Studying various systems nj bet365 Tang Dynasty，"Liu Dian nj bet365 Tang Dynasty" is an indispensable classic document。By Chen Yinke、Yan Gengwang、Wang Zhuan、Chen Zhongfu、Wu Zongguo、Relay exploration by Zhang Gong and other generations of scholars，The academic community has rarely regarded "Tang Liu Dian" directly as a static record nj bet365 actual system in use during the Kaiyuan period nj bet365 Tang Dynasty，And recognize that this book “contains various systems that are changing，But not as a code for political operations at that time”。No matter in the field of history or law，Most scholars do not agree with its nature as an administrative code。Because of its specific compilation purpose and style，What is contained in the book cannot be regarded as a direct reflection nj bet365 actual system in use at that time。When we use it to study the system nj bet365 Tang Dynasty，It is necessary to first understand the method and main characteristics of its system description，And then use it flexibly and accurately。

　　Compilation purpose and nj bet365 characteristics

The intention of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty to order the compilation of "Six Canons"，That is, according to the style nj bet365 six officials in "Zhou Rites"，Compile a classic document that integrates the systems and regulations since the founding nj bet365 Tang Dynasty。Gu Dezhang, a Taichang doctor from the Huichang period (841-846), cited the "Edict nj bet365 Six Codes of Kaiyuan" in the "Eastern Capital God's Discuss"，"Leisure time to listen to politics，Intricate ancient and modern times。Fa Yi Zhou Guan，As Tang Dian"。It can be seen that Xuanzong originally named this book "Six Canons of Kaiyuan"，The basic compilation principles: First, it must be "intricate between ancient and modern times"，Compile a general history nj bet365 system that connects ancient and modern times；The second is to "apply the law to Zhou officials"，Compared with "Zhou Rites" to compile a classic document that serves as a model for future generations。

According to "New Book of Tang·Yiwenzhi"，The tenth year of Kaiyuan (722)，“Lu Jian, the resident nj bet365 living room, was ordered to Jixian Academy to compile the Six Codes。Xuanzong’s six handwritings，曰：理典、Scripture、Ceremony、Political Code、Criminal Code、事典”。These six articles are completely taken from the "Zhou Li" on the post of Dazai，Just changed the governance code to the logic code to avoid taboo。"Zhou Li" divides national government affairs into six aspects，It is not only the theoretical basis for the Sui Dynasty to merge the ministers and Caosi into six departments，It also entrusts an ancient ideal of Tang Xuanzong’s national governance system。This ideal is far from the reality nj bet365 Tang Dynasty system，Considered to be an important reason why the editors have been ineffective for many years。In the 26th year of Kaiyuan Dynasty, when Li Linfu took the lead to complete the memorial ceremony，The structure of this book has changed greatly from the original design。

Chen Zhensun, a bibliophile nj bet365 Southern Song Dynasty, quoted from "Annotations of Jixian" by Wei Shu who participated in the compilation of "Liu Dian nj bet365 Tang Dynasty" in his "Explanation of Zhizhai Shulu"，"Zhang said that he would ask Xu Jian about his affairs，I can’t determine the age of my thoughts。Also Wee Wuxu、Xu Qin、Wei Shu，Begin to enter the Sixth Division with orders，The history is incorporated into the note。Later Zhang Jiuling appointed Yuan Xian，Announcement nj bet365 Twenty-Sixth Year"。Among them，The key point is that Zhang, the prime minister and bachelor of Li Zheng, said, "He also ordered the bachelor to wait"，Pre-inspection historian，Divided into six divisions using orders，Based on the current "Six Codes"，Like the system of "Zhou Guan"。However, learning is difficult，Several years。Later Zhang Jiuling appointed Lu Shanjing，Li Linfu Weiyuan (Xian)，Starting in the twenty-sixth year，Bailiao Chen He，It has been done so far" (Liu Su's "New Accounts nj bet365 Tang Dynasty" Volume 9 "Writing 19")。The records in the two books are roughly the same，There are two important points。

The first is "dividing into six divisions by order"，Incorporate the main formulas nj bet365 legal order format used in the Kaiyuan period accordingly under the lawsuits and officials in charge of such government affairs，But not a simple assembly，It is a rewritten hint or summary。The "six divisions" mentioned here literally refer to the six ministries of Shangshu Province and the twenty-four affiliated divisions，In fact, it includes all Taiwan provinces、Temple Supervisor、Weifu、East Palace Palace、State, county and other institutions。Because the government affairs of all institutions are summarized in the six departments of Shangshu，The six departments (six departments) can summarize all national government affairs。

