Mr. Dai Yi is one of the founders of the Chinese Qing Dynasty Discipline。August 2002，The National Qing History Compilation Project is officially launched，Mr. Dai Yi served as the director of the Edit of the Qing Dynasty，Try to worry about this project，Erspeed blood，Give great efforts。Current，The Qing History Project has entered the final review stage。September 2019，Mr. Dai Yi was invited to be interviewed by this newspaper，Study on the History of the Qing Dynasty、The use of big data in history and the relationship between historical teaching and scientific research answered reporters' questions。

　　

 

　　Comprehensive and objective view of the study of Qing history

　　

　　"China Social Sciences": Hello Mr. Dai! Thank you for accepting our interview。Everyone in the field of Qing history，Can you talk about the experience of Qing history research?

　　Dai Yi:Qing History Research is an emerging field of research。The death of the Qing Dynasty has been more than a hundred years since the death of the dynasty，This has changed dramatically in China for more than 100 years。After the demise of the Qing Dynasty，Social evaluation of the Qing Dynasty is very low，Think of the political corruption of the Qing Dynasty、Funeral and humiliated country、Daxing text prison、Slaughtering people, etc.，The rule of the Qing Dynasty is not here。This evaluation is not scientific and objective。Before 1949，There are very few scholars studying the history of the Qing Dynasty，Only Meng Sen、Xiao Yishan and other first -generation scholars studying history，Qing history research has not become a discipline of a system。

 

　　After the founding of New China，The situation has changed a lot。First of all, pay attention to the Chinese history research after the Opium War。The Communist Party of China has always attached great importance to research history，Pay particular attention to the study of history since the Opium War。1950，The National Institute of Modern History of the Chinese Academy of Sciences，This is the current Institute of Modern History of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences，Due to special institutions and researchers，A large number of research results in modern history。However, the results are mainly concentrated in the Qing Dynasty history after 1840，Therefore, it can be regarded as the prosperity of the study of the history of the late Qing Dynasty。At that time, Chinese universities and research institutions at that time，All courses of modern history，Make the research in the history of the late Qing Dynasty quickly。Relatively speaking，The history of the Qing Dynasty before the Opium War was still studied for a long time。until 1978，The academic community began to attach importance to the study of the history of the entire Qing Dynasty，The compilation of the Qing history has also begun to put on the agenda。

　　The more obvious tendency at that time was，The academic community's view of the Qing Dynasty began to change。We know，Foreign wars in the late Qing Dynasty are almost all failed，But the Qing Dynasty also contributed to。For example，The territory of the Qing Dynasty basically established China's territorial scope，This large territory area is rare in the world。Vast territory，laid a solid foundation for the development of the country，Most of the influential countries in the world now are relatively large territory。Countries with small territorial area are also setting up various alliances，Like the European Union、ASEAN、African Union、Latin America Free Trade Alliance，All to enhance bet365 live casino games your own right to speak，Guarantee safety。My personal experience is，my country's vast territory，Makes the country at least the foundation and premise of further development，This is the most precious wealth left by our descendants in the Qing Dynasty。Therefore，The Qing Dynasty was not a completely corrupt dynasty，It also left a lot of valuable wealth。

　　There is also a foreign war in the late Qing Dynasty，First Opium War、Second Opium War、Sino -French War、Sino -Japanese War、The Eight Kingdoms Allied Forces Invasion War，Five wars in total。This five wars can be said to be five games and five defeats，But if you lose but not discouraged，China surrenders after it is defeated，Destroyed。If you lose it，China's characteristics are like this。Wait until the outbreak of the Anti -Japanese War，The final result is to win。The significance of the victory of the Anti -Japanese War is very important，This is the first time that China ’s anti -aggression struggle has achieved a complete victory，The self -confidence and self -esteem of our Chinese people have greatly enhanced。We all failed in the previous five wars，Because it was a plate of loose sand before。The Anti -Japanese War won，Everyone is united this time，State's sense of identity is stronger than before，And this time the entire Chinese nation has participated，All ethnic groups are united and consistent，This is a great change。

