Molyneux ’s Question was a question raised by Irish scientist William Molyneux at the end of the 17th century。This problem is stated as: "Assume that an adult -born blindness，Can you distinguish which is the sphere，Which is a cube。Assume that at this time，Cube and spheres are placed on a table，This blind man restored vision。So，Now this blind man is touched by them，Is it based on his vision，Can distinguish and say，Which one is the sphere，Which is a cube? "Locke realized，This problem is closely related to his empirical theory。On the occasion of its book "The Theory of Human understanding"，He joined the book with his opinion with his opinion。Subsequent，This has aroused the attention of the philosophical world。Around this question，There are two basic stances: one is a negative answer represented by Locke and Berkeley; the second is the affirmative answer represented by Leibniz。

Locke thinks，Blind people who just recovered vision have no visual experience before，So，"Although that blind man can indicate the difference in his touch, it indicates、Which one is cubic，Which one is the ball shape，But he was under the first view，It must not be assertive，What he saw，Which one is the ball shape，Which one is cubic "。Berkley thinks，Our visual objects and tactile objects are completely different things: the impression of the eye is the retina，What you touch your hand is the outside of our own thing。So，Blind people who resume vision only have training with experience，After being used to the Bet365 lotto review cooperation of visual and touch，​​can the original shape concept be applied to the new visual experience。

Labnitz holds the opposite point of view。He thinks，In the problem of Morite，There is no prominent point in the ball，It is a full -flat but no corner，and the cube has prominent points and angles。These two shapes are obtained visually，Still get from the touch，The same concept should be formed。The same shape concept is obviously not the empirical material itself can provide，It is rather to rely on rationality to grasp。So，He said: "I think that is no longer a blind man，Use the principle of rationality，Combined with the emotional knowledge provided by him before the touch，There is no doubt that it is possible to distinguish them。”

Morite's problem has attracted the attention of natural scientists and medical scientists in the 18th century。1728，Surgical Doctor William Chesselden after performing cataract surgery for a boy，I did the first Morite Experiment。In the experiment，This boy cannot discover his cat by vision，Only when you catch it with your hands。Car Sarton thinks about，This patient who resumes vision can be seen at first，Can't distinguish between things，Not to mention their shape、size。Car Sylton's experiments are appreciated by Berkeley，But other philosophers and scientists do not accept this experimental conclusion。They expressed doubt about the various conditions of this experiment，For example，Does the patient's vision recover from surgery? or，Did Jaisolton raised misleading questions when doing experiments? etc。Since then，More doctors or scientists start doing Morite Experiment，and adopt the increasingly stringent experimental conditions to get close to Morite's problem。19th bet365 Play online games Century，A surgeon named a surgeon named Franz (J. C. A. Frantz) was the first strict in accordance with Morite's expression，People who use spheres and cubes to experiment。The results of this experiment were reported as follows: "This young man answered，When he opens his eyes，He immediately found the difference between the two objects (sphere and cube)，and notice that they are not pictures。But until he watched his fingertips perceive some feeling，Just like he is touching these objects，He only forms a square or disc -shaped concept。"Franz pointed out herein，This young patient can immediately recognize the differences in the shape of the two objects，But he can't immediately say which one is the sphere，Which is a cube。

Another doctor A. M. Ramsay's experiments provided the opposite evidence。After finishing cataract surgery for a 30 -year -old patient，Show a ball and a toy brick to the patient，Ask him if he can distinguish between the two。Ramsey described: "This patient focused on watching these two objects for a while，In this process, his hand has been active in nervous，It is as if he tries to compare what he sees with an imaginary touch experience，Then translate them like，Then he gave the right answer。”

The inconsistency of the experimental results of the Morite triggered further philosophical discussion。19th Century，The core of the argument of the Morrite question is "Whether the blind has a space concept"。People realize，The shape concept of objects involved in the Morgene problem is closely related to space cognition。At the same time，Affected by Kant philosophy，Many people think，The concept of space is not an experience concept abstracted from the outside world，but congenital、All intuitive prerequisites and foundations。On the Bet365 app download question of Moliram，Rudolf Hermann Lotze、Ernest Platner、Hermann Von Helmholtz represented by the experienceist claim，The understanding of our spatial characteristics of the object comes from the acquired experience。Born blind people do not have the concept of space，Therefore, when the vision just recovered, it cannot distinguish between cubes and spheres。Congenital Turful thinks，We are born with space relationships to perceive the object，Blind people cannot exception。Congenital James, William James, pointed out，Although the concept of blind people is different from normal people，But the two have similarity，This，Blind people who resume vision can recognize the visual object based on his touch experience when they first see。