The second is "its history is incorporated into the note"，The purpose of "Inspecting Officials in History" is to find out the history of officials in the Tang Dynasty and place it in the form of small text notes after each official。This makes "Tang Liu Dian" a de facto general history nj bet365 official system，It also shows that it is not an administrative code。As for what "New Accounts nj bet365 Tang Dynasty" said "it was played in the twenty-sixth year"，Bailiao Chen He，So far”，Not meant to be used as a code，It is circulated in the Secretariat Province as ritual and music documents。

　　The two aspects of making rituals and music and "Liu Dian nj bet365 Tang Dynasty"

Although political fluctuations lasted for more than half a century from the time Wu Zetian became queen to the years after her abdication，But due to the stability nj bet365 grassroots and the development of production，The Tang Dynasty still ushered in the "Kaiyuan Heyday" shortly after a hundred years after its establishment。The legal system based on the Zhenguan period is no longer able to adapt to reality，In the context of political and social transformation，Xuanzong nj bet365 Tang Dynasty summarized and refined the institutional spirit nj bet365 dynasty by making rituals and music，Thus achieving structural adjustment nj bet365 system。Compilation of Kaiyuan's New Formulas and Regulations and "Tang Liu Dian" and "Kaiyuan New Rites"，All happened in this context。

As a work named "Dian"，Its nature and compilation style are quite special，Always attracted the attention of researchers，Different disciplines have different understandings，It can be said to be full of ambiguities。Actually，Return to the understanding nj bet365 people nj bet365 Tang Dynasty，Should be able to find more accurate answers。The first year of Yuanhe，Lv Wen in the article "On behalf of Prime Minister Zheng, please delete and implement the Six Codes of Kaiyuan Rituals"，Analysis nj bet365 background and purpose nj bet365 compilation of "Six Codes"，It is to perfect what was started by Tang Taizong to Tang Xuanzong、Summary and refine the institutional system that supported the foundation nj bet365 Tang Dynasty to pass on to future generations，Leave an example to future generations。The situation in which the Confucian scholars in the past dynasties compiled such works was "sometimes honoring the past but neglecting the present"，Mourning in name only；Or it’s against the rules and it’s convenient，Forgetting the past and the present。It may be complicated and detailed，Maybe I think so。Unheard of compromise，Yiye Tongfang”。After the establishment nj bet365 Tang Dynasty，History has entered a new stage，"The country and the sky are new，Changing things audio-visual。Taizong saved his life and drowned，Rough establishment of discipline；After Xuanzong inherited wealth，Fang Xia’s Thoughts。Yanchi Zaichen，Jianming Ruizhi，Gathering scholars and sages in other halls，Archaeological training in secret text，The method of judging officials based on their arguments，Written thirty volumes of "Six Codes nj bet365 Tang Dynasty"，The method of using morality and etiquette，Written "One Hundred and Fifty Volumes of Kaiyuan New Rites"。

This memorial represents the Tang Dynasty people's understanding nj bet365 nature of "Tang Liu Dian"，Only during the Kaiyuan period，Only then can we summarize and theorize the "unification of disciplines" initiated by Emperor Taizong nj bet365 Tang Dynasty, which is the country's basic institutional framework and the institutional system that was improved on this basis。The so-called "method of judging officials based on their material"，It is a theoretical summary of "dividing into six divisions with orders"，The government affairs that each agency and its officials should handle，All are regulated by corresponding imperatives，And further summarized and refined through "Tang Liu Dian"，Rise to the height nj bet365 law。This establishes the status of "Liu Dian nj bet365 Tang Dynasty" as an institutional paradigm with the significance of "Principal and Discipline"，And it has been used as a classic document on system construction and governance measures that can be cited for a long time since then。