　　China is a country with a large proportion of farmers，Only Chinese farmers are really realized，Master the cultural knowledge，The country can better develop。When I was young，Research on the Peasant War is very important，Discussion also many people，Like the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement，At that time, there were more research results。Be sure to pay attention to Chinese peasant problems。Farmers in China are not organized，Farmers' resistance is very weak，is no organization，Not united、No discipline。Since the Opium War，Especially the Sino -Japanese War，China has always been defeated，Including the latter Reform Method、Revolution of 1911，Failure。At this time，Some Chinese people start to wake up，But most Chinese farmers have not been launched，So the previous struggle was not successful。Later, it was not until the Chinese Communist Party to launch the majority of Chinese farmers，Finally won victory。

　　When we did not study the history of the Qing Dynasty carefully，I will think that the Qing Dynasty was a very unbearable dynasty。Political weakness in the late Qing Dynasty，Foreign War has always failed，Of course the Chinese will be disappointed。But if you carefully analyze、Study carefully，I will find that the entire Qing Dynasty is actually where there is inheritance and learning。We use this idea to expand research，Maybe there will be a more comprehensive and objective understanding of the Qing Dynasty。

　　

　　Qing History Engineering Tower Innovation

　　

　　"China Social Sciences": After the National Qing History Compilation Project was launched，You pour all your efforts on the Qing history project。Please briefly talk about the compilation content and compilation characteristics of the Qing history project。

　　Dai Yi:The history of the Qing Dynasty was calculated from Nurhachi，It has more than 300 years of time，Time is not short。The Qing Dynasty was also a period when ancient society began to move towards modern society，The beginning of the modernization of Chinese society。When the Revolution of 1911 broke out，The Qing Dynasty already had the prototype of modern society。The late Qing Dynasty began to change in many ways，Many new things have emerged，Social life is much richer than before。So the content of the Qing history can be said to be all -encompassing，Highlight the people，Innovation in the design of the system。

 

　　For example, in the Bet365 app download process of compiling the history of the Qing Dynasty，Let's divide the new content discovered in category。For example, a newly generated newspaper，I didn’t have it before，I designed a statistical form for the Qing Dynasty newspaper。What newspapers were there at that time? When did you do it?，We all do our best to collect relevant information，Classified。There is also a treaty signed with foreign countries、Chapter，We also designed a form。In the late Qing Dynasty，China began to have a railway，The ship also has a certain development，There are also a lot of banks。Like the well -known Jingzhang Railway、Ship Investment Merchants、China Business Bank、Bank of Communications, etc.，These are all established in the late Qing Dynasty。For this situation，When we compiled, we designed the railway chronicle、Shipbuilder、Bank Chronicle。Even the stock market at that time，Like rubber stocks，Although these are less recorded in historical materials，But it can be found。There are money Zhuang、Pools and the like，Tingfengye developed rapidly in the late Qing Dynasty。

　　What needs to be pointed out is，Since the Opium War，China's foreign import and export trade gradually develops，The status of customs is becoming more and more important。Before the outbreak of the 1911 Revolution，The annual income of the customs has exceeded the sum of other income of the Qing government at that time。Originally, the finances in the Qing Dynasty already had a special space introduction，But the status of customs in the late Qing Dynasty is really important，Just add customs to。After the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement，The tax species of Lilin specially added in the Qing Dynasty，One was because of the rapid development of the handicraft workshop of the southeast coast at that time，The other is the Qing government who doesn’t know how to collect taxes，So the levels are built everywhere，Taxes everywhere。We now know that gold tax is a kind of tax that is very hindered to the people's livelihood，Very big damage，Obstructing the development of industry and commerce。This also requires special research，We need to figure out what impact on the industrial and commercial business at that time，When will I abolish。other，There are also borders and Haijiang Zhi，These two ideas are written together。

