Pre -Qin is an active and brilliant period in the history of early Chinese thoughts，The core concept system of traditional Chinese society is formed in this period。Zhuzi's Baijiaxue theory，In the contention, there is often me in you、I have you in me，Various ideas of ideas appear to merge in the tolerance、Tolerance appears in the fusion。Only at the time of the gentleman and the world at that time，In the historical changes of more than 2,000 years since then，It has a profound impact on the social life and spiritual life of the Chinese。

　　Bet365 lotto review

In the expression of early thinking in China，"Gentleman" as a title，Given a rich moral connotation，Often opposite to "villain"。Do a gentleman not to be a villain，It has become the most important scale and standard of Chinese traditional moral concepts since ancient times。

Pay attention to personal cultivation、For the gentleman's view of virtue，The most famous teachings of Confucius are "for gentleman Confucianism，Non -Master Confucianism "。Confucius also said about the gentleman's temperament: "The gentleman is frank，Little man long。"This is also a depiction of different levels of morality。When the value orientation involved in righteousness，Confucius also said: "The gentleman is metaphorized in righteousness，Little man is metaphorical。"" In handling interpersonal relationships，"A gentleman and different，Villain is the same but not "，"Gentleman's week is not comparable to，Villain ratio is not week "。These are all about，People with different moral standards，The value and meaning of life they focus on are also different。Confucius said, "See the wisdom，Seeing the inside of the inside "，Why is it not a gentleman's virtue。And，People with virtue will not be lonely，The so -called "virtue is not lonely，There must be neighbors "。Moral and noble people，Not only does it pursue in personal cultivation，It will be regarded as not to let it be in the responsibility of moral responsibility，Dare to、Courage to sacrifice for others。So，Confucius said: "Zhishi Renren，No life bet365 Play online games to harm the benevolence，There is a killing to become benevolent。"Confucius said" Knowing is not confused，Benevolence does not worry，The brave is not afraid "，is the moral temperament that gentlemen should have。Correspondingly，"Book of Rites · Mean" further said: "Knowing、Ren、Yong Three，Dade of the World "，"A gentleman is doing the way"。Zhi Renyong is the concentration of a gentleman's way to reflect。

From the perspective of Confucius，A gentleman is also constrained in material enjoyment，Can be able to settle poverty，Emphasis on the study and practice of moral trip。So，He said: "Gentleman's food is not full，No for no for peace，Mind to speak with things and be cautious，There is a Tao and positive，It can be described as a good learning "，"Shi Zhi Yu Tao，And the shameful pranks and wicked food，Not enough and negotiated "。In the eyes of Confucius，A taxi is not enough to call a gentleman。Dang Zigong asked: "Poor but no，Rich but no pride，He Ru? "Confucius replied," Caiy。Not asleep as poor，Rich and good gift also。"Zigong asked the gentleman again，Confucius replied, "First of all words and then from。"also said:" Gentleman goes to benevolence，Evil? Gentleman's disobedience between the end of the food，Create the number of times，Big Peiye, then。"" "，Where the gentleman pursued by Ren as the moral，No dispute with the world is also a behavioral performance。If you must fight，So it should be when shooting the ceremony。So，Confucius said: "The gentleman is not fighting，must also shoot!揖 Let's rise，Drink down and drink，Its competition is also gentleman。"" Book of Rites · Shooting "explains the practical value of shooting ceremony in terms of moral development。

　Courage to take responsibility for morality

Mencius is in the concept of gentleman，Inherit and play the thoughts of Confucius。For example，Mencius said，Human shame is very important: "People cannot be shameless，Shameless shame，Shameless "，"Ashamed to the people!，Nothing to use shame "。Confucius said that the standard of "doing shameful" as a class。And，Moral pursuit from self -cultivation to good world，It is also the behavior of the gentleman's behavior。So，Mencius said: "Ancient people，Getzhi，Zejia to bet365 live casino games the people;，Slim is seen in the world。Poor is alone，Da is good at the world。"In addition, there are" gentlemen are great and good "。So，Ze and the World、Goodness with others，It becomes the code of behavior or ideal goal of the moral gentleman。and Mencius said "Sheng，I do whatever I want; righteousness，You also want to，The two are not available，Those who give up their lives "also"，It can be understood as a distant mind、High -clean behavior、Dangren。This is also a manifestation of the liability responsibility of gentleman morality。

