The history of the bet365 games has been a hot research field in the field of Ming history in the past twenty years。For when is the bet365 games，Always discussed in academia。On the time limit，After Youchenghua Hongzhi、The last years of Jiajing、The early years of Wanli and after the Apocalypse, etc.，None to mention。For what is the bet365 games，The cognitive differences among scholars are not small，Many scholars have assigned social changes to the concept of the bet365 games、Social Transformation，Even early industrialization、Pre-modern and other meanings，Some scholars regard the bet365 games only as a concept of time。These different statements have different meanings for studying historical issues and methods in the bet365 games。This way，The bet365 games is not just a simple concept of time。When the characteristics of the Ming Dynasty first appeared in different regions in the Ming Dynasty，It should start in the bet365 games。It cannot and should not be a time node that simultaneously displays the characteristics of the bet365 games across the country。In this sense，The bet365 games should be a special time concept that showed the characteristics of the bet365 games earlier in a certain part due to the uneven regional development and differences in governance in the Ming Dynasty。Therefore，While discussing this issue，The key lies in the characteristics of the era that determine the Ming Dynasty entering the bet365 games。The meaning of "late" in the bet365 games as revealed by the characteristics of this era，To a large extent, it is related to the meaning of "mo" in the bet365 games。Otherwise，The "late" and "end" of the Ming Dynasty are divergent in terms of time。

　Characteristics bet365 games times point to new development trends

From a pure concept of time in the bet365 games，To be endowed with diverse connotations，And it has attracted widespread attention from scholars in modern times, especially now。The reason is that the history of the Ming Dynasty entered the bet365 games，Its own evolution has produced a series of characteristics of the times that are very different from those in the early and mid-Ming Dynasty。These characteristics are given the modern meaning of social transformation or modernization by today's scholars。This kind of modernity is an endogenous feature of the Ming Dynasty society in the development path of Chinese history，Rather than the imported characteristics of globalization that has begun at the same time。In this sense，The concept of the bet365 games is very important to the field of Ming history。

The characteristics of the times given or interpreted in the bet365 games，In general, there are the following points。Political，The Ming Dynasty’s autocratic politics loosened and weakened its control and management of the country and society，There is a trend of alienation in state power。Economically，With the rapid development of commodity economy，In the matrix of small-scale peasant economy, a new economic form with modern significance was born。Ideology and culture，The emergence of a tradition of doubt and denial、A humanistic trend of thought with modern enlightenment significance that protests against authority。In social life based on the above characteristics，There has been a change from the traditional four-people structure of "scholars, farmers, industry and merchants" to the two poles of scholars and merchants、The trend of development and growth of the citizen class、The situation in which social life changes from frugality to luxury，Wait。

These characteristics of the bet365 games are not synchronic，Does not appear simultaneously in the whole or a part of the Ming Dynasty。The Ming Dynasty was the same as other dynasties in ancient China，its politics、Economy、Changes in culture and even society，It often does not develop simultaneously，It develops over time，Or political changes may occur first，Or economic development comes first，Sometimes even ideological and cultural development takes precedence，Social changes and transformation are relatively lagging behind。Characteristics of late Ming society，Generally in accordance with political changes、Economic Development、Cultural transformation and social changes are shown one after another。

However，Usually what we call the characteristics of the bet365 games refers to the entire Ming Dynasty，Rather than a certain area in the Ming Dynasty。Even if it is an overall phenomenon such as the loosening of authoritarian politics and the alienation of state power，It is also reflected in different local governance effects due to differences in the ability of local governments to govern local society，Thereby eliminating its impact on the local area。As for the regional economy in the Ming Dynasty、Regional culture and the regional social structure determined by it，The characteristics of regional differences are even more obvious。Therefore，Considering the imbalance of regional development in the bet365 games，The complexity of the characteristics of the bet365 games is even more highlighted。

But，The characteristics of the late Ming society point to the new trend of social development in the bet365 games，Heralds the new direction of social development in the bet365 games，Shows some of the modern factors bred in traditional society。It is difficult to link these modern factors with the rapid demise of the bet365 games。From the perspective of the development of various regions in the bet365 games，These characteristics must not be present in underdeveloped areas，It should be the "late Ming" characteristics of Jiangnan that represent the advanced nature。