　　In the Qing Dynasty Project，The space occupied by Zhi is very large。"Historical Records" eight books，"Hanshu" ten minds，Why did you write the ambition in these two history books? Because Zhi is not easy to write，The records are all things，Not about the character，Many things are messy，No system，Everyone does not pay attention to saving，So it is difficult to write，It takes time to write very time。40 % of the Qing history projects are written by Zhi，The entire Qing history is 100 volumes，The proportion of Zhizhan is still very large。

　　We absorbed a lot of new things in the Bet365 app download process of compiling the history of the Qing Dynasty，Content innovation。One of the obvious features is to highlight the people。This innovation is not produced in your mind，All products of the Chinese people's wisdom，Daily life from our ordinary people。The cultural part except poetry，We also added novels during the compilation process、Drama、Peking Opera、Acrobatic、Embroidery、Mudie and other content，Make all kinds of skills juggling and famous craftsmen into the newly added biography of the arts。These are also people who like to see、The content of long -term singing，We want to reflect the real life of ordinary people in the history books。There are also dedicated to the religious part，Like Buddhism、Islamic、Christian，It is also divided into Catholicism in Christianity、New Education、Orthodox bet365 Play online games Church。The party part of the party also involves，For example, my brother，and the party organizations that some farmers and urban poor joined。

　　There is also a pen and ink，Like the rice paper we know、Ink、砚、Brush，Who is the best to do，If we find relevant information，Write a book for him。Go and chess，We found the information of some national players at the time，Both of them listed them in。And martial arts，This is more selected，This in the past, in the past, the old society thought it was not ascending the elegant hall，But do we think this is the creation of the working people，I chose it from it。As mentioned earlier，Late Qing Dynasty，China has begun a modernization journey，Railway、The ship started to run，So we also collected some information from engineers at the time。More famous engineers like Zhan Tianyou，He returned from studying abroad，His fame at that time，But "Draft of the Qing Dynasty" does not seem to give Zhan Tianyou a biography。There are also some engineers born and native，There is also a certain visibility，We also give them a biography，Many people like this。

　　Another feature of compilation is that we have deleted the virgin lady part，Like the previous history book, the woman did not marry after her husband died，Want to pass on them，We will not pass on。Also removed a lot of officials in the Qing Dynasty，Low position，Police。Even so，The proportion of officials in the compilation of characters throughout the Qing Dynasty is still the largest。The content of the compilation of the Qing Dynasty also has Dian Zhiben，Agriculture、Handicraft industry、Business、Foreign trade includes in。Qing Shi also wrote a "Tongji"，There are nine volumes，This forms a narrative like general history。Always described，The entire history of the Qing Dynasty was connected。And after the Opium War，China has also begun to have photos，Many people also took photos at the time。We screened 8,000 photos from the collected more than 200,000 photos，List them in。This compilation of the entire Qing history is like a large encyclopedia，We want to present people a piece of information、Comprehensive and rich works。

　　

　　Expand the study of Qing history by digging the archives

　　

　　"China Social Sciences": After the compilation and publishing of the Qing Dynasty，What do you think can continue to expand in the history of Qing history?

　　Dai Yi:Qing History Project just draws a contour，You need to continue to work hard。Many major issues are controversial，For example, the battle of Wulanbutong，This battle is critical，Is the Qing Dynasty win or defeated? There are different opinions here，China's archives show that this battle has won the Qing Dynasty，But foreign missionaries said that they were defeated。And the Queen Mother Xiaozhuang to marry，This is also controversial。Did the Queen Mother Xiaozhuang marry Dole，This is very important，Dorr's improper emperor，Let the Emperor Shunzhi，Is it related to this? Some opinions believe that it has nothing to do with this。In addition, the death of Emperor Guangxu，Is it poisoned by frost? Or died of illness?，Because a lot of creams are found on Guangxu's body。

 

　　Many issues in the study of Qing history are controversial。Some argument issues we take a saying，But most of the disputes will write controversy，Of course, if you find true evidence in the finding information in the future，Some of our conclusions are overturned and it is possible。Why do some controversy now not be resolved，One of the important reasons is probably because there are too many file materials，I have not been able to find and study files in depth。If the file can be excavated in depth、Research file，Many problems may be solved，But at the same time, many problems will also occur，But it is a relatively small problem，It is estimated that it will not appear again。Like the unified problem of the Qing Dynasty Bet365 app download I just talked about，This is a big problem，It is estimated that there will not be much controversy in the academic community。