Since the 20th century，The philosophical research and scientific experiments of the Morrite problem entered a new stage。Affected by the 19th -century philosophical debate，Gareth Evans defines Morite's problem: "Under the premise of admitting that the blind people have a real space concept，Can blind people who resume vision expand his concept to the object he sees? "Evans thinks，Although tactile and vision are two different sensations，But the space information they get is the same，The concept of shape is based on the thinking processing of this same space information，It must be unified。So，If the blind people can obtain the concept of spherical or cubic -shaped by touch，He can promote these unified concepts to the newly obtained visual experience，to distinguish the shape of the object he saw。

Evans has a great impact on the position of Morrite's problem。For the past 20 years，Many scholars propose new philosophical claims on this basis。People further clarify that the core of the Morgene problem Bet365 app download is "how to deal with the different phenomenon characteristics of the unified shape concept and the different phenomenon of shape perception"，and generally think，Evans restores the essence of shape consciousness into a spatial information and does not really solve the problem of Morite。Contemporary Scholars John Campbell uses a radical externalist solution to deal with Morite's problem。He advocates，We must recognize the existence of the phenomenon of perception experience，And this phenomenon is transparent for the subject of perception (transparent)。This transparency also means that it is conceptual、Can be grasped by thought。For the same thing，Our tactile phenomenon and visual phenomenon can characterize its shape attribute，The objective shape attribute as a reason will inevitably cause the same shape representation in different sensory modes，This has also become a prerequisite or basis for the concept of unified shape。From this，Although there are differences in the phenomenon characteristics of tactile sensation and vision，But we can connect the unified shape concept with experience phenomena in different perception modes。

Janet Levin, another perception researcher, tried to guide and plan a more scientific Morite experiment through theoretical analysis。She pointed out，When doing Morite Experiment，We cannot allow blind people who recover vision to touch them before looking at the sphere and cube; we cannot show him other shapes before the experiment and tell him what these shapes are，To prevent him from contacting the previous visual memory。At the same time, other background information must be excluded，For example, the shape difference between objects in the experiment must be particularly bet365 live casino games clear，It must be touched before the blind man; as for the time that should be observed and inferred by the blind people，or if you have to ask the blind people to have a solid grasp when answering，is a bad judgment。Revolutionary as a researcher who supports the view of "shape concept is uniform"，Time that believes that the conceptual reasoning of the blind people should be given，The degree of certainty when the blind answers Morrite depends on the nature of his perception concept of the object。

The latest empirical research on the Morrite issue，Including the experiment made by the research team of Ione Fine uses psychological physics and nerve imaging technology。2003，This experimental report believes，After a person lost his vision for a long time，Its visual ability and optic nerve will be damaged，thus affecting certain visual functions。This conclusion helps to understand the Morgene experiment and Morite's problem。Another important experiment that is completely targeted at Morrite's problem，It is made by the research team of Riehard Held，In the experimental report published in 2013, they believed，There is no direct conversion between the initial visual and touch experience，But the mutual mapping between different sensory modes will develop quickly in the future。In their Morite Experiment，The correct rate of the blind resolution of blind people who just resume vision is only about 50%，Although they are one or two days after one or two days，The correct rate can reach more than 90%。

Current，Scientific research on the problem of Moliram provided experimental evidence for philosophical discussion，But it cannot fundamentally eliminate the debate。Cognition of shape cognition is a transmitted mode (Trans-Modality) Bet365 lotto review cognition or an informal understanding，People have no conclusion; the role of rational and experience in the interconnection and cooperation between different sensations and experiences，Science and philosophy cannot give the ultimate answer。This also determines that the theory and empirical research around the Morgene problem will continue。

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