The history of late Ming Dynasty is the hot research field in the history of the Ming history。When is it late，Discussion in the academic calendar。At the time of time break，After Chenghua Hongzhi、The last year of Jiajing、In the early years of Wanli and after the Apocalypse，。What is late Ming，Scholars' cognitive differences are not small，Many scholars have given the concept of late Ming to the social change、Social Transformation，Even early industrialization、For the previous recent generation and other meanings，Some scholars will only see late Ming as a concept of time。These different statements have different significance for studying historical problems and methods in the late Ming Dynasty。This，Wanming is not just a simple concept of time。The characteristics of the Ming Dynasty that night were presented in different regions of the Ming Dynasty，In the late Ming Dynasty, it should start。It cannot nor a time node that presents the characteristics of the late Ming era nationwide。In this sense,，Late Ming should be a special time concept that has presented the characteristics of the late Ming Dynasty earlier due to imbalance in the development of the Ming Dynasty and the differences in governance.。So，When discussing this problem，The key lies in the characteristics of determining the times when the Ming Dynasty entered the late Ming Dynasty。The meaning of the late Ming Dynasty in the late Ming Dynasty in this era，To a large extent, the meaning of "end" in the late Ming Dynasty is related。Otherwise，The "late" and "last" of the Ming Dynasty deviated from the time sense。

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Late Ming from a pure time concept，To the connotation of diversified，And widespread attention for scholars, especially today,。The reason is that the history of the Ming Dynasty entered the late Ming Dynasty，The characteristics of the times that are very different from the era of the early and middle period of the Ming Dynasty。These characteristics are given the modernity of today's scholars' transformation or modernization。This modernity is the endogenous characteristics of the Ming Dynasty society on the road of Chinese historical development，instead of the input characteristics of globalization that has begun at the same time。In this sense，The Bet365 app download concept of late Ming Dynasty is very important for the history of the Ming Dynasty。

The Time Characteristics given or interpreted in the late Ming Dynasty，Generally there are some points。Politically，The autocratic politics of the Ming Dynasty's control and management of the country and society is loose and weakened，The trend of alienation in national power。Economically，With the rapid development of the commodity economy，The new economic form with modern significance in the mother's body of the small farmer's economy。Ideological and Cultural，Suspecting and negating traditions appeared、Sounds the authority of humanism with modern enlightenment。In social life based on the above features，The four -citizen structure of the traditional "taxi industry and commerce" appeared to change to the bipolar of Shi and Merchants、The trend of the development and growth of the citizen class、Social life from frugal to luxury，etc.。

The characteristics of these eras in the late Ming Dynasty are not common，It does not appear at the same time in the Ming Dynasty or a certain part of a part。The Ming Dynasty and other dynasties in ancient China，Its politics、Economy、Change of Culture and even society，It is often not common development，but durable development，or political changes are first，or economic development is first，Even sometimes the development of ideological and cultural development，Social changes and transformation are relatively lagging。Features of the Times of the Late Ming Society，Generally, it is according to political changes、Economic Development、Cultural transformation and social changes have been shown one after another。

but but，Usually what we call the late Ming Dynasty characteristics are pointing to the entire Ming Dynasty，instead of a certain area of ​​the Ming Dynasty。Even if the autocratic politics and the alienation of national power, such as a global phenomenon，It is also manifested by different local governance effects due，thus eliminating its impact on the local area。As for the regional economy of the Ming Dynasty、Regional culture and the regional social structure determined from this，The characteristics of local differences are even more obvious。So，Considering the imbalance of the development of the region in the late Ming Dynasty，The complexity of the characteristics of the late Ming Dynasty is even more prominent。

bet365 live casino games but，The characteristics of the times in the late Ming society are pointing to the new trend of the development of the Ming Dynasty society，It indicates the new direction of the development of society in the Ming Dynasty，Zhao shows some modern factors breed in traditional society。These modern factors are difficult to associate with the Ming Dynasty quickly。From the perspective of the development of various regions of the Ming Dynasty，These characteristics must not be in the area of ​​the development area，It should be the "late Ming" features presented by Jiangnan, which represents advanced nature。