Mencius's description of gentleman morality，There is also "Gentleman's sex，Although I do n’t add a big trip，Although there is no harm to live，Different time "，"Gentleman's sex，Renyi Li Zhi and Wisdom root in the heart "。A gentleman's morality should be rooted in the heart，When there is always a performance。and Mencius so -called "rich and rich cannot be adultery，Poverty and low cannot be moved，Mighty cannot be flexed，This is the big husband "，What you talk about is the appearance of the gentleman。Its so -called "widely lived in the world，Establishment of the world，Avenue of the world;，Reason with the people;，Walking on the way "，We can also see a social responsibility and ideal ambitions held by gentlemen from it。

　　Mozi and Xunzi the way of self -cultivation

Mozi also has a expression of gentleman morality，such as "Mozi · Credit": "Although the gentleman war is arranged and courageous，Although the funeral is polite and sorrows, 焉 焉，Although Shi has learning and behavior 焉 焉 焉。"Then he said:" The gentleman's way also，Poverty is honest，Seeing love，Seeing love，See Sorrow when Deadness，Four Walkers cannot be false，On the contrary, you are also。"" Under further inference，There is also a series of comparisons，That is "the wisdom is not strong，If you do n’t believe it，According to the wealth, the person can not be insufficient with friends，Shou Dao is not forbidden、Destroyer、Debate right and wrong，Insufficient and traveling;，male but not practicing will be lazy afterwards，The source of the source is unclear，The name of the unbelief must be expensive。Non -disciplinary, but not long -standing，Gongcheng Name Sui，reputation cannot be false，On the contrary, bet365 live casino games "。A word to cover it，"Gentleman also wears a walkman"。The way of self -cultivation and gentleman is found in the Moh family's words，This is fully reflected。

The theory of Gentleman of Xunzi，There are also a lot in its theory。For example: "The gentleman is not proud，Not hidden，No，Shun it。"" No matter how the rights cannot be tilted，The masses cannot move，The world can’t swell，Born yes，Deadness is yes，Husband is a moral exercise "，and "Gentleman's Poor and Broadcast，Long Renye; wealth and respectful，Killing potential; An Yan and the blood are not inlerable，Cambodia also; tired but not withered，Good friends "。

Visible，Gentleman View has a lot of expressions in the theory of the pre -Qin sons，In the final analysis，All as a model of moral ideals and modeling expressions。In modern consciousness，Being a gentleman in the moral field is not a villain，It also has the meaning of its own self -discipline and standardized practice，It is also a basic standard for moral constraints，Often higher than general behavioral guidelines。This concept is harmonious for interpersonal relationships、The smoothness of the life，and the social development of human noble sentiments and beautiful virtues as a real pursuit，All fit。

　　Full of family conditions

Based on the traditional family feelings，There are also many ideas about social ideals and the view of the world.。Where，It also has the value and reasonable spirit that can be inherited。

Ancient Chinese society is more manifested as family society、clan society and village society，Traditional morality is very concerned about this。Confucius has a saying: "Li Ren is beauty，Choose indispensable and wisdom。"Zheng Xuan, a scholar of the East Han Dynasty, explained:"，The residence of the people also。Living in the benevolent，Is for good。Seeking good and living without benevolence，You must not be the wisdom。"" can live in the neighborhood where there are moral people，How beautiful should it be，Meng's mother chooses neighbors and lives，What I think of is also the truth。Xunzi also said: "The old gentleman must choose a hometown，Youbi，So anti -evil but near Zhongzheng also。"" In short，The phenomenon of "with neighbors" between bet365 live casino games the vassal states referred to by Mencius，In his opinion, it is an immoral behavior that infringes the interests of other countries。

Educational development from individual moral cultivation，To family、Family、clan is a social foundation，Then go to the national level of governance，Further to the world's harmony Taiping Datong，It constitutes an important moral ideal appeal in the development of early Chinese thoughts。This has a systematic expression in "Book of Rites · University"，That is, "Ancient desires are clear in the world，Covering the country first; those who want to cure their country，Qi Qi family first;，Fix it first; those who want to cultivate their body，First correct its heart; those who want to be right，Be sincerely; those who want to be sincere，First of the knowledge "。This，Put the individual and family、Society、The country and even more widespread human society systematically linked。In the consciousness of the ancients，Society of moralization，It should be "Viewing Filial Filial Pixels between Father and Son，Watching them and friends between brothers，Watching loyalty between monarchs and ministers，Looking at the belief between the township party "，Moral constraints that have been promoted to the country and the world。

