Mr. Dai Yi is one of the founders of the discipline of Qing bet365 voucher in China。August 2002，National Qing bet365 voucher Compilation Project Officially Launched，Mr. Dai Yi serves as the director of the compilation committee of "bet365 voucher of the Qing Dynasty"，Working hard on this project，Working hard，Making great efforts。Currently，The Qing bet365 voucher Project has entered the final review stage。September 2019，Mr. Dai Yi was invited to be interviewed by this newspaper，Research on Qing bet365 voucher、Answered reporters’ questions on the application of big data in bet365 voucher and the relationship between bet365 voucher teaching and scientific research。

　　

　　A comprehensive and objective view of Qing bet365 voucher research

　　

　　"China Social Sciences Journal": Hello Mr. Dai！Thank you for accepting our interview。As a person who studies Qing bet365 voucher，Can you talk about your experience in researching Qing bet365 voucher？

　　Dai Yi:The study of Qing bet365 voucher is an emerging research field。It has been more than a hundred years since the fall of the Qing Dynasty，China has undergone earth-shaking changes over the past hundred years。After the fall of the Qing Dynasty，Society in general has a very low evaluation of the Qing Dynasty，Believe that the Qing Dynasty was politically corrupt、Loss of power and humiliation of the country、Daxing Literary Prison、Massacre people, etc.，The rule of the Qing Dynasty was useless。This kind of evaluation is not scientific and objective。Before 1949，There are very few scholars studying Qing bet365 voucher in academia，Only Mengsen、Xiao Yishan and other first generation scholars who studied Qing bet365 voucher，The study of Qing bet365 voucher has not become a systematic discipline。

　　After the founding of New China，The situation has improved a lot。The first is to pay attention to the study of Chinese bet365 voucher after the Opium War。The Communist Party of China has always attached great importance to the study of bet365 voucher，Pay special attention to the study of bet365 voucher since the Opium War。1950，The state established the Institute of Modern bet365 voucher of the Chinese Academy of Sciences，Now the Institute of Modern bet365 voucher of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences，Thanks to the specialized institutions and researchers，A large number of research results have emerged in modern bet365 voucher。However, the relevant results are mainly concentrated in the bet365 voucher of the Qing Dynasty after 1840，So it can be regarded as the prosperity of the study of late Qing bet365 voucher。China’s universities and research institutions at that time，All offer courses on modern bet365 voucher，The study of late Qing bet365 voucher developed rapidly。relatively speaking，The bet365 voucher of the Qing Dynasty before the Opium War has not been studied by many people for a long time。Until after 1978，The academic community began to pay attention to the study of the entire bet365 voucher of the Qing Dynasty，Compilation of Qing bet365 voucher has also begun to be put on the agenda。

　　The obvious tendency at that time was，Academic views on bet365 voucher began to change。We know，Almost all foreign wars in the late Qing Dynasty failed，But bet365 voucher also made contributions。For example，The territory of bet365 voucher basically established the territorial scope of China，Such a large territory is rare in the world。A vast territory，Laid a solid foundation for the development of the country，Most of the influential countries in the world now have relatively large territories。Countries with small territory are also forming various alliances，Like the European Union、ASEAN、African Union、Latin American Free Trade Association，All to enhance one’s own voice，Guarantee safety。My personal experience is，Our country’s vast territory，So that the country at least has the foundation and prerequisite for further development，This is the most precious wealth left by bet365 voucher to our descendants。Therefore，bet365 voucher was not a completely corrupt dynasty，It also left a lot of valuable wealth。

　　There are also foreign wars in the late bet365 voucher，The First Opium War、The Second Opium War、Sino-French War、Sino-Japanese War、Eight-Nation Allied Forces War of Invasion of China，Five wars in total。These five wars can be said to be five battles and five defeats，But don’t give up after defeat，China will not surrender after being defeated，It will perish。Fight again after defeat，This is the characteristic of China。Wait until the Anti-Japanese War breaks out，The final result is victory。The victory of the Anti-Japanese War is of great significance，This is the first time China has achieved complete victory in its foreign anti-aggression struggle，We Chinese people’s self-confidence and self-esteem have been greatly enhanced。We failed in the previous five wars，Because everything was in disarray before。The Anti-Japanese War was victorious，This time everyone is united，The sense of national identity is stronger than before，And this time the entire Chinese nation is involved，All ethnic groups unite to face the outside world，This is a big change。

