Since ancient times，Time has always played the role of social life planner and instructors，People, especially urban residents, need to follow a certain time arrangement of production and life。With the development of society，This trend is getting obvious。Before the mid -20th century，The penetration of the timer is not high，In modern times, it has brought some time confusion when changing from local time to standard。So，Public newspapers are particularly urgent and important in cities，and have a broad impact。At the same time，The development of science and technology makes the way and means of public time newspaper.、New Moon Different。

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Before the Zhou Dynasty，my country has invented the time system that divides the a day into a one -hundred -minute person。At the same time，Set the time method that divides the day and night into twelve hours，Yizi、Ugly、Yin、卯、Chen、巳、Noon、Unwilling、Shen、酉、戌、Hai Twelve Earthly Branch is named for twelve hours。At night, a special "more point system" is formulated，Divide the night into five more (one more to five more, the corresponding hour is the time of 戌、Hai Shi、Sub -Shi、Ugly time、Yin Shi)，Each more hour，One is divided into five points。Hundreds of carvings and 12 hours system cooperate with each other，Become a time -oriented standard for the production and life of ancient people，Among them, it is even more common in the twelve hours。

From the 9th year of Kangxi (1670)，The Western Meticulous Second System officially enters the official timing system，Hill and seconds combined into the official timing standard of the Qing Dynasty。Bet365 app download The late 19th century，The official began to use the 24 -hour clock timing。This period，Time of clocks becomes the mainstream trend。but but，Traditional Chen Carving Time still has a great impact。So，In terms of timing, the characteristics of the two mixed use。The 1920s and 1930s，Social production and life is increasingly dependent on arrangement，Government organs、School、Factory、Post Office、Bank、Shopping Mall、Entertainment venues and other social organizations generally operate in strict accordance with the clock。Regardless of official or folk，At this time, basically the clock timing is used，"Settles" and "Second" units are applying more and more in urban daily life。

Traditional Chinese timing tools mainly have Japanese 晷、omissions and incense，This type of timer has less ownership in the people，Usually only the government and rich people will be equipped with。Due to lack of accurate timing tools，Except for public newspapers，Most of the folks are based on the sun、Moon、The rise of the stars and its position changes, and the natural phenomenon of rooster report，Determine the approximate time range，and arrange production and life accordingly。As early as the Ming Dynasty，Clocks have been introduced to China through the missionary Matteo Ricci and others，But before the opening of Wukou Business Port，Basically, only the face of luxury goods exists in a few upper -level bureaucrats and wealthy households，It is not popular in a wide range。After the five -portal business in 1842,，The import volume of clocks has increased significantly，Domestic watch manufacturing industry has also gradually developed，The price of clocks is reduced。After entering the 20th century，Clocks in Shanghai、Watch、Guangzhou and other large cities, Bet365 lotto review especially in the eastern coastal port opening cities, are becoming increasingly common，hanging clock、seat clock、Watch、Alarm clocks and other clocks and watches should be available。With the introduction and general use of clocks，Fundamental changes in the timer and timer。but but，Generally speaking，In the first half of the 20th century，Its owner is still mainly concentrated in the middle and upper level society。After the founding of the People's Republic of China，Various watches gradually enter the home of ordinary people。

　　In ancient times, when the bell and drum report was used

Before modern，The penetration rate of the timer in individuals, especially the lower levels of society is very low，Most people cannot grasp the accurate time in time。Stability of maintaining social order、Realize the comprehensive control of time and space，All dynasties have adopted the gate of the city on time、Uniformly stipulates that the night ban and night tour policy of the people's daily life schedule。For this，Public newspapers are naturally imperative。

The tools used in ancient public newspapers are bells and drums。As early as the late Eastern Han Dynasty，"Night omissions，Drumming will start;，Zhong Ming's interest is also "(Cai Yan:" Controlling "records)。Visible，When the bell and drum report was used at that time。From the Tang Dynasty，Metropolitan City and some local cities began to set up drum tower、Bell Tower、Drum Horn Building and other special reporting buildings。After the Song Dynasty，This type of newspaper is increasingly increasing，Mainly with the tower、Drum Tower and Bell Tower as the main。Bell and Drum Tower, etc., usually built in the center of the city，Tall spectacular，Is the landmark building of the city。Discarding inside、Nikko and other timers，In addition, there are bet365 Play online games drums or clocks。Ming and Qing Dynasties，The news drum placed in the drum building in Beijing includes a main drum、24 group drums，Its diameter exceeds 1 meter。The time to be placed in the drum tower is not necessarily drum，For example, there is a bell in the drum building in Tianjin and no drums。Public newspapers are responsible for personnel，Drum or hit the clock when the time is reported。The number of times each drumming or hitting the clock is usually 108 times，The frequency is different from all places。The sound of the bell and drums is long and loud，Generally, you can hear it in more than ten miles。

