European integration is a major practice for human beings to comprehensively surpass the sovereign national system，An important area of ​​the theoretical research of post -war international relations。During the European integration process，Federalism has been formed successively、functionalism、Inter -governmentalism、Institutionalism and other theoretical genres that are opposed to each other。Review History，European integration process has always been a wave of three folds。The theory of European integration is developed in this twists and turns。Reflection on its flow，Can provide a good case for us to understand the relationship between theory and practice。President Xi Jinping pointed out，No matter how the international situation changes，China always supports European integration process。Integrated Europe is not only conducive to maintaining world peace，and it is an attempt to construct a "European Destiny Community" to surpass the national system of the sovereignty。So，Reflecting its theoretical flow process，It can also provide academic reference for promoting the construction of a community of human destiny，At the same time，It also has important reference value for the construction of the "three major systems" of the construction of Chinese characteristics and social sciences。

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The starting point of practice is not theory，but dream。European integration is a political process that advances under dream guidance。Unified Europe to realize permanent peace and common prosperity between the country is the dream of many European sages，Early European integration theory, including federalism and functionalism, is the academic product of this "European dream"。

European federalist theory can be traced back to the 18th century San Pierre's "To Eternal Peace Plan for Europe" and Kant's "On Persistence and Peace: A Plan for a Philosopher"。1923，Caleki's federal theory of the system in "Brexit"，Get support from the French Foreign Minister Bai Ruian at that time，Form the "European Gan -European Movement" in the intellectual world。1941，Anti -fascist Boshili wrote the "Wensten Declaration" in prison，The only way to emphasize Europe to avoid disasters is to establish a federal system like the United States。Federalist theory with utopian color，But the European integration after the war has exerted an important impact。​​"Father of Europe" Jean Moane believes，Solving the European issue "The only way is to establish the European Federation"，The European Coal and Steel Association he designed has a high -level institution、Common Parliament and Community Court，architecture with sovereign countries。But member states insist on establishing the ministerial council system on these institutions，Introducing intergovernmental mechanisms for the community。70 years Bet365 app download since then，European integration is constantly expanding and deepening，But this kind of federal and Federation、The mode of super nation -and -government colors has never changed。

Different ideas from federalism to construct a sovereign state community in Europe level，Functionalism advocates establishing an interdependent "mesh structure" among the country to solve the economy of various countries、Social Questions，Through the beneficiary to generate the "loyal transfer" from the state to the community to achieve integration。The founder of European functional theory, David Mitterlani, was born in Romania in 1888，During his studies at the School of Political Economics, London was affected by liberalism，Abandon "Full -time State" from values，It is believed that the division of the international community as "a political unit that competes with each other" is the main source of international conflicts。He put forward the theory of "transcending the national system" from a popular perspective at that time，But it does not advocate the establishment of a European community，Instead, we must build a "world community" to realize the permanent peace of all mankind。

Federalism and functionalism both regard the sovereign state system as a problem that hinders European peace and prosperity。The difference between them is，The former wants to use the community "replacement" sovereign national system，The latter wants to use the community to "transcend" sovereign national system。The 1960s，European defense community and political community plan are stranded，These two theories are challenged by inter -governmentalism。80s，European integration has achieved great progress，Anyone who introduces the theory of "Cooperation Federalism" in the United States to revise European Federalism，It is believed that you cannot just emphasize "decentralization" and ignore "power sharing"，Try to surpass the contradiction between the Federal and Federation during the process of re -defining the concept of the "Federation"，It can be regarded as some kind of regression of the early European integration theory。

　　New functionalism and inter -governmental disputes

New functionalism and inter -governmentalism were two interconnected European integrated theories in the 1970s and 1980s，The former emphasizes the "super national" nature of integration，and the latter emphasizing the integration of the "inter -government" attribute。In terms of explaining European integration practice，New functionalism is more explained for the daily "growth" of integration，And intergovernmentalism has a more explanation of the "breakthrough" progress of integration。This，European integration theory forms two tendencies，It has a great impact on subsequent research。

New functional acceptance of "loyal transfer" theory of functionalism，But emphasizing that political promotion is the main cause of European integration。The 1960s，The president of the Brucks Society of the United States, Ernest Has, put forward new functional European integration theory on the basis of Mitraini's functionalist thinking，In its masterpiece "Union in Europe: Politics from 1950-1957、Social and Economic Power，defines integration bet365 Play online games as "persuading the political behavior from different countries to loyalty、Expectation and political activities to turn to a new center process "。He proposed the concept of "overflow"，It is believed that integration is the process of "functional expansion" and "task expansion" from one department to other departments，But the main cause is not the functional needs of economic and social aspects，Instead, various political forces are commonly promoted by their respective interests。It is not difficult to see，New functionalism is influenced by federalism in terms of emphasis on political promotion。