Then，Can we describe the characteristics of the bet365 games that emerged in the Jiangnan region, which represents the advanced nature，See it as a characteristic of the entire Ming Dynasty？Gong Zizhen has something to say，"The era of Jiajing and Wanli in the middle Ming Dynasty，The government is out of line，And Jiangzuo Chengping，Seven coins per bucket of rice，Scholar-officials have lots of free time，Those who are adopted by the family name，The atmosphere is elegant”。“Lack of political integrity” is a common problem in the Ming Empire，The economy of Jiangnan local society、The living conditions and social life of scholars are thriving，Where is there a little bit of "Late Ming" weather？So，Fu Yiling believes that the bet365 games was not a declining period，But the beginning of a new era。

The reason why the bet365 games is expressed in the form of "late"，Should be related to the local turmoil and disorder in the bet365 games。It is these turmoil and disorder，Let the Ming Dynasty embark on the road of no return。These local turmoil and disorder are the key time points that triggered the Ming Dynasty to enter the bet365 games。

　The bet365 games began in Liaodong

From the perspective of the areas that led to the demise of the Ming Dynasty，The war between Liaodong and Houjin in Northeast China，The peasant uprising in northern Shaanxi followed。Disorder and turmoil in two areas，Not only changed the governance landscape in these two regions，And it eventually consumed the entire Ming Dynasty’s “spirit and spirit”。Sun Wenliang has a discussion，The fall of Ming Dynasty began with the fall of Liao Dynasty，The death of Liao affects the death of Ming。Therefore，bet365 games in Liaodong。But Liaodong’s entry into the bet365 games did not start with the war between Liaodong and Houjin，It was formed after Liaodong was neglected for a long time。

The eighth day of April in the forty-first year of Jiajing (1562)，Ming Shizong requested money and food for relief due to repeated memorials in Liaodong，Ask Xu Jie, the chief minister of the cabinet: Liaodong will not be trapped for a long time，How tired is it?？Xu Jie replied: Liaodong was formerly known as Qiangzhen，Since the flood of thirty-seven years，Side wall collapsed，More than half of military and civilian damage。Visible，Ming Shizong did not pay attention to the difficulties in Liaodong, which was the elbow of the bet365 games capital.，Already ignored。As the first assistant, Xu Jie is also helpless，Repeatedly asked the court to deal with it in a "big break with the rules"，But it can only allocate a small amount of money and food，Quality as payment。

Actually，Liaodong was extremely exhausted in the last years of Jiajing，Even repeatedly requested help from the imperial court，Not just a short-term dilemma caused by the flood in the 37th year of Jiajing period。Early and mid-Jiajing period，The Ming court has always been troubled by the problem of "Southern Japanese and northern captives"，It was when the bet365 games focused its main energy on dealing with the problem of "Southern Japanese and Northern Japanese"，And neglected another important point-Liaodong。

Early Years of Jiajing，The northern Mongolian Tatar tribes have repeatedly invaded，The number of troops can easily reach tens of thousands or even hundreds of thousands。Twenty-five years of Jiajing，The Tatar tribe said that they were sweating，Send envoys to discuss peace and seek Tonggong City，Ming Shizong refused many times。The 29th year of Jiajing，Ananda Khan raises troops and goes south，Harassing Datong、Xuanfu，Advance on Beijing，Causing the "Gengxu Change"，Forcing the bet365 games to open the border city，It wasn’t until the 32nd year of Jiajing that the harassment of the bet365 games’s borders stopped。For this，The bet365 games had to mobilize a large amount of soldiers, horses, money and food，Prevent the Tatar invasion。From the tenth year of Jiajing to the thirty-fourth year of Jiajing，The bet365 games carried out large-scale construction of the Great Wall，Spent a lot of manpower and material resources。Almost the same period as the "Northern Barbarians" invaded the north，Southern coastal land，South from Guangdong，North to Shandong，Especially Jiangnan, the important tax base of the bet365 games，Repeatedly invaded by Japanese pirates，Caused huge losses，In order to fight against the intrusion of Japanese pirates on the southeast coast，Gathering the efforts of the southern provinces and even the whole country，Fighting Japanese pirates with decades of efforts。

So far，On the one hand, the bet365 games devoted its efforts to solving the problem of "Southern Japanese and Northern Captives"，On the other hand, Liaodong has been ignored in the past thirty years。Following the thirty-sixth year of Jiajing、The destruction caused by two consecutive years of floods in Liaodong in the 37th year of Jiajing，Liaodong has changed from a strong vassal in the past to a state of decline。