　　China is a country where farmers account for a large proportion，Only Chinese farmers have truly awakened，Master cultural knowledge，The country can develop better。When I was young，Research on Peasant War is very important，There are many people discussing it，Like the Taiping Rebellion，There were quite a lot of research results at that time。We must pay attention to China’s farmers’ issues。When China’s farmers were not organized，Farmers’ resistance is very weak，is unorganized，Nor unity、No discipline。Since the Opium War，Especially the Sino-Japanese War，China has always been defeated，Including the subsequent Reform Movement of 1898、Revolution of 1911，All failed。At bet365 voucher time，Some Chinese people are beginning to wake up，But most Chinese farmers have not yet been mobilized，So the previous struggles were unsuccessful。Later, it took until the Communist Party of China to mobilize the vast number of farmers in China，Winning in the end。

　　When we did not study the bet365 voucher of the Qing Dynasty carefully，You may think that the Qing Dynasty is a very unbearable dynasty。The late Qing Dynasty was politically weak，Foreign wars have always failed，Of course the Chinese will be disappointed。But if you analyze it carefully、Study carefully，You will find that the entire Qing Dynasty actually has something to inherit and learn from。We use this idea to expand research，Maybe you will have a more comprehensive and objective understanding of the Qing Dynasty。

　　

　　The Qing bet365 voucher Project strives to innovate

　　

　　"China Social Sciences Journal": After the National Qing bet365 voucher Compilation Project was launched，You have devoted all your efforts to the Qing bet365 voucher Project。Please briefly talk about the compilation content and compilation characteristics of the Qing bet365 voucher Project。

　　Dai Yi:The bet365 voucher of the Qing Dynasty starts from Nurhaci，Over three hundred years，It’s not a short time either。The Qing Dynasty was also a period when ancient society began to move towards modern society，It is the beginning of the modernization of Chinese society。When the Revolution of 1911 broke out，The Qing Dynasty already had the prototype of modern society。The late Qing Dynasty began to change in many aspects，Many new things have emerged，Social life is much richer than before。So the content of the compilation of Qing bet365 voucher can be said to be all-inclusive，Highlight the people’s character，There are also innovations in style design。

　　For example, in the process of compiling Qing bet365 voucher，We categorize new content we discover。For example, a new newspaper，It didn’t exist before，Designed a statistical table for Qing Dynasty newspapers。What newspapers were available at that time？When was it done？How long did it take？Who did it？Where？Around these issues，We all try our best to collect relevant information，organized。There are also treaties signed with foreign countries、Articles，We also designed the form。In the late Qing Dynasty，China begins to have railways，Shippers have also developed to a certain extent，There are also many banks。Like the well-known Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway、Ship Investment Promotion Bureau、China Commercial Bank、Bank of Communications, etc.，These were established starting from the late Qing Dynasty。In response to this situation，We specially designed the Railway Chronicle when we compiled it、Ship Chronicle、Bank Chronicle。There was even a stock market at that time，Like rubber stocks，Although these are rarely recorded in historical materials，But they can all be found。There are also banks、Pawn and the like，The pawn industry developed rapidly in the late Qing Dynasty。

　　It is important to point out that，Since the Opium War，China’s foreign import and export trade is gradually developing，The status of customs is becoming more and more important。Before the Revolution of 1911，The annual customs revenue has exceeded the total of other revenue of the Qing government at that time。Originally, there is a special introduction to the finance of bet365 voucher，But the role of customs in the late Qing Dynasty was too important，Added a special customs log。After the Taiping Rebellion，bet365 voucher specially added the tax category of Lijin，One is because the handicraft factories along the southeast coast were developing rapidly at that time，The other one is that the Qing government didn’t know how to collect taxes，So I built levels everywhere，Collect taxes everywhere。We now know that Lijin tax is a tax that seriously hinders the national economy and people's livelihood，Very harmful，Hindering the development of industry and commerce。This also requires special research，We need to understand what impact the cent tax had on industry and commerce at that time，When was it abolished。In addition，There are also Frontier Chronicles and Maritime Chronicles，These two journals were written together。

　　Qing bet365 voucher Project in progress，The journal occupies a large space。Eight Books of "Historical Records"，Ten Records of "Hanshu"，Why are the records written in these two bet365 voucher books？Because writing is difficult，The records are all things，Not about characters，Many things are messy，No system，No one pays attention to saving，That’s why writing a journal is difficult，Writing is time-consuming。Forty percent of the Qing bet365 voucher Project is written in annals，The entire bet365 voucher of the Qing Dynasty is one hundred volumes，The proportion of Zhizhan is still very large。