Chen Yinke said，“The six canons compiled during the Kaiyuan Dynasty were compared with the decrees implemented at that time to match the style of ancient books，This is part nj bet365 whitewashing ceremony，Therefore, his book became a kind of book that was easy to quote in the administration nj bet365 Tang Dynasty，Not based on the Zhou official style entrusted to him，To implement political affairs by setting up officials and dividing their duties" (see "A Brief Essay on the Origin nj bet365 Sui and Tang Systems"，Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House 1982 edition)。Although there is still great uncertainty in Chen’s understanding nj bet365 nature and application of "Tang Liu Dian"，But he pointed out that "his book became a kind of book that was easy to quote in the administration nj bet365 Tang Dynasty"，But he is quite keen in his knowledge。Chen Yinke’s views are generally consistent with the summary nj bet365 General Catalog of Sikuquanshu，All pointed out the two aspects it has，"Six Codes nj bet365 Tang Dynasty" is a summary and refinement nj bet365 system since the founding nj bet365 Tang Dynasty，It is also a major theoretical construction for the future。Because it is a product of ritual making and music，On the one hand, there are classified excerpts nj bet365 orders used throughout the period from the early Tang Dynasty to the Kaiyuan Dynasty，"Divided into six divisions by order，Based on the current "Six Codes"，Like the system of "Zhou Guan"，On the other hand, it shows the ideal design nj bet365 institutional structure nj bet365 coming new era。The latter point is just as Yan Gengwang said in summarizing the summary nj bet365 general catalog of Sikuquanshu，"The system contained in the "Six Canons"，Although those who discussed the regulations at that time also quoted them，An ideal system created by innovation，But it is not a system that has been implemented，So Mr. Zheng has this request”。Although this statement was refuted by Yan，It has also caused repeated entanglement by those who have always discussed this issue，But it revealed an aspect that cannot be ignored in the nature of "Tang Liu Dian"。Anyway，As an integral part of ritual making and music during the Kaiyuan period，"Liu Dian nj bet365 Tang Dynasty" is both a summary and refinement nj bet365 practical rituals, music, and punishments，It is also a vision and imitation of a certain ideal goal of governing the country and safeguarding the country based on "The Rites of Zhou"。

　The main features nj bet365 system description in "Tang Liu Dian"

As an irreplaceable document for the study nj bet365 institutional history nj bet365 Tang Dynasty，"The Six Codes nj bet365 Tang Dynasty" is not only a comprehensive work on the legal system nj bet365 Tang Dynasty, especially the system nj bet365 early Tang Dynasty，And created a new writing style，In ancient Chinese "political books" documents，The way he records and describes the system is quite special。A comprehensive summary of this is a major research topic，The more obvious features can be summarized as follows。

First, the neat presentation nj bet365 three-dimensional composite structure。The systems actually used in political and social life are constantly revised and superimposed, making them complicated，Especially the Tang Dynasty system during the Kaiyuan period，The entire system is a three-dimensional composite structure。But in the way the text is presented，"Tang Liu Dian" adopts a neat and symmetrical approach。For example，The relationship between the six departments of Shangshu and the temple supervisor，It is the most basic relationship in the national institutional structure in the early Tang Dynasty。"Tang Liu Dian" describes it very neatly and symmetrically，Six Ministers、Position of Minister，They are all "government orders that govern certain aspects nj bet365 world" (such as the Minister of Personnel、Position of Minister，Select and award the officials in charge nj bet365 world、Honor、Decision on Examination)，The duties nj bet365 temple supervisor, chief supervisor and supervisor，is expressed as "in charge of certain aspects nj bet365 country" (such as the position of Taichang Qing，Zhangbangguoyue、suburban temple、State affairs) or "the political order of a certain aspect nj bet365 country" (such as the position of Wei Weiqing，Zhangbangguo Equipment、Cultural Relics Decree)。This symmetry is a construction made by "Tang Liu Dian"，The focus is on the confrontation between the world and the country，It is not the distinction between government orders and affairs as Yan Gengwang said (Yan Gengwang's "On the Power and Status of Shangshu Province in the Tang Dynasty"，"Tang Poetry Research Series"，Hong Kong Longmen Book Company 1969 edition)。The government affairs under the responsibility nj bet365 temple supervisor are generally limited to the scope nj bet365 two capitals，And cannot directly command the state capital，Explain this as a "state" matter or decree，Undoubtedly a comparison to "The Rites of Zhou"。In the government affairs controlled by the six departments of Shangshu，Also distinguishes two categories: "in Beijing" and "Zhuzhou"，To correspond to "state" and "world"。The relationship between the six departments of Shangshu and Yushitai，Also made some corresponding description。These descriptions are not just records nj bet365 current system，It also reflects the further summary and refinement nj bet365 classification and stratification of national government affairs。

