"Modernity" problem，It is a long -lasting time since the Renaissance in the Modern Western philosophy.、But the complex concepts that need to be combed urgently。By borrowing Anthony Gadenus，"Modernity is a traditional order"，It adopts a theoretical mode of "institutionalization of extreme doubt"，Acknowledge that all knowledge can exist in different presentations，In principle, I have made any theoretical preparations at any time。From the perspective of academic theory，This "openness and compatibility" feature，Objectively increased the degree of difficulty defining modernity and its basic connotation，This is the basic motivation that induce various related disputes。where，Representative is the American sociologist Daniel Bell and contemporary German philosopher Yurgen Habermas.。

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As an important representative of contemporary Western critical sociology and cultural conservative trends，Bell interprets "modernity" in is，The status quo of the "The Disjunction of Realms" by analyzing the capitalist society，Pointing out "The real problem of modernity is the problem of faith"。

Bell first criticized the "The Monolithic View of Society)。He pointed out，Hegel in "Principles of Law"，Elapse the "ethical entity" via family、Civil society，Eventually, the country that "returns and uniformly re -to the entity and the purpose and practicality of the public life it is committed to"。Looking at the standpoint of Hegel's philosophy，This dialectical process follows the "spirit" to realize its own ontological theory。The latest way of presentation is the "Grant theory" claimed bet365 Play online games by Talkrt Parsons。but，The root cause of the overall theory of society is，I don’t recognize the basic facts of "broken" human society，Think "every culture，Each historical period，and the society corresponding to them，All are a tight structure，Model it from a certain internal principle "。

From the "Introduction" of "Capitalism Cultural Contradiction"，Bell's goal is to fully reveal the status quo of capitalist society: different fields follow different operating rules，Developed in different or even in the opposite direction according to different changes，Based on this, further discuss a "huge change" that Western society has experienced on the spiritual level since the French Revolution。Bell thinks，"Defining the modern content is such a feeling: embrace change，Beyond time and space，Recognize the liquidity of society and geography，and can't wait to welcome new things "。On this question，"Except modernity，No word can summarize it "。

So，How exactly does modernity reveal the transformation of modern society? Bell gave five descriptions in "Solving Modernity and Modernism": The construction principle of modern society is no longer a certain ultimate purpose，Instead, members of social members reach a consensus social contract on basic rights and obligations; this directly leads to the change of the social life operating mechanism -from "nature" to "culture"，We live in the artificial civilization world; correspondingly，The living space of religion in social life is constantly compressed，No longer enjoys the absolute status of society; economical in modern society、Fundamental conflicts between the three areas of politics and culture; modernity on the issue of thinking about human nature，Acknowledge "Variable Variables of Human nature"。

From the perspective of Bell's sociological Bet365 app download perspective，Modernity depicts the transformation of traditional society to modern society，Essentially a ideological change presented by emphasizing "individualism" at the level of social consciousness，"Modernity is individualism，That is a kind of effort to reshape itself，In order to be able to plan and select，If necessary，Then transform society "。Bell Discovery，Modernity keeps distance from traditional society，Provides a possibility for free and diverse society，But from the perspective of the "culture" of the capitalist society，This has left a huge "hidden danger" on the issue of effectively responding to the emotional doubts of human survival dilemma。Before the modernity is opened，Religion on the one hand with a symbolic "demon" tone，Be alert to the world，To avoid practicing any possible blasphemy，to maintain the smooth operation of society; on the other hand, maintaining the continuity of human past。"Religious passes these two functions，Consolidated almost all Western culture in history。"，Modern nature is here，eliminates the above role of religion，Make modern people like Faust in Goethe，Constantly pursue the satisfaction of self -expansion。Modern culture cannot meet the "transcendence" needs of human survival confusion，Instead, modern people are pushed to a meaningless empty sense of emptiness。In this sense,，The real problem of modernity is the problem of faith。

Based on the above discussion，It is not difficult to understand why Bell uses "religious return" as a good recipe for modernity problems，Just as it is in the preface of "Capitalist Culture Contradiction" in 1978: "The deepest part of the source of people's consciousness because religion exposes the source of human consciousness，I believe，There will be a culture that realizes bet365 best casino games the limitations of life，At a certain moment，Return to the excavation of the sacred meaning。”