　　We absorbed many new things in the process of compiling Qing bet365 voucher，Innovative content。One of the obvious features is to highlight the people’s character。This kind of innovation is not created in the mind out of thin air，They are all products of the wisdom of the Chinese people，They are all from the daily lives of ordinary people。The cultural part except poetry，We also added novels during the compilation process、Drama、Peking Opera、Acrobatics、Embroidery、Contents such as clay figurines，Collect various juggling skills and famous craftsmen into the newly added Biography of Zhugei。These are also popular among the people、The content of long-term chanting，We want to reflect the real life of ordinary people more and more widely in the bet365 voucher books。There are also sections dedicated to religion，Like Buddhism、Islam、Christianity，Christianity is also divided into Catholicism、Protestant、Orthodox。The party part is also involved，For example, Ge Laohui，And some party organizations joined by farmers and urban poor。

　　Also about pen, ink, paper and inkstone，Like rice paper as we know it、ink、Inkstone、Written brush，Who can do it best，If we find relevant information，Just write a biography and book for him。Go and chess，We found information about some national players at that time，List them all。There are also martial arts，This one has more choices，This was considered immodest in the old society in the past，But we think this is the creation of working people，Selected from them。mentioned earlier，Late Qing Dynasty，China has begun the process of modernization，Railway、The ship starts running，So we also collected some information about the engineers at that time。Relatively famous engineers like Zhan Tianyou，He came back from studying abroad，It was very famous at that time，But the "Manuscript of Qing bet365 voucher" does not seem to have a biography of Zhan Tianyou。There are also some local engineers，Also has a certain degree of popularity，We also give them biographies，There are many people like this。

　　Another feature of the compilation is that we deleted the part about virgins and martyrs，In the past bet365 voucher books, women did not marry after their husbands died，I want to write a biography for them，We won’t be able to write biographies。Also, many officials in the Qing Dynasty were removed，Like someone with a low position，Mediocre political performance。Even so，Officials still account for the largest proportion in the entire compilation of figures in the Qing Dynasty。The compilation of Qing bet365 voucher also includes annals，Put agriculture、Handicraft、Business、Foreign trade is included。Qing bet365 voucher also compiled a "Tongji"，There are nine volumes，This forms a narrative like a general bet365 voucher。Keep telling it，This connects the entire bet365 voucher of the Qing Dynasty。And after the Opium War，China is also starting to have photos，Many people also took photos at that time。We filtered out 8,000 photos from more than 200,000 photos collected，List them too。In this way, the compilation of the entire Qing bet365 voucher is like a big encyclopedia，We hope to present people with a comprehensive and informative book、Comprehensive and rich works。

　　

　　Expand research on Qing bet365 voucher through archival mining

　　

　　"Chinese Social Sciences Journal": after the compilation and publication of "bet365 voucher of the Qing Dynasty"，In what aspects do you think the study of Qing bet365 voucher can continue to be expanded and enriched？

　　Dai Yi:The Qing bet365 voucher Project only drew a rough outline，We still need to continue working hard。Many major issues are still controversial，For example, the Battle of Ulanbutong，This battle is crucial，Whether the Qing Dynasty won or was defeated？There are different opinions here，China’s archives show that the Qing Dynasty won this battle，But foreign missionaries said they were defeated。The Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang is also getting married，This is also controversial。Did Queen Mother Xiaozhuang marry Dorgon?，This is very important，Dorgon is no longer emperor，Gived to Emperor Shunzhi，Is it related to this？Some people think it has nothing to do with this。In addition, the death of Emperor Guangxu，Is it poisonous by arsenic?？Still fell ill and died？Of course the conclusion of this controversial issue can be roughly determined，Because a lot of arsenic was found on Guangxu。

　　Many issues are controversial in the study of Qing bet365 voucher。We adopt one approach to some controversial issues，But most controversial issues we will write as controversial，Of course, if you find real evidence in the future when searching for information，It is possible that some of our conclusions may be overturned。Why are some disputes still unresolved，One of the important reasons is probably because there are too many files，I haven’t been able to search and research the files in depth yet。If you can dig deeper into the archives、Research Archives，Many problems may be solved，But at the same time many problems will arise，But these are relatively minor problems，It is estimated that big problems will not happen again。Like the unification issue of the Qing Dynasty that I just talked about，This is the big problem，It is estimated that there will not be much controversy in the academic community。