There are many genres within the new functionalism，The common point is that "sharing" from national sovereignty instead of transfer，But the "loyal transfer" generated during the process of integration will provide continuous motivation for its development。The 1970s，New functionalism becomes the mainstream of European integration theory。Philip Schmidt proposed the concept of "expansion"，It is pointed out that when the results of the member states are not satisfied with the results of the integration，May try to expand or deepen other cooperation to promote integration。Joseph Nai proposed the theory of integration between the country，In "Transnational Relations and World Politics", the role of subjective cognition in the process of integration in the process of integration，The higher the fairness of the distribution of interests、The stronger the correlation between the external situation and the country、The lower the cost of the country must pay，The more advanced the potential of the integration。

The challenger of new functionalism is intergovernmentalism。This theory regards national interests as a meta -power that promotes integrated，Criticism New functionalism emphasizes the role of super national institutions，It is believed that the theory of "spillover" confuses the boundaries of low political and high political fields，Decisure the possibility of "loyal transfer"。The representative of the intergovernmental between traditional government is Stanley Huffman，He emphasized that the high political field needs to bargain and repay the government to cooperate，international cooperation in the field of low political fields is completely different。The representative of the intergovernmental between free government is Andrew Molovkk，Its masterpiece "European choice: Get Macrht from Mexica" passed the five most important negotiations in the history of the European Community，That is the Roman treaty negotiation、Tariff League and Common Agricultural Policy Negotiations、1978-1979 European Monetary System negotiation、Analysis of the negotiation of the "Single European Act" and 1991 "Mastricht Treaty" negotiations in 1985-1986，Putting forward integration must first form a "national preference" on the two levels of member states and communities，It is possible to advance after the selection of intergovernmental games and international systems。

In the process of European integration, there is a dispute between "Federation" and "Federation"，The argument of new functionalism and inter -governmentalism is the reflection of this conflict，The result of Bet365 app download the battle is to surpass this conflict in theory。New functionalist one -sided emphasis on the growth of super -national factors to push integrated volume，The decisive role of the intergovernmental negotiations on integrated quality development。but，Intergovernmentalism does not consider the impact of super national factors on between government negotiations，There is also obvious one -sidedness。After this debate，Most researchers recognize that the European community is a new type of government with both the "Federation" and "Federation" attributes，Integrated is a process with existing volume and accumulation, accumulation, and qualitative change breakthroughs，The dispute between "Federation" and "Federation" basically has theoretical solution。

　　Systematism leading integration new theory

The 1980s，Because the Cold War tends to ease，European integration has achieved great progress。1991，While the end of the Cold War，European Community Transformation into a European Union。The core problem of the European integration theory is converted to how to continue to promote integration in existing system frameworks。Here，The impact of the new institutionalism method theory on the new institutionalist method on foreign social science research continues to heat up，European integration theory has formed a rational selection institutionalism one after another、New theories such as historical institutionalism and social construction institutionalism，It has a dominant impact on the integrated theory of the EU stage。

New institutionalist party streaming EU stages integrated development to conduct a multi -angle theoretical interpretation。Where，Reason selection Institutionalism mainly pays attention to legislation in the process of integration、Administrative、"formal system" in justice，Historical institutionalism and social construction institutionalism of the institutionalism of the system is broader，both include the formal system，also includes informal specifications and traditions。Reason selection institutionalism assumes that the perpetrator preference is given，Key to the expert committee、European courts and European parliaments conducted research，Analyze the interactive relationship between the system as an independent variable or due to the variable and the actor during the decision -making process，Famous artists include Friz Shapf, etc.。Historical institutionalism emphasizes that the system will change the target and preference of the perpetrator once the establishment is established8，Forming political inertia is "path dependence"。Paul Pilson in its paper "Return to increase、Study of Path Dependence and Political Science，The system explains the constructive role of the system's "increasing reward" on the perpetrator's preferences。Comparison for comparison，Research on the regulation of institutionalism on rational selection，Historical institutionalism focuses on the historical investigation of the system。The former focuses on researching the EU expansion and other problems，The latter focuses on researching the transformation of Central and Eastern European countries。

Social Construction Institutionalism Emphasize the impact of bet365 Play online games culture on the formation of institutional preferences，Greed the visual field of European integration theoretical research at the level of ontology。Previous，New functionalism dominated by European integration theory、Intergovernmentalism and rational selection institutionalism，Both the computing rationality of personal interests and generalization of social rationality as a prerequisite for ontology。Social construction institutionalism attaches more importance to the role of culture in the process of interest and preference construction，Emphasizing the interaction between the system and the behavior of the EU and the EU，In -depth research, in the process of integrated research, constructing problems such as "European identity" and "Social Europe"，Become an important supplement to Europe。

