The development of ancient Chinese historical commentary to the Song Dynasty，Start to pay more attention to the construction and development of its own system，One of the important manifestations is to pay attention to setting up necessary historical principles。These principles generally revolve around the purpose of discussing history、Proposed and developed during the process and impact stages。Principles of historical theory proposed by historians of the Song Dynasty，Although it occurs within the scope of historical commentary，But it essentially belongs to the category of historical criticism，bet365 games a historical activity under the influence of historical criticism。

　　The purpose of discussing bet365 games: to benefit the world

Influenced by the sense of urgency and thinking about the rise and fall of bet365 games，Some historians during the Song Dynasty paid special attention to the practical significance of the compilation of historical records。For example，The purpose of Sima Guang compiling "Zizhi Tongjian" is to "supervise the rise and fall of previous lives，Examination of today’s gains and losses，Jiashan is evil，Choose right or wrong，Enough to reflect the ancient virtues，The ultimate cure"。(Sima Guang: "Zi Zhi Tong Jian"，Zhonghua Book Company 2011 Edition，Page 9740) Others such as Shi Jie's "Tangjian"、Sun Fu's "Tang bet365 games Judgment"、Li Xinchuan's "Records of the Years Since Jianyan", etc.，All have similar writing purposes and interests。

This is not only true in historical writings，The same is true for some historical comments by Song people。Yi Ye Shi、The East Zhejiang School represented by Chen Liang，When discussing the purpose and purpose that historians must adhere to in discussing history，Pay special attention to the practical significance and practical function of historical comments。Ye Shi clearly said: "Historians establish righteousness，Must guard the upward pass，The theory that common people can help the world。Bow down，So Li Deyu only compared the etiquette of Taige、Class conduct rules only，With Mencius、Uncle's intention，How far away！" (Ye Shi: "Preface to Xi Xue Ji Yan"，Zhonghua Book Company 1977 edition，Page 576) The important significance of Ye Shi’s understanding is，Historians should have basic principles in teleology when discussing history，That is, only those historical and personnel events that “contribute to the world”、Judgment on rules and regulations，has practical significance and value。This is the inheritance of Mencius’ theory of “historical meaning”，Also consistent with Ye Shi’s insistence that “writing should not be concerned with teaching matters，Although work is of no use...determine not to worry about the world，Although benevolence is useless” (Ye Shi: "Ye Shi Collection"，Zhonghua Book Company 1961 edition，Pages 607-608) are consistent in their thoughts on managing the world and applying bet365 games。

When Chen Liang explained his purpose of discussing history，Also said clearly: "bet365 games makes bet365 games easier to lose"，Can watch，Yes，You can quit，Greater things will bring prosperity to the king，Small means facing the enemy。”(Chen Liang: Updated Edition of "Chen Liang Collection"，Zhonghua Book Company 1987 edition，Page 50) Among them, "big will bring prosperity to the king"，Small means you will face the enemy"，Especially the word "face the enemy"，bet365 games intuitively shows that the purpose of Chen Liang’s discussion of history is to pursue the value and significance of reality。

Comprehensive Ye Shi、Chen Liang and other historians from the East Zhejiang School’s understanding of the social function of history，We can see that this is actually "history for its use"，The benefits are huge，bet365 games an urgent matter for strangers，For the country's main road" (written by Liu Zhiji)，Pu Qilongshi: "Shi Tongshi"，Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House 1978 Edition，Page 303) The development of historical critical thinking in the practice of historical criticism，Reflects the historian’s extraordinary insight into the purpose and purpose of discussing history。

　　On the process of history: as long as there is excitement, bet365 games will not be fair

The highest principle for historians in writing history should be "doing the best for nature without benefiting people" (written by Zhang Xuecheng，Ye Ying's annotation: "Annotation of Literature and History"，Zhonghua Book Company 1985 edition，Page 220)，That is, describe bet365 games as objectively as possible，Don’t mix too much personal emotions in the writing process，Otherwise, "what you like and hate is up to you"，The superiority is at heart，Advance without fear of the public constitution，Retire to a private room with no shame，Desire for real records，Isn’t bet365 games difficult？” ("Shi Tong's Comprehensive Commentary"，Page 199)

The same is true for historians when discussing history。When discussing history, "love and hate are considered thick and thin"，bet365 games’s easy to get “bloody”，Emotionally excited”，As a result, the conclusion reached is “unobjective and unreal”。(Du Weiyun: "Historical Methodology"，Peking University Press 2006 edition，Page 287) Therefore, when Zhu Xi criticized Fan Zuyu’s discussion of the Two Taxes Law, he said: “There is no point in taking anything away from bet365 games.。bet365 games’s just about winning people，Don’t care about the law，There is such a thing as being contentious。The review is like this，The ancient saints and sages are kind to you。He also met Xi Ning to learn more about the system，So there is excitement。Yao Zhi，Only that is exciting，bet365 games’s unfair。”(Li Jingde, ed.: "Zhu Xi Yu Lei"，Reprinted edition by Zhonghua Book Company in 2011，Page 3208)

Fan Zuyu is an important follower of Sima Guang，The two have relatively consistent political views，They all held extremely fierce objections to Wang Anshi’s reform。This fierce political opposition，Projected in historical comments，bet365 games to discuss history in a "motivating way"。The so-called "excited"，That is, the exposure of personal emotions，The consequence of being "excited" is that in the process of discussing history, "there is no point in saying anything"，And the “unfairness” of the conclusion。