　　In addition, China’s GDP during the Qianlong period was the first in the world，This can be said to be the final conclusion。Because the population bet365 voucher entire world at that time was more than 900 million，China’s population is over 300 million，equivalent to one third。There was no modern industry in China at that time，Mainly relying on agriculture、The handicraft economy feeds one-third bet365 voucher world’s population，Isn’t this considered number one in the world？The population of Europe at that time was only tens of millions，When the United States was first founded，Only thirteen states，Russian expansion in Siberia，But there are basically not many people in Siberia。China was the most populous country in the world at that time，It uses cultivated land、Feeding people by hand，If there is not enough food，It is impossible to feed more than 300 million people，At that time, no other country had as large a population as China。Of course productivity is calculated based on population and food，Controversies on many issues cannot be completely resolved，It would be great if the data could be discovered。If the land size bet365 voucher entire country at that time could be discovered，How many acres of land，This way，Many problems can be solved，It will be more convincing，Unfortunately not found。

　　

　　Focus on big data and macro vision

　　

　　"China Social Sciences Journal": In 1999, you published the article "Review and Prospects of Chinese bet365 voucher at the Turn of the Century"。Today，More than 20 years have passed，What areas do you think Chinese bet365 voucher needs to pay attention to at present？

　　Dai Yi:Since the launch of the Qing bet365 voucher Project，All my energy is focused on the Qing bet365 voucher Project，Think less about other issues in bet365 voucher。For bet365 voucher，Personally, I think what needs to be paid attention to is big data、The impact of artificial intelligence on bet365 voucher，But how big is the impact?，It still takes time to verify。From the current perspective，The role of big data is still great，Big data can help you collect a lot of materials。Everyone knows，bet365 voucher requires a large amount of archival materials，The advantage of using computers to search for information is that it is convenient and fast，Search in search website 1，First-hand information、Second-hand information and even third-hand information are available。When I was young, I collected materials by handwriting、Make cards，The cards collected at that time were all over the house。When looking for information，You still need to know the exact location of the book，How to find it，A large part of my time is spent looking for information。Time is too precious。

　　Remember when I wrote "Emperor Qianlong and His Era"，I have read all the information in "Records of the Qing Dynasty·Records of the Qianlong Dynasty"，There is also a collection of Qianlong’s poems and essays—poems written by Qianlong throughout his life，There are probably more than 40,000 songs known so far - I have read them all。So I was looking for information，It takes a lot of time and effort to complete。And the period of historical research is later，The more information will be left behind。There are too many books and materials from the Qing Dynasty，It can be said that there are a lot of people。The National Qing bet365 voucher Compilation Committee compiled a set of books，It’s called "Collection of Poems and Essays of the Qing Dynasty"，A total of 800 volumes，This is selected from hundreds of thousands of poetry collections from the Qing Dynasty。Nearly twenty years，Rapid development of artificial intelligence and computer technology，bet365 voucher big data search technology has been widely used。Like newspapers from the past，It is very cumbersome to collect，If you don’t need big data support，It is basically impossible for one person to complete the collection of all information。

　　These years，The research horizons of bet365 voucher are constantly expanding。Since the reform and opening up，There are more and more exchanges and interactions between Chinese academic circles and foreign academic circles，Like sending outstanding international students to each other、Participate in international academic conferences、Learn and follow cutting-edge academic trends、Strengthen cultural exchanges between each other。We will now also consciously put Chinese bet365 voucher into the context of the entire world for comparative study，Also achieved some research results。However, although there are many works in the field of bet365 voucher，But most of them focus on some relatively small and fragmented issues，Comparatively fragmented，Lack of books with huge impact，Especially works with a thorough nature。It is very convenient to search for information now，Really helpful in solving small problems。But big data cannot replace thinking，Especially macro and theoretical thinking，Good articles still require philosophical reasoning and thinking skills，Only articles like this can stand the test of time。At the same time，The study of some theoretical issues in bet365 voucher，Can’t say no，But overall there are relatively few studies on powerful works。But I believe，Through the efforts of academia，Influential works will appear sooner or later。

　　

　　Teaching and scientific research complement each other

　　

　　"bet365 voucher Journal": Many university teachers now feel that teaching and scientific research are a contradiction，Believe that teaching and scientific research are in conflict。Please talk about the relationship between teaching and scientific research。

　　Dai Yi:This is indeed somewhat contradictory，But it’s mainly a time conflict。Teaching and scientific research are complementary to each other。Teaching and mutual learning，You studied your topic，You can tell students about your research experience during class，Isn’t this just teaching！Whether you are studying modern Chinese bet365 voucher，Still studying Qing bet365 voucher，First of all, you should have a comprehensive understanding of the research object，In this way, we can explain clearly to students、Speak clearly。