　　Habermas: Modernity is an unfinished career

Habermas sorted out the concept history of "modernity" in "The Philosophy of Modernity"，In his opinion，"Modernity" is a color with "historical traces"，Used to identify the new -old world different concepts，On the one hand, it reflects the open features of the new world for future guarantee，On the other hand, modern people are required to leave the old society，Make theoretical recognition and confirmation of the new society。From this point of view，The task of modernity is to provide a legitimate legal defense for self -confirmation of modern society，Therefore, Habermas regards "modernity" as a business that is being promoted，It contains three interwoven links: aesthetic modernity、Cultural Modernity and Social Modernization。

Analysis mode based on this modern concept，Habermas noticed，A strategy to deal with modernity in the theoretical world of the United States and West Germany in the middle of the 20th century: Bell、Peter Berger and others, "NeoconServatism"，Proposal to turn to tradition to seek the way of response。In "New Conservative Cultural Criticism in the United States and West Germany: The Righteous Movement of Two Political Culture"，Habermas keenly pointed out，New conservatives mainly adhere to two views: one，Oppose the political system of the Soviet Union;，Based on the "Elite Democratic Rights Theory" and adhere to "Antipopulism"。Habermas accepted the theme of the "Audo Award" in 1980 "Modernity: an unfinished business"，Detailed theoretical errors of new conservativeism: new conservatives cannot be free to deal with certain negative results brought by capitalist modernization，and completely blame it on the issue of cultural bet365 live casino games modernity，This completely misunderstands the relationship between social modernization and cultural modernity，"New conservatives failed to reveal people's treatment、Consumption、Economy and social reasons for changes in achievements and recreation attitudes，Instead, I do hedonism、Loss of social nature、Lost obedient、narcissism、Exit from low and achievement competition，Tongtong is blamed on the field of ‘culture’。In fact，From the eyes of Habermas，Culture's role in answering and response on these questions，It is very limited。

From Habermas，Although Bell's description of the division of capitalist society has a certain degree of authenticity，But we cannot have various problems caused by modernity because of contemporary society，It is concluded that modernity has long been poverty，Then the "crisis of faith" that declares the modernity of modernity can only be resolved by re -returning to traditional culture or religious culture。Bell obviously did not fully realize the theoretical limitations in its new conservative position，"Simply attribute the crisis of legitimacy to such a culture: for traditional customs、The rational daily life of the economy and politics is invested in the increasingly hostile attitude。This does not explain the separation between culture and society "。Habermas noticed，In the process of studying and reflecting on cultural modernity，Bell focused on the "modernist" (Modernism) since the 19th century。From the perspective of art，"Modernism" through various artistic imagination methods，Properly expressed the emotional appeal of modern people trying to break through all kinds of traditional heavy pressure，Objectively reflect the inherent requirements of modernity。but，Bell has always been trapped Bet365 lotto review by its preferred traditional elite lifestyle，Therefore, only the research perspective stays on "the disruptive force of the standardized of traditional achievements，I didn’t see the following: Aestheticists、Neutralization of practicality or authenticity (that is, resistance to all aesthetic forms) is just a specialization and concrete of this kind of value field "。So，From the eyes of Habermas，Bell's analysis of "modernity"，It is essentially a false negation of "culture"。Modern nature，Not a religious problem of "restoring faith"，Instead, it needs to be based on the scheme explained by the enlightenment philosopher since the 18th century，Reasonably organize daily social life。Habermas alert readers，"Only when we no longer pay attention to art itself as usual，The "modern career" I am talking about can show a clear outline "。

It is worth noting that，Habermas's analysis of Bell's modernity，Also caused criticism。For example，Ihab Hassan clearly pointed out in "Postmodern Steering: Postmodern theory and Cultural Paper Collection"，Habermas on interpretation of modernity，Try to distinguish the effort of "old conservative pre -modernism", "young conservative anti -modernism" and "new conservative postmodernism" are completely futile。but，What really criticized Habermas to criticize Bell's modernity is that it is: he did not see what the purpose of Bell's thoughts was，The modern cause of "reasonable organization of social life" he expects does not have been promoted in an orderly manner as he conceived; instead，For modern people，More intuitive feelings are various tensions and splits common in contemporary Western society。It can be said，Contemporary people are in a situation that needs to re -reflect on various social associations。bet365 Play online games Only in this context，We can really realize the real value of Bell's "modernity" reflection，That is, through some forms of the past traditions，Detective ways to re -build human survival，to overcome "splitting"。

　　(Author Unit: School of Philosophy of Renmin University of China)