -dimensional composite structure。The Bet365 app download practical system in politics and social life is continuously corrected and superimposed and complicated and complicated，In particular, the Tang Dynasty system during the Kaiyuan period，The entire system is a three -dimensional composite structure。But in the way of text presentation，"Tang Liu Dian" adopted a neat and symmetrical method。For example，The relationship between the six parts of Shangshu and the temple supervisor，is the most basic relationship in the national system structure of the early Tang Dynasty。"Tang Liu Dian" narrates it very neatly symmetrical，Sixth Shangshu、The position of the waiter，All are "political orders in the world in a certain aspect of the world" (such as the Ministry of officials Shangshu、The position of the waiter，Selection of the official officials of the Heavenly World、Xun Feng、Political order for examinations)，The post of monitor Zhu Qing, the chief of the temple supervisor，It is expressed as "a certain aspect of the country in the country" (such as the position of Tai Changqing，Palm State Ceremony and Music、Suburban Temple、Social affairs) or "political order in a certain aspect of the country" (such as the post of Wei Weiqing，Palm State Device、Cultural Relics Time Order)。This symmetry is a constructor made by "Tang Liu Dian"，The focus is on the face of the world and the state country，instead of the distinction between the decrees and affairs as Yan Gengwang said (Yan Gengwang "On the Management and Statue of the Provincial in the Tang Dynasty"，"Draft of the Tang Poetry Research"，Hong Kong Longmen Book Bureau 1969 edition)。Government affairs in the duties of temple supervisors are generally limited to the scope of the two Beijing，instead of directing the prefecture，This expresses this as "State State" or a decree，It is undoubtedly an appointment for "Zhou Li"。In the sixth part of Shang Shu，Division of two categories of "in Beijing" and "Zhuzhou"，Corresponding to "State State" and "World"。The relationship between the six parts of Shangshu and Yu Shitai，It also made some corresponding description。These descriptions are not only records of the current system，At the same time, it also reflects the further summary and refinement of national government affairs classification and layers。

Second is the height concentration of the dynamic change system。"Tang Liu Dian" is a summary of the decree system for the aftermath of the Tang Dynasty, especially after the establishment of Zhenguan，The Tang Dynasty system in the century is constantly adjusting and changing，So those dynamic changes in its specific methods are often condensed into a refined sentence。There are many examples，Typical ones, as described by the post of "Three Divisions and Three Grand Schools, Metropolitan Provinces", "，Its state and politics Bet365 app download of the state and politics are all Chinese books，Eight officials are just affected by it "，condensed the central system of Wude to Kaiyuan period。Another example，Volume VI "Shangshu Criminal Ministry" summarizes the law system in the early Tang Dynasty as the law format，It is also a concentration of the law system that is constantly changing and perfect，"Fan law is convicted by，Order to set a Fan Li，grid to prohibit righteousness and evil，Formation of Railway "，Can't understand the division of labor between different codes of static。

Third is the panoramic summary of the fine -grained and dense order。The continuous enrichment and perfect order format in the early Tang Dynasty is fine and informative，Even looks trivial，It has strong operability。Just as many scholars point out，The adoption of the order in "Tang Liu Dian" is rewritten and highly summarized。What to focus on explaining is，This height generalization is not selective，but panoramic。This is also the difficulty of the compilation。Volume 30 The description of Cao Siguan, Cao Si, Governor of the Three Governors of the Three Governors，The most obvious manifestation of this。

　System of institutional history research

In recent years，Relying on the laws of the Tang Dynasty, especially the Tang order retained in the "Tian Sheng Ling" of the Ming Dynasty copy，and Dunhuang、Turpan unearthed from the Tang Dynasty government documents，The study of institutional history of the Tang Dynasty continued to deepen，It also helps to promote the understanding of the writing method of the Tang Dynasty。Based on the Sports Features of the Tang Dynasty Code，Combined with the actual use system in the early Tang Dynasty，Detailed analysis of the text description of "Tang Liu Dian"，It will be an important direction in the study of institutional history of the Tang Dynasty，The following points are worth paying attention to。

The first is to consider the system as a system of dynamic changes，Summary of the "Tang Liu Dian"。Make a test of specific systems in different periods，Back to retrospective measures and system issuance、style、The formation process of various laws and regulations such as the postmodern and other laws。that is，The process of institutionalization of various temporary measures promulgated through the system，Grasp the background of the institutional change of the "Tang Liu Dian" to the relevant system，Avoid the description of the Tang Dynasty system that is not consistent with any period。

Second, the specific content of the system transformation during the Kaiyuan period，Positioning the planning background of "Tang Sixian"。The system transformation during the Kaiyuan period is different from the repair in the previous law system，Instead, the basic abandonment of the law system at the actual government operation level。But at the level bet365 Play online games of political concept，But the dual context of prominent and strengthening，and therefore shows a new direction of development based on the political practice of this dynasty。

Third is to survey the text of the text of "Tang Liu Dian" with the notebooks and other books, such as "Tong Dian" and "Tang Hui Yao"。This kind of survey is not a school pair in the sense of literature，Instead, it is used as a coordinate for positioning the system before the opening of the yuan，Exploring changes in certain system nodes and clues。

In the past, it was habitually quoting "Tang Liu Dian" and indicated that the "Tang Liu Dian" recorded or stipulated a system in the Tang Dynasty。Actually，This ignores a premise，That is, the "Tang Liu Dian" is not a provisions of the regulations specified in the system，but the regulatory literature compiled based on the commands of these prescribed systems。Instead of the "Tang Sixth Code", a system specifies a system，It is better to say that it summarizes a system。As for what concepts and logical induction it is，There is no doubt that in -depth text analysis。How to do text analysis and historical materials for political book literature，It will be the core question of literature and system history research。

(The author is a researcher at the Chinese People's Congress of the New Era of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics in the New Era、Director of Library of Renmin University of China、Professor of History College)