　　And a teacher should teach multiple courses，You can not only tell the bet365 voucher，Can also talk about the bet365 voucher of Han Dynasty、Tang bet365 voucher、Ming Dynasty，Why do you say that？As a bet365 voucher teacher，To understand the entire bet365 voucher of China，This is how we can connect it all。Excellent bet365 voucher teacher，You should know something about Chinese and foreign bet365 voucher，Not necessarily a very in-depth research，But you must have read at least a few classic works in related fields。Your own vision has broadened，It is helpful for teaching，Wouldn’t teaching become simpler this way。As long as you teach well，And the knowledge is also very broad，eloquent，In this way, I think I can become an excellent teacher。Scientific research and teaching are different，Scientific research requires continuous and in-depth study in one aspect，Need to concentrate，Working hard to find information，You can’t use a hammer in the east and a mallet in the west，It has relatively strict academic requirements，Professional。

　　

　　bet365 voucher is the best teacher

　　

　　"China Social Sciences News": China is the only country in the world with uninterrupted historical records for thousands of years，bet365 voucher has a long tradition and profound foundation in our country，Many young people are now very interested in bet365 voucher。Please combine your study experience，Talk about the significance of learning bet365 voucher and suggestions for young people to learn bet365 voucher。

　　Dai Yi:The first thing I studied in college was ancient Chinese bet365 voucher，So what I read at that time were all books on classics and bet365 voucher。While studying，Everyone pays more attention to the periodization of ancient bet365 voucher，I read some books about the bet365 voucher of the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods。At that time, I read "Historical Records" more often in college，Also read some books like "Zi Zhi Tong Jian"，Don’t watch much else。There will be more information and books in the future，Slowly realize that when reading, you should try to read at one point。Due to work reasons, I started to come into contact with party bet365 voucher，After that, I started to get in touch with modern Chinese bet365 voucher，Started studying Qing bet365 voucher more than ten years later，Then there is the National Qing bet365 voucher Compilation Project。This is a work arrangement，It is also related to my earlier focus on Qing bet365 voucher research。Because Meng Sen, an expert on Qing bet365 voucher at that time, had passed away，Xiao Yishan is also unable to participate in the study of Qing bet365 voucher，Studying Qing bet365 voucher can only train students from universities，In this way, Qing bet365 voucher finally became the "home of my ideas"，Spiritual support，The safe house of life”。

　　bet365 voucher is a mirror，You can learn from the past and understand the present，Learning bet365 voucher can also help educate people。bet365 voucher is the best teacher，Human bet365 voucher is a continuous process，Recording the path traveled by predecessors，Some inspiration for future generations。If a person does not understand bet365 voucher，Don’t learn a little bet365 voucher，So the understanding of the nation，The understanding of the country will be lacking。Don’t understand bet365 voucher，He doesn’t know how his ancestors struggled，How the entire nation was formed，How we got here。Like intellectuals since the late Qing Dynasty，Why do they keep working hard，If you don’t understand bet365 voucher，Then I don’t know the reason。If you don’t understand bet365 voucher，I don’t know what is different between us now and before，What progress，If you don’t understand bet365 voucher，These are all out of the question。

　　In fact, learn bet365 voucher，The most important thing is the text、bet365 voucher、Zhe is good in all three aspects。First, the writing style is better，Only people will like to watch this way；The second is to have philosophical depth in thinking about issues；Third, you should read more bet365 voucher books。Only these three aspects will work，Only in bet365 voucher can it be possible to achieve greater achievements。But many people are outstanding in one aspect，A little worse in other aspects。For example, some people are not good at writing，But the evidence is very powerful，Specially interested in files，Inspired，Very diligent in checking files，This is also ok。But a truly good historian needs to be knowledgeable in literature, bet365 voucher and philosophy，If the articles written by historians are too boring，Then there won’t be many people reading it。So if you want to gain something in bet365 voucher，I’m afraid it’s in the text、bet365 voucher、Work harder on the three aspects of philosophy。

　　"China Social Sciences News": Thank you Mr. Dai for accepting our interview，At the same time, I also wish that the new "bet365 voucher of the Qing Dynasty" will be published as soon as possible，Benefit Xuelin。

　

　　(This interview was kindly assisted by Professor Chi Yunfei and his wife from the School of bet365 voucher, Capital Normal University，Special thanks！）