Zhu Xi also pointed out that Sima Guang’s historical comments also contained emotional judgments，His words: "Like a ovary、Ju Meng，All Wen Gong’s likes and dislikes。However, bet365 games possible to make an argument based on the incident to make it clear，How can it be regarded as praise or criticism？"("Zhu Xi Yu Lei"，Page 3206) Zhu Xi believed that Zhang Liang and Ju Meng "both have the likes and dislikes of Duke Wen"，So Sima Guang showed different attitudes when commenting on the two，The conclusion drawn in this way is naturally not fair and just。

All kinds of things，There are many more。For example，Li Xin asked historians not to be "partisan"，He said: "Guo Fenyang's regret is due to Li Linhuai，The principle of being sincere and fearful of one’s husband is still there。As for Zhang Baogao not killing Zheng Nian，bet365 games not a place for public discussion。Du Mu discusses the matter，bet365 games said that Fenyang is better than Baogao，A fool repeats his words，Zhi Mu has a party。" (Li Xin: "Kuaao Collection"，The first collection of rare books in Sikuquanshu，Commercial Press 1935 edition) The "party" here is similar to the "you are passionate" and "likes and dislikes" mentioned above，All mixed with personal emotions，Seriously affecting the objectivity of historical commentary。

Visible，The objectivity required by Song people in the process of discussing bet365 games、Fair attitude，With the spirit of “real records and direct writing” emphasized in historical writing，Although there are differences in expression，But the essence of pursuing the "straight path" is the same。

　　On the influence of history: making an argument without taking bet365 games lightly

In terms of the later influence of historical commentary，Chao Buzhi was the first to put forward the principle of "not taking it lightly"。The author of "Old Book of Tang" thinks，Liu Gongchuo、Wen Zao was unable to take the position of Sangong due to his personal character。Chao Buzhi commented on this: "bet365 games said that the two masters treated each other more favorably than (Gongsun) Hong、(Fang) Xuan’s age depends on the severity，bet365 games also said that its purpose is far-reaching，How ridiculous？Zhang Yu Jingshu，A gentleman and an elder are worthy of their words，bet365 games important to take advantage of the lack of power，The imperial court is disrespectful。Historian，No argument is made lightly！" (Chao Buzhi: "Jibei Mr. Chao's Collection of Chicken Ribs"，Preliminary edition of the four-part series，Shanghai Bookstore 1989 edition) Regardless of whether Chao Buzhi’s conclusion here is reasonable or not，What we need to pay attention to is，Chao Buzhi put forward a basic principle for historians to discuss history，That is, "the one who is a historian，There is no point in making an argument lightly”。This requires historians to be cautious when discussing history，Don’t comment at will。The so-called prudence of "not taking the argument lightly"，This is a criticism of the prevailing discussion at that time，A "pen-sharpener" with Liu Zhiji，bet365 games prudent” ("Shi Tong Tong Shi"，Page 240) history writing requirements are consistent。

Regarding the principle of “no argument should be made lightly”，Ye Shi has a deeper understanding。He clearly pointed out that "discuss lightly"，What I learned by mistake，The most harmful thing” ("Preface to Xi Xue Ji Yan"，Page 405)，Even think that "historians are ignorant，Such a light argument...just praise and criticize，No restoration of roots，This way of governance has been destroyed and cannot be revived，Those who are slightly interested，bet365 games appropriate to cry and think about it！" ("Preface to Xi Xue Ji Yan"，Page 621) He also used "New Book of Tang" as an example，further explains the dangers of historians’ “underestimating discussion”: “Today’s “New History” is a book from a different era，Destroyed like this，I don’t know how insightful，There are three major harms to future generations: directly taking victory or defeat as the basis of morality，一也；According to the following，No more words，二野；Flattery ahead of time，What’s next?？三也。The world is declining，No wonder。" ("Preface to Xi Xue Ji Yan"，Page 595)

Ye Shi’s criticism of the relevant preface to "New Book of Tang"，Mainly from the perspective of the impact of inappropriate comments by historians on later generations，Require historians to be responsible for the characters they discuss，We must also be personally responsible for historians，We must also be responsible for the impact on future generations。This is no longer simply a historical review based on historical review，bet365 games no longer just the requirements of historical criticism on the moral quality of historians，But it has the implicit meaning of conscious reflection on the value of historical commentary。This kind of conscious introspection and reflection，Can be regarded as an inherent requirement for the construction and development of the historical commentary system。

Key words，From Chao Buzhi to Li Xin，Back to Ye Shi、Zhu Xi and others，Historians of the Song and Song Dynasties required that the things discussed must have practical significance of "benefiting the world"，bet365 games also required that there must be a fair attitude of "no party affiliation" during the comment process。At the same time，bet365 games also required to be cautious when drawing conclusions，What is involved is the purpose of discussing history、Process and Impact，Contains the three main stages of history commentators。This shows that the Song people constructed the principles of discussing history，bet365 games continuous development、The process of reflection and improvement，Beyond the state of sporadic and scattered expressions of historical principles by historians from the Han and Wei dynasties to the Sui and Tang Dynasties，Initially showing a systematic trend。It can be said，Song people focused on establishing the principles of discussing history，bet365 games both a self-adjustment and a response to the trend of "galloping discussion"，bet365 games also the gradual construction and development of the historical commentary system。

　　(This article is a phased result of the "Critical Research on Ancient Chinese bet365 games" (19SKGC-QT03) funded by the Fundamental Research Funds of the Central Universities of Huaqiao University)

(Author’s unit: Marxism and Contemporary Social bet365 games Research Center, School of Marxism, Huaqiao University)