So，Can we have the characteristics of the late Ming Dynasty that appeared in the Jiangnan region representing the advanced nature，Is it the characteristics of the era of the entire Ming Dynasty? Gong Zizhen has words，"There are Ming Ye Jiajing and the World of Wanli，DPRK is not outline，and Jiang Zuo Chengping，Doumi seven money，Doctors have a lot of time，Returning of the name of the science name，Feng Yuan Ya "。"Political Political Outline" is the common problem of the Daming Empire，Economy of the local society of Jiangnan、Scholars' survival status and social life, but the state of life is prosperous，Where can I have a little "late Ming" weather? so，Fu Yiling believes that late Ming is not a decline，but the beginning of the new era。

The reason why the late Ming Dynasty was expressed in the form of "late"，It should be associated with the partial turmoil that occurs in the late Ming Dynasty.。It is these turmoil and disorder，Let the Ming Dynasty go on the way to destroy。These local turmoil and disorder are the key time nodes that cause the dynasty to enter the late Ming Dynasty。

　Late Ming began in Liaodong

From the area that caused the Ming Dynasty to perish，The war between Liaodong and Houjin in the Northeast in front of the Northeast，Subsequent peasant uprising in northern Shaanxi。Outstanding and turmoil in two regions，Not only does it change the governance appearance in these two areas，and finally consume the "Essence God" of the entire Ming Dynasty。Sun Wenliang said theory，Ming death began in Liao dying，Liao dying affects the death。So，Late Ming in Liaodong。But Liaodong entered the late Ming Dynasty.，Instead, it is formed after the Liaodong has been ignored for a long time。

Jiajing Forty -one year (1562) on the eighth day of April，Ming Shizong repeatedly hired money and grain to lose money for Liaodong，Ask the cabinet Bet365 lotto review leader Xu Jie: Liaodong is not trapped for a long time，What is the tireless? Xu Jie replied to: Liaodong old known as Qiangzhen，After 37 years of water，collapse of the side wall，Military and civilian injury is too half。Visible，Ming Shizong's predicament of Liaodong, who appeared as the elbow of the Ming Dynasty Jingshi Narranth, could not be asked，I have already ignored。Xu Jie, the first assistant, is also helpless，Repeatedly invited the court to deal with it in a "big break -up" method，But you can only dial a little money and grain，Power to deal with。

Actually，Liaodong was extremely sleepy in the last year of Jiajing，even repeatedly requesting assistance from the court，It is not just a short -term dilemma caused by the thirty -seventh year of Jiajing。Jiajing before the middle，The Ming Dynasty has always been troubled by the issue of "South and the North"，When the Ming Dynasty put the main energy on the problem of the "South and the North" problem，and ignore another point -Liaodong。

Jiajing Early Year，Northern Mongolian Mandarin Mandarin has repeatedly entered the criminals，tens of thousands or even hundreds of thousands of troops。Twenty -five years of Jiajing，鞑靼 俺 俺，Send the envoy to discuss and seek Tonggong City，Ming Shizong repeatedly rejected。29 years of Jiajing，俺 答 兴，Harassing Datong、Xuanfu，Entering Beijing，Cause "change of Geng 戌"，Forced the Ming Dynasty Kaibian Tongshi，It was not until 32 years of Jiajing that stopped harassing the border of the Ming Dynasty。For this，The Ming Dynasty had to mix a large amount of soldiers and horses.，Preventing the invasion of the Ministry。From Jiajing ten years to 34 years of Jiajing，The Ming Dynasty carried out a large -scale construction of the Great Wall，It costs a lot of manpower and material resources。Almost the same period as the "Northern Prades"，Land along the coast of the south，South from Guangdong，North to Shandong，Especially the Ming Dynasty's taxes and heavy ground Jiangnan，Repeatedly invasion of affected，Caused huge losses，In order to fight against the pirates' invasion of the southeast coast，The power of all provinces and even the country in the south，Fighting the pirate with decades of merit。

So far，On the one hand, the Ming Dynasty worked hard to solve the problem of "south and north"，On the other hand, in the bet365 live casino games past 30 years, Liaodong was ignored。Following Jiajing 36 years、Jiajing 37 years of Liaodong for two consecutive years of damage for two consecutive years，Liaodong has also declined from the old and strong vanity。