　　In addition, China's GDP during the Qianlong period was the world's first，This can be said to be conclusion。Because the population of the whole world at that time was more than 900 million，China's population has more than 300 million，equivalent to one third。At that time, there was no modern industry in China at that time，It mainly depends on agriculture、Handicraft economy to support one -third of the population of the world，Isn't this world first? At that time, the European population was tens of millions，When the United States just founded the country，Only thirteen states，Russia expands in Siberia，But Siberia basically does not have many people。China was the country with the most population at that time at that time，It uses cultivated land、Handmade feeding people，If there is not enough food，Is the more than 300 million population，At that time, other countries did not have as many population as China。Of course, calculate productivity based on the grain of the population，The debate of many problems is not to be completely solved，If the data can be found。If you can find the land scale of the entire country at that time，How many acres of land are there，This，Many problems can be solved，It is even more convincing，Unfortunately, I didn’t find it。

　　

　　Follow big data and macro vision

　　

　　"China Social Sciences": In 1999, you published the article "Review and Prospects of Chinese History of Century Interchange"。Now，More than 20 years later，What areas do you think of Chinese history currently need to pay attention to?

　　Dai Yi:Since the start of the Qing Dynasty project，All my energy is on the Qing history engineering，Think less about other problems in history。For history，I personally think that what I need to pay attention to is big data、The impact of artificial intelligence on history，But how big this influence is，It takes time to test。From the current point of view，The role of big data is still very large，Big data can help you collect a lot of materials。Everyone knows，History requires a lot of file materials，The advantage of using computer search data is convenient and fast，Search on the search website，First -hand information、Second -hand information and even third -hand information come out。When I was young, I collected the materials by handwriting、Make card，At that time, the cards collected at that time were full of rooms。When finding information，Also need to know the exact position of the book，How to find，Most of the time is spent on the search information。Time is too precious。

 

　　Remember when writing "Emperor Qianlong and its era"，I finished reading the parts of "Qingshi Record · Qianlong Dynasty Records"，and Qianlong's poems -Poem made by Qianlong's life，It is known about more than 40,000 songs -I have read it at the time。So looking for information at that time，It takes a lot of time and energy to complete。And the more back the time of historic research，More information will be left。Book materials in the Qing Dynasty are too much，It can be said that it is Khan Niu Chong Dong。The National Qing History Compilation Committee compiled a set of books，Calling "Compilation of Poems of the Qing Dynasty"，A total of 800 volumes，This is still a concentrated screening from hundreds of thousands of poems in the Qing Dynasty。For the past 20 years，The rapid development of artificial intelligence and computer technology，History big data search technology has been used more。Like a past newspaper，It is very cumbersome to collect，If you do not use big data support，Based on a person, it is basically unable to complete the collection of all information。

　　These years，History research perspective continues bet365 live casino games to expand。Since the reform and opening up，Chinese academic circles and foreign academic circles are interacting more and more，Extraordinary students who are mutually associated with mutual international students、Participate in the International Academic Conference、Understand Focus on cutting -edge academic dynamics、Strengthen the humanistic communication between each other。We will consciously put Chinese history in the entire world to compare the research，I also achieved some research results。However, although there are many books in the field of history，But most of them are concerned about some relatively small and broken questions，Compared with fragmented，Lack of books with great influence，Especially the works with penetrating nature。It is convenient to search information now，It really helps to solve the small problem。But big data cannot replace thinking，Especially macro and theoretical thinking，Good articles still need philosophical speculation and thinking，This article can withstand the test of time。At the same time，Study on some theoretical issues in history，Can't say no，But there are less studies with strong work in general。But I believe，Through the efforts of the academic world，Influential works will sooner or later appear。

　　

　　Teaching and scientific research complement each other

　　