The second is a high degree of concentration on the dynamic changing system。"Tang Liu Dian" is a summary nj bet365 legal system since the establishment nj bet365 Tang Dynasty, especially after Zhenguan，The system nj bet365 Tang Dynasty was in constant adjustment and change for hundreds of years，So those dynamically changing systems in their specific styles are often condensed into a concise sentence。There are many examples of this，A typical example is as stated in the official regulations nj bet365 Shangshu Ling in Volume 1 of "Three Divisions and Three Gongs, Shangshu Du Sheng": "Since then, the palace will never be reset."，His state affairs ministers are all appointed to the Central Committee nj bet365 Communist Party of China，The eight-seat official just accepts his success”，The central system that condensed martial ethics to the Kaiyuan period。Another example，Volume 6 "Shang Shu Xing Bu" summarizes the legal system nj bet365 early Tang Dynasty into the legal order format，It is also a condensation nj bet365 ever-changing and improving legal system，“Every law punishes people with punishment，Order to establish a model and system，Forbidden against good and evil，Form, track, object, process"，Cannot be understood as a static division of labor between different codes。

The third is a panoramic summary of detailed and detailed orders。The order format that was continuously enriched and improved in the early Tang Dynasty is detailed and informative，Even seems trivial，Extremely easy to operate。As many scholars have pointed out，The adoption of imperatives in "Tang Liu Dian" is rewritten and highly summarized。What should be emphasized is，This high level generalization is not selective，But panoramic。This is also the difficulty in compiling it。Description nj bet365 duties of Cao Si in Fuzhou in Volume 30 "Three Prefectures Supervising Prefecture and County Officials"，This is most obvious。

　The problem space of institutional nj bet365 research

In recent years，Relying on the laws and regulations nj bet365 Tang Dynasty, especially the Tang regulations preserved in the Song Dynasty's "Tian Sheng Ling" from the Ming Dynasty，and Dunhuang、Tang Dynasty government documents unearthed in Turpan，Research on the institutional history nj bet365 Tang Dynasty continues to deepen，It also helps to promote the understanding nj bet365 writing style of "Liu Dian nj bet365 Tang Dynasty"。Style characteristics based on "Tang Liu Dian"，Combined with the system actually used in the early Tang Dynasty，A detailed analysis nj bet365 text description of "Tang Liu Dian"，It will be an important direction for the study nj bet365 institutional history nj bet365 Tang Dynasty，The following points deserve attention。

First, treat each system as a dynamically changing system，A summary nj bet365 deconstruction of "Tang Liu Dian"。Examination of specific systems in different periods，Retroactive decrees and orders on the introduction of measures and systems、Formula、The formation process of various legal texts such as the Gehou Edict。ie，Institutionalization process of various temporary measures promulgated by imperial decree，Grasp the institutional change background nj bet365 relevant systems summarized in "Tang Liu Dian"，Avoid mechanically quoting relevant expressions from the "Liu Dian nj bet365 Tang Dynasty" to describe the system nj bet365 Tang Dynasty that is inconsistent with any period。

The second is to examine the specific content nj bet365 institutional transformation during the Kaiyuan period，The planning background of positioning "Tang Liu Dian"。The institutional transformation during the Kaiyuan period was different from the previous repairs within the legal system，But it is facing the basic abandonment nj bet365 legal system in the actual operation of government affairs。But at the level of political ideas，But the dual context is deliberately highlighted and strengthened，And therefore shows the efforts to plan a new development direction based on the political practice of this dynasty。

The third is to compare the main text of "nj bet365" with the annotations indicating the time and other classic documents such as "Tongdian" and "Tang Huiyao"。This kind of comparison is not proofreading in the philological sense，But use it as a coordinate to locate the pre-Kaiyuan system，Explore the changing nodes and clues of certain systems。

Previous studies have habitually quoted the "Tang Liu Dian" and noted that the "Tang Liu Dian" recorded or stipulated a certain system in nj bet365。Actually，This ignores a premise，That is, "Tang Liu Dian" is not a legal provision that stipulates the system，It is a regulatory document compiled based on these orders that regulate the system。It is not so much that "Tang Liu Dian" stipulates a certain system，It is better to say that it summarizes a certain system。As for what concept and logic it is summarized on，Definitely need to do in-depth text analysis。How to do text analysis and historical material criticism on political documents，will be the core issue in philology and institutional history research。

(The author is a researcher at the Institute of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, Renmin University of China、Director nj bet365 Library of Renmin University of China、Professor nj bet365 School of History)