The most important thing for public newspapers is early morning and evening，marks the opening of the city gate and the end of the night ban、City Gate Close and Start at Night Ban。In other words，Public newspapers to a large extent "use it for Si Chenxun，Open City Gate "(Gao Lingwen:" Zhiyu Essay "Volume 6)，Notice the city gate switch to the urban residents、The start and end of the night ban。Determined regulations from the Yuan Dynasty，After three points of three o'clock、Five more three o'clock without moving，For the Night Forbidden Time。From this point of view，The evening report is likely to start from the beginning，End before three o'clock;。Cities with both bell tower and drum tower，Reporting in the morning and evening often completes through the sound of the bell and drums，Predictive drum，Then hit the clock，Bell and Drum Qi Qi。At night, when a point is reported, it is conveyed by hitting the clock。Another，Gengfu on the night of night tour，In the tour, it cooperates with the tapping Xunzi and Xiaolong，The number of times each knocking is consistent with the point，In fact, it also plays a role in public newspaper。

Apart from the official public newspapers in charge and implemented by the Bet365 app download official，The morning and evening bells of the temple have also played the function of public newspaper hours to a certain extent。

　tend to be accurate and diversified

Since modern times，Daily life is more deepened by time constraints，The accurate control time gradually evolves into normal life。In this case，Public newspapers are even more indispensable。Accelerate with the modernization process、The degree of integration with international integration is getting closer，The traditional timing and time -reporting system has been significantly lagging，It is difficult to meet the requirements of social development。In ancient China, it was always implemented by "when the sun" (also known as "true sun"，referred to as "seeing") timing of timing，In 1919，Divide the whole country as long white、Central Plains、Longshu、New Tibetan、Kunlun five time zones。Standard implementation，It is even more needed to provide a unified and accurate time in the manner of public report。Development of science and technology，Directly contributed to the modernization and diversification of the public time reporting method。

The way of public newspaper hours in modern times mainly includes artillery、Establish a standard clock in public places、Radio radio radio time、Flutes and Sleeples, etc.。Bet365 app download The late 19th century，Some cities start to use the method of rewarding artillery。For example，Drives of public newspaper functions。Within 24 hours a day and night，A total of 3 times，Dawn、Noon and midnight。Due to noon and in the middle of the night，So the folk is also called the "Non -Noon Artillery"，Dawn's cannon is also called "Liang Cannon"。Another，There is also a "closed city small iron cannon"，20 o'clock the first sound，Close the left fan of the city door; the second sound of 21 o'clock，The city gate bet365 Play online games is completely closed。The way this way of fire reports originated from the army，After being Beijing、Nanjing、The municipal departments of many cities such as Jinan and other cities adopt。Even in some remote small towns，There are also lunch guns for reporting time。until the 1930s and 1940s，This method of reporting is still more common，Among them, the most used is the noon report at 12 noon。

20th Century，With the general adoption of watch timing，Some cities are starting to be in traffic channels、Standard bells。In the 1930s, the National Government implemented the "New Life Movement" period，To promote love and obey time，It is clearly required to be equipped with standard clocks，Provide standard time。So，During this period, many cities have set up standard clocks，Forming a boom。Not only the government sets up，and many watch banks、Stores and individuals also scramble to contribute to the installation，Shanghai also introduced "Shanghai Management Self -use Standard Clock Rules"。According to statistics，1947，The number of standard clocks in Tianjin City has reached 33 seats。in Shanghai、Tianjin and other big cities，Many public places、Cross intersection、Building outer wall, etc.，Set or hanging clocks，Western -style clock tower is also common。Qingdao and other cities will release the flute every day，Time for citizens。Some cities make the factory use the whistle with a whistle in the specified time and obligations，When a public newspaper。

To sum up，Ancient public newspapers are more services to control urban order and people's work and rest time。Since modern times，Urban public newspaper hours gradually separated from this purpose，Show the "objective" time itself，To facilitate the public arranged production and life accordingly，At the same time, there is also bet365 best casino games the meaning of advocating time and cherishing time。After the founding of the People's Republic of China，The standard time with Beijing time as a unified place，A unity of standard timing system in a short period of time。At the same time，Clocks、Radio、TV、mobile phones and other increasingly popular，It is easier to learn time，The role of public newspapers is weakened as follows。

(This article is the key topic of Tianjin Academy of Social Sciences "Night and Modern Tianjin Social Change" (20YZD -02) staged results)

(Author Unit: Institute of History of Tianjin Academy of Social Sciences)