　　"China Social Sciences": Many college teachers now feel that teaching and scientific research is a contradiction，It is believed that teaching and scientific research is conflict。Please talk about the relationship between teaching and scientific research。

　　Dai Yi:This does have a certain contradiction，But mainly the contradiction in time。Teaching and scientific research is mutual aid。Teaching phase long，You studied your topic，You can tell your research experience to students when you are in class，Isn't this teaching! Whether you are studying modern Chinese history，Studying the history of the Qing Dynasty，First of all, you should have a comprehensive understanding and understanding of the research object，This can tell students clearly、Explanation。

 

 

　　And a teacher should talk about multiple courses，You can not only explain the history，can also talk about Han history、Tang Shi、Ming Shi，Why do you say that? As a history teacher，You must understand the entire Chinese history，This can only be connected。Excellent historical teacher，I should know all the history of Chinese and foreign countries，Not necessarily very deep research，But at least read several classic works in related fields。Your own vision is open，It is helpful for teaching，So teaching is not easy。As long as you teach well，And the knowledge side is also very wide，Small mouth，So I think it can be an excellent teacher。Different scientific research and teaching，Scientific research needs to be continuously studied in one aspect，Need to focus energy，Work hard to find information，Can't "Dongyi Hammer West One Bar Hammer"，It has stricter academic requirements，Has professional。

　　

　　History is the best teacher

　　

　　"China Social Sciences": China is the only country in the world with uninterrupted historical records，History has a long tradition and deep foundation in my country，Many young people are also very interested in history。Please combine your experience of studying，Talk about the meaning of learning history and suggestions for young people's history。

　　Dai Yi:The earliest study I was studying at the ancient Chinese history，So all I read at the time was a book in the history of history。During reading，Everyone pays more attention to the problem of ancient history in installments，I read some books about the history of the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods。There are more reading "Historical Records" in college at that time，Like "Zi Zhi Tong Jian" also read some，I don’t think much about others。The more information and books, the more information Bet365 lotto review and books，Slowly realize that reading should fight at a point。I started to contact the party history because of working reasons，Since then, I have begun contact with modern Chinese history，Start studying the history after more than ten years，It is the national Qing history compilation project。This is both a job arrangement，Also related to the research on Qing history earlier。Because Meng Sen, an expert who studied the history of the Qing Dynasty at the time，Xiao Yishan cannot participate in the study of the Qing history，Study in the history of the Qing Dynasty can only cultivate students from universities，So the history of the Qing Dynasty eventually became my "return of ideas，Relying on the spirit，The house of life "。

 

　　History is a mirror，You can learn from ancient times to know the present，Learning history can also be funded and educated。History is the best teacher，Human history is a continuous process，Recorded the road that predecessors walked，Revelation of future generations。If a person does not understand history，Do not learn a little history，So cognition of the nation，The country will be lacking in the country。Don’t understand history，I don’t know how the ancestors struggle，How is the entire nation formed，How do we develop to the present。Like intellectuals since the late Qing Dynasty，Why do they continue to work hard，If you don't understand history，So I don’t know the reason。If you don’t understand history，I don’t know what we are different from before，What are the progress，If you don’t understand history，These are unable to talk about it。

　　Actually learning history，The most important thing is text、History、Zhe three aspects are good。One is that writing is good，In this way, someone will love it; the second is to think about the depth of philosophy in thinking about the problem;。Only these three aspects can be done，It is possible to achieve relatively large achievements in history。But many people are one of them very prominent，Other aspects are almost almost。For example, some humanistic pens can not work，But the evidence is very powerful，Special interested in files，Inspiration，Checking the file is very diligent，This can also。But the really good historian needs to be both literary, history, philosophy，If the article written by a historian is too boring，So people who read will not be more。So if you want to gain something in history，I'm afraid I have to text、History、Zheli three aspects of hard work。

　　"China Social Sciences": Thank you Mr. Dai for accepting our interview，At the same time, I wish the newly published "Qing History" early publishing，benefit Xuelin。

　

　　(This interview received the enthusiastic help of Professor Chi Yunfei, Professor of the History of the Capital Normal University，Special thank you! )