early years of Wanli，Zhang Ju Zhengzhao，Repair politics，Foreign Strong Border Government，Director Li Chengliang is stationed in Liaodong，Liaodong difficulties have a brief improvement due to Li Chengliang's strategy。but but，This situation soon changed due to the ignorance of the court。Twenty years of Wanli (1592) to 26 years of Wanli，Japan's comprehensive invasion of North Korea and the Ming Dynasty，The Ming Dynasty supports the country's strength to assist the North Korea。Liaodong, as the big rear of the Ming Dynasty, North Korea's anti -Japanese anti -Japanese，I made a huge sacrifice again。After the victory of the Anti -DPRK，"Two Thousand Miles of Liaoning Fang，Portlasm vacancy，Ointment blood has been exhausted "。According to statistics，Only the original garrison in Liaoning was reduced by 60%，The entire Liaodong，Even Shandong has been greatly affected。But because of the re -neglect of Liaodong，After the war, Liaodong not only did not get recovery and reconstruction，Instead, Nurhachi rises and quickly unified the daughter -in -law，Even the final challenge to the Ming Dynasty，Provided excellent timing。Well worse is，After the war, Liaodong after the war has suffered the cruel disk of the eunuch Gao Huai, the emperor of the Ming Shenzong as the tax ambassador，Not only did the Liaodong economy that was very fragile in the end，It also destroyed political order，Lost the heart of the scholars，Finally, Liaodong completely caught in a desperate situation。This is another way to ignore the inherent strategic position of Liaoning Liaoning。

Liaodong was originally a barrier of the Ming Dynasty Beijing Division，In the first and middle of the Ming Dynasty, it has always been a strong town that has been valued by the court，Because it has been ignored since the middle of Jiajing, it has been ignored for more than 50 years，Make it not only one of the last sources of chaos of the Ming Dynasty，Also brought the entire Ming Dynasty into the late Ming Dynasty。

　　Liaodong in Liaodong does not have modernity characteristics

Since Liaodong, which has become more turbulent from the middle of Jiajing in the late Ming Dynasty，So，Liaodong in the late Ming Dynasty，Can you also bet365 live casino games find some modernity with social transformation? The answer is obviously negative。

Liaodong in the late Ming Dynasty，Following the middle and middle of the Ming Dynasty，Is a typical military and political society。Liaodong local governance is very different from the Mainland，Especially Jiangnan，Social development still stays in traditional society，No new changes。Alienation of autocratic politics and national power has a small impact on Liaodong in the late Ming Dynasty，Liaodong local military and political forces are very strong，It is not possible to produce political environment and political forces that criticize traditional politics in the Ming Dynasty。Liaodong Military and Political Economy Economy under the military and political management of Division，with strong compulsory。and restricted by serving the Liaodong military and politics，The market economy of Liaodong is far from being fully developed，In addition, the Ming court ignored its nearly half a century，Liaodong's economy is getting more and more disappointed，It is impossible to produce new economic factors in heresia in the Military and Economy of Liaodong。Although there is a certain development of cultural and education in Liaodong，But the limited group of scholars is not enough to form a scholar society，Other elite forces participating in Liaodong local governance are relatively weak，Effective supplements can not be made when local governance Chinese government is insufficient.。So，The characteristics of the times given to the late Ming society in the academic world，It is by no means abstracted from an underwriter development area like Liaodong，Liaodong in Liaodong is more of chaos, not newborn。

The late Ming era caused by the Liaodong chaos，Compared with the characteristics of the late Ming Dynasty in Jiangnan society，We can’t see any preliminary characteristics in Liaodong area。In the late Ming Dynasty in Jiangnan society, compared with the late Ming of Liaodong，We can't see the signs of the Ming dynasty in the Jiangnan area。This is the result of imbalanced development of the Ming Dynasty region，It is also caused by the complexity of the late Ming Dynasty。It is this complexity，When many scholars analyze the reason why the Ming Dynasty quickly slipped from the late Ming Dynasty to the demise，Most of the challenges faced by the Ming Dynasty are regarded as linear instead of composite，But it is difficult to solve Bet365 app download this in the late Ming Dynasty where the Ming Dynasty had both transformed in the late Ming Dynasty but quickly moved towards perish.。

In the sense of the methodology, "late Ming" is used as a special research problem，Diversity of research paradigms，It is still very important to promote historical research in the late Ming Dynasty。but，The late Ming society entered from the Liaodong area in the middle of Jiajing，Jiangnan Society, which is still developing at a high level，Not the same day。"Wanming" can only be a pure time concept，Can't simply move the features presented in a certain area without distinction to another area。As for the modern characteristics of social development trends，Even so。

(This article is the Structural Fund Project "Structure Loss and Liaodong Social Control Research" (11BZS028) phased results)

(Author Unit: History Department of the School of Social Development of Nanjing Normal University)