In "Mozi" and "Lao Tzu"，There are similar expressions about the individual of people and even the country of the country，presents the epoch -making view of the world。First look at Mozi said，That is: "Zi Moziyan said: Today's attack on the country and the country，Family of the family and home，A thief of a person，Jun and Minister Inferiority，Father and son is not kind filial piety，Brothers disagree，Then the harm of this world also。"This may be a kind of worry about the historical scenes of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period、Description and portrayal。Mozi's targeted theory，If "Everyone in the world doesn't love each other"，"Strong and weak，Together with the widow，Fu will insult poverty，Guimei is proud，Fraud will deceive foolishness "; and" Those who have disasters the world and hate it why "，All are "Live in Love with each other"，Therefore, "Is the benevolent and the right"。So "Both right，Why is it easy? "" Zi Moziyan said:，Dharma of Bet365 app download the same benefit。"He also said:" If the world loves each other，State and the country do not attack，Home and family are not chaotic，There is no thief，The father and son of the monarch and his sons can be filial; if this，Then the world rule。Therefore, the saint takes the world as a thing，Can't help but be evil and persuade love? Therefore, the world loves each other, but it is ruled，Xiangxiang is chaotic。So Son Mozi said: Don't persuade the lover，This is also。"" "，Mozi's home and world view is to love each other、Dharma、Non -attack is the basic principle。The so -called non -attack is to strongly oppose "self -interest with people"，"Not Relief", "Unjust"，And the behavior of "great non -attacking the country is not known but not the right"。At the same time，Mozi further advocates，If you want to seek the benefits of the world，Except the harm of the world "，It is necessary to soberly and deeply realize that "if it is difficult to attack，This reality of the world is also "。This is a strong view of peacetime。

　　From the individual to the home country

There is a chapter in "Lao Tzu" that is closer to "Book of Rites · University"，Its so -called "cultivation in the body，Its virtue is true;，Its virtue;，Its virtue is long; cultivated in the country，Its De Naifeng; cultivated in the world，Its De Naipu。Therefore, watch the body with the body，Together at home，View of Township，With the country of view of the country，Watch the world with the world。Why do I know the world? "。Isn't this an ideal state that can achieve the practice of morality from the individual to the world and the world? The true nature of moral practice、Isn't richness and inclusiveness very clear?

Confucius said, "I don't want to，Do not apply to people，Bading in the state，No grievance at home "，His politically advocates "can be polite as the country"，"For politics and virtue，For example, Beichen，Stars of the Stars "。Mencius said, "Old Old and the Old Man，Young and young，The world can be transported in the palm "，It reflects the "Le Yi Tianxia，Worry with the "Together with the People" Thought。"Book of Rites · Rites" mentioned，The world is combined with the concept of "talking about faith and cultivation"。These all reflect the ideal and pursuit of the world from the individual bet365 best casino games to the home country，It is a precious spiritual wealth left by the ancient sages to future generations。The Book of Songs has a cloud: "The people also work to stop，汔 小，Hui this China，Yi Sui Fang。"The history books of later generations have words:" The world is unity，Senior Teaching Far "，"The World Datong，Better of Management "。It can be said，Classical ideals are scattered in later generations.。

To sum up，The idea of ​​ancient times will have many aspects with historical development、The evolution of social and political form is surpassed by the times。but，Many of the thoughts and spirits，For modern Chinese people，It still has the influence and inheritance value of the meaning of time and space。Brief words，Many aspects of the moral attributes and normative concepts of human society，That is, people as people、Home is home、The country is the country、The world is the world，Lord of life as a basis for human beings、Survival Rules、Law of interaction、The Law of Duke and the morality shared by humans，Always have its spiritual value and practical significance，worthy of our inheritance、Promoting and practicing。

(The author is a researcher at the Institute of Ancient History of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences、Secretary -General of the History Research Center of the History of China Institute of Social Sciences)