The dominant role of the new institutionalism of European integration theory is reflected in the theoretical perspective that "institutional analysis" becomes a theoretical perspective that all researchers attach great importance。In the EU stage，European integration has made great progress，But also encountered the European debt crisis、Challenges such as refugee crisis and Brexit，Constantly put forward new topics to the theory of integration。In terms of explaining the progress of European integration，A multi -layer governance appears、Policy Network、European Social Model、EU constitutional government and other comparative political science and standardized analysis path theory。but，In terms of explaining the degradation and differentiation pressure of European integration，The theoretical results with great influence have not yet occurred。Actually，As early as 1970，New functionalist theorist Lind Bogg and Shayin Gord have proposed the concept of "overflow"，Theoretically discussed the European integration in theoretically.，Even if you return to the possibility of the state before the beginning of the integration。but，Due to the continuous development of European integration since then，This possibility has not been discussed more。October 2012，"Democratic" magazine published 8 articles to discuss "European de -integration" question，Multi -perspective from the experience research analysis analyzes this embarrassing topic that makes the European Union。Chinese scholar Li Mingming believes，European de -integration may have four theoretical logic: functional overflow、member states to recover sovereignty through intergovernmental negotiations、EU system degradation and failure、EU government disintegration，That is from new functionalism、The theoretical interpretation of the perspective of intergovernmentalism and new institutionalism。Because，Only these tools available in the European Integrated theoretical Library。Current，EU's practical dilemma is calling for new theoretical discussions，Research on "Different Integration" has become an important issue in the theoretical research of European integration。

　　Revelation of the theoretical flow of European integration

President Xi Jinping requested that the whole party always "adheres to theoretical guidance and practical exploration dialectical unity，Realizing theoretical innovation and practical innovation bet365 live casino games benign interaction，Develop the 21st century China Marxism in this unified and interactive "。Analysis of the theoretical changes of European integration, indicating，Any theory and practice is developed simultaneously、Continuous interaction。From the perspective of theoretical and practical relationship，European integration theory flow changes should be inspired by the "three major systems" of us to build a new era of philosophy and social sciences with Chinese characteristics。

First，Theory and practice are all the products of dreams and times。The theory and practice of European integration stems from beyond the sovereign state system，Ensure permanent peace between the country、"European Dream" commonly prosperous。The original idea of ​​Europe was to establish a higher -level community with homogeneous countries with sovereign countries，Then the state's transfer of power to it is integrated。But the European integration process starts，This idea is found to be unreasonable，So it gave birth to the argument between the relationship between new functionalism and intergovernmentalism around the relationship between the country and the super nationality。After the EU was established，The most important question is how to promote integration under the new framework，So the theory of new institutionalism and multi -layer governance theory becomes a boom。This can be seen，The value of theoretical depends on its fit with dreams and times，Scholars may surpass the trend，but cannot surpass the times。

Second，Theory is shaped by academic and practice。Theoretically produced in the academic community，The theoretical conflict can only be surpassed by practice。European integration theory is part of the post -war Western social science theory，From functionalism、New functionalism to new institutionalism，All the European integrated theoretical genres built by scholars using the international fashion tools at that time，and the internationalization of theoretical tools guarantees the international academic popularity of integrated theoretical research。but，If Marx said in "The Manuscript of Economics of 1844"，"The solution of the theoretical opposition itself，Only through practice，Only with the help of people's practical power，It is possible "，The disputes between the various schools of European integration theory are finally determined by practice to determine right and wrong。

third，Multi -perspective theoretical research commonly inspired practice。Theory is the abstraction and logic of practice，It helps to improve the strictness and comprehensiveness of thinking，The main work includes concepts、Clear assumptions、Selection method、A summary facts、Make judgment and predict the future, etc.。Theoretical inspiration of theoretical research is concentrated in the formation of decision -making ideas，Both the theory and the theory of scalability may have an impact on this。There are foreign scholars that compare the theory of European integration as "mosaic" inlaid，Each theory is a stone on this masterpiece，As long as this work has not been completed，New theories and methods will continue to increase new bet365 Play online games stones to change the picture，Each theory contributes to the entire picture in a limited way。In other words，This should be the general mode of theoretical research to boost practice。

Under the guidance of practice，In the future, European integration theory will introduce more theoretical perspectives，Put more theoretical questions，Explore more theoretical discussions。For the Chinese academic circles，European integration theory has important inspirational value for the theory of "Community of Human Destiny" in the new era。In terms of knowing the multi -polarized world，European integrated national region -cross -regional cooperation、China -EU comprehensive strategic partnership、Cooperation of China -Europe in the multilateralist framework and other topics，All Chinese scholars need in -depth research。Send "Chinese Voice" around these topics，It should be an important connotation of the "three major systems" of the "three major systems" of the "three major systems" of philosophy and social sciences with Chinese characteristics in the new era。

　　(This article is Xi Jinping, the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Xi Jinping's new era of socialist ideology research centers in the new era, "Theoretical and Practice of Sino -European Construction of New International Relations" (2019xyzd14) phase results)

(The author is deputy director of the European Institute of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences、Researcher)