Early Year of Wanli，Zhang Juzheng is in power，Internal Politics，Strong foreign affairs and border affairs，Appointed Li Chengliang to garrison Liaodong，Liaodong’s predicament briefly improved due to Li Chengliang’s experience。However，This situation soon changed due to the neglect of the imperial court。The twentieth year of Wanli (1592) to the twenty-sixth year of Wanli，Japan fully invaded Korea and coveted the bet365 games，The bet365 games mobilized the whole country to aid Korea in resisting Japan。Liaodong was the rear area where the bet365 games used troops to fight against Japan，Making a huge sacrifice again。After the victory in aiding Korea and resisting Japanese aggression，"Two thousand miles east of Liaodong，The skin and bones are empty，The blood has been exhausted”。According to statistics，The original garrison in Liaodong alone has been reduced by 60%，Entire Liaodong，Even Shandong has been greatly affected。But due to the neglect of Liaodong again，After the war, Liaodong not only failed to be restored and reconstructed，On the contrary, Nurhachi rose up and quickly unified the Jurchen tribes，Even finally challenged the bet365 games，Provides an excellent opportunity。To make matters worse，After the war, Liaodong suffered cruel exploitation by Gao Huai, the eunuch sent by Emperor Shenzong of the bet365 games as a tax envoy，Not only did it severely damage the already fragile Liaodong economy，Also destroyed the political order，Lost the heart of a scholar，Finally, Liaodong was completely plunged into despair。This is another way to ignore Liaodong’s inherent strategic position。

Liaodong was originally a barrier for the capital of the Ming Dynasty，In the early and mid-Ming Dynasty, it was always a strong town that received much attention from the imperial court，Precisely because it has been ignored for more than fifty years since the middle period of Jiajing，Making it not only one of the last sources of chaos in the Ming Dynasty，It also brought the entire Ming Dynasty into the bet365 games。

　　The bet365 games in Liaodong does not have the characteristics of modernity

Since the bet365 games originated from the increasingly turbulent Liaodong in the middle period of Jiajing，Then，In Liaodong in the bet365 games，Can we also find some modernity with social transformation significance？The answer is obviously no。

Liaodong in the bet365 games，Inherited from the early to mid-Ming Dynasty，It is a typical military and political society。Local governance in Liaodong is very different from that in the mainland，Especially Jiangnan，Social development still remains in traditional society，Nothing new。The alienation of autocratic politics and state power had little impact on Liaodong in the bet365 games，The local military and political forces in Liaodong are very powerful，There is no political environment and political forces that could criticize the traditional politics of the Ming Dynasty.。Liaodong’s military-political economy is under the military and political management of Dusi，With strong compulsion。And is restricted by serving the Liaodong military and political affairs，The market economy in Liaodong is far from being fully developed，In addition, the Ming court ignored it for nearly half a century，Liaodong’s economy is getting worse，It is impossible to generate heterogeneous new economic factors within the Liaodong military and political economy。Although culture and education in Liaodong have developed to a certain extent，But a limited group of scholars is not enough to form a scholar society，Other elites participating in local governance in Liaodong are relatively weak，It cannot effectively supplement local governance when the government’s power is insufficient。Therefore，The characteristics of the times given to late Ming society by academia，It is by no means abstracted from underdeveloped areas like Liaodong，The bet365 games in Liaodong was more a source of chaos than rebirth。

The bet365 games caused by the Liaodong Rebellion，Compared with the characteristics of Jiangnan society in the bet365 games，We cannot see any pre-modern characteristics in the Liaodong region。Comparing the bet365 games in Jiangnan society with the bet365 games in Liaodong，We also see no signs that the Ming Dynasty will be destroyed in the Jiangnan region。This is the result of the unbalanced regional development of the Ming Dynasty，It is also caused by the complex nature of the bet365 games。It is this complexity，This has led many scholars to analyze the reasons why the Ming Dynasty quickly slid from the bet365 games to its demise，Most see the challenges faced by the Ming Dynasty as linear rather than composite，However, it is difficult to unravel the paradox of why the Ming Dynasty experienced a transformational period in the bet365 games but then quickly perished。

Taking "bet365 games" as a special research issue from a methodological sense，With its diversity of research paradigms，It is still very important to promote the historical research of the bet365 games。But，The late Ming society from Liaodong region in the middle period of Jiajing period，With Jiangnan society still developing at a high level，Not the same。“Late Ming” can only be a pure time concept，We cannot simply transfer the characteristics of one region to another without distinction。As for the characteristics of modernity that reflect social development trends，Even more so。

(This article is a phased result of the National Social Science Fund project "Research on Structural Deficiency and Social Control in Liaodong in the bet365 games" (11BZS028)

(Author’s unit: Department of History, School of bet365 games Development, Nanjing Normal University)