"Little Divergeence" is a new concept proposed by Jan Luiten Van Zanden, a professor of global economic history at Utelz University, Dutch University of the Netherlands。His European Economy in the "Long Road to bet365 Play online games the industrial revolution，1000-1800 "The second part of the book" Small Diversion in Europe "is considered，1400-1800，The salary level of Beihai (England and Low Low countries) has gone through development processes different from other parts of Western Europe (Italy, Spain, etc.)，and eventually led to the industrial revolution。The Han translation of the book (translated by Sui Fumin，Zhejiang University Press Edition 2016) Published for several years，But "small diversion" research has not yet attracted the attention of the domestic historical community。The representative point of view of the California School "Great DiverGence" attracted much attention，"Small Diversion" is fundamental differences with it。

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"Small Diversion" is in terms of geographical scope，Original meaning refers to the diversion within Europe。"Small Diversion" proposal is related。The California School represents a trend of academic re -evaluation of Chinese and world history，Focus on the similarity of Eurasian economic history in the early modern (16-18 century)，Perseverance of the two places as mutations caused by bet365 Play online games the industrial revolution。For example，Wang Guobin thinks after inspecting Chinese and Western agriculture and handicrafts, respectively，"When we consider what happened between China between the 16th and 19th centuries，We found that in the early modern period of China's economic expansion in China and the Ming and Qing Dynasties，Smith's power has played an important role。part ways between China and West，It did not appear until the industrial revolution occurred "。Andre Gosid Frank holds similar views，He believes that he thinks after inspecting India and China -centric Asian trade，Most of the early modern times，Asia better than Europe，"But，It is this economic advantage that gradually became the absolute and relative disadvantages of all regions of Asia in the late 18th century。The growth of population and income, as well as polarization of economic and society, has caused increasingly larger resource pressure，Limit the effective demand of the bottom of society，It makes it easier for Asia to gain cheap labor than elsewhere，Production and trade starts to decline "。

"Large Dial: Europe、Development of the Book of China and the Modern World Economy ", Kenneth Pomranz, believes，Before the 19th century，Eurasian history is extremely similar in many aspects; since then，Because Europe has obtained an ecological unexpected "Hengcai" in the New World in the Americas，Only leading to "big diversion" in Eurasian history，That is, the European industrial society stands out from the former industrial society in Eurasia，It has nothing to do with the endogenous advantage formed for a long time。He said in the book "Introduction": "This book acknowledges the importance of the internal factors of European development，But focusing on until 1800，These processes are similar to other regions -especially East Asia -。There are indeed some important differences，But I will proof，They can only cause great changes in the 19th century only in the context of European resource privileges ... so，This book believes that the benefits brought by overseas high -pressure rule will help explain the differences between the development of Europe and the phenomenon we see in other parts of Eurasia (mainly China and Japan)。”

Obviously，California School is different from the mainstream views of Chinese and world history in the history of Eurasia.。This forced the Western academic community to re -examine the development bet365 live casino games trajectory of Europe from the perspective of global history，When the industrialization process of Europe is further demonstrated、Why、Where is the first to appear，and compare it with other parts of Eurasia。

　"Small Diversion" appeared in the North Sea area

"Small Diversion" first appeared in Western Europe，The main manifestations are: from the middle of the Middle Ages，Per capita income from all over the Western Europe has begun to increase; until early modern times，Two different changes have appeared。Early Middle Ages，The European economy lags behind in ancient Rome and Asia's major countries，But there has been a huge change in 1000 years。900-1300，Economic growth in Europe is a common phenomenon，A significant increase in population in almost all regions、Improved urbanization level、Actual income increase。But，Early modern situation is very different。growth in this period，Most of them are concentrated in the North Sea region, including lowlands countries and the United Kingdom，The Netherlands and Britain have become the leader of European economic growth。The opposite of this，The per capita income of northern Italy was reached and maintained at a high level in the 15th-16th century，Falling in the 17-18 century。Spain's per capita income is close to stagnation in the 16th to 18th centuries。Most of the Western European regions is the same。So，When does the per capita income difference within Europe began? research shows，In the first half of the 15th century，The actual salary difference within Europe is very small，But since 1450 years, increase。This indicates，"Small Dial"。

How to explain the "small diversion" within Western Europe? Why is there only the process of economic development that has continued from Beihai in 19900，Other parts of Western Europe have been in a long -term stagnation in the late Middle Ages and early modern times? If the actual salary of the British and low -place countries in the second half of the 15th century and the gap between other parts Bet365 app download of Western Europe began to increase，So why did the productivity of the Beihai region become higher in the late Middle Ages? In contrast to this，Fan Zandeng's explanation is: Middle Ages，Latin Christianity Europe has established a system of wealth，Make its economy generally develop; at the end of the Middle Ages，The reason why North Sea began to lead in other countries in Western Europe，Mainly because of low -land countries and Britain completed an important change in the family field。Although the country in the late Middle Ages、There is a significant difference in the macro structure of economic and politics in the United Kingdom，But there are key similar points at the micro levels such as the family structure (that is, the European marriage model)，They are related to the family's population behavior and how they are with the product market、Labor Market and Capital Market Interaction。This is the uniqueness of the Beihai area，It is also the cause of "small diversion" and the main factors of the economic development of the region。

The European marriage model is the most distinctive system that has been produced in Beihai since the 14th-15th century，Its symbol is a core family composed of parents and unmarried children (children usually establish a new home before marriage，Do not live with parents after marriage)。Factors that promote this model include: the marriage advocated by the church should be based on the unanimous consent of the husband and wife instead of the parents' life;，In exchange for the heir to the elderly); young people, including women, enter the labor market as apprentices or servants before marriage。The above three factors were the earliest and generally appeared in the North Sea region，It has caused this marriage mode。

　　"Small Diversion" caused "Large Dial"

California School claims that bet365 Play online games the industrial revolution has caused Europe to stand out，But the "Europe" it is only Northwestern Europe as the birthplace of the industrial revolution，bet365 live casino games Not entire Europe。Actually，"Small Diversion" is not only a diversion within Europe，and the diversion between Eurasia。Fan Zandeng from institutional efficiency、Human capital formation and economic performance，Compared with Eurasia's respective performance。System efficiency includes interest rates、The degree of market integration and the breadth and depth of the market (labor force) market。Compared with other regions，Except for market integration, no distinction between，From at least from the late Middle Ages，The low interest rate and developed labor market in Northwestern Europe show that its system is more effective，It has begun to provide appropriate stimulation for long -term economic growth。

Human capital formation comes from the change of the population model，Parents have more children、Pay attention to the number of future generations，Transformation to having less children but making a lot of investment in them，That is to maximize the quality of offspring。Fan Zandeng studied the development method of human capital formation and knowledge accumulation in several centuries before 1800。Knowledge accumulation growth、Human Capital Investment increases through education，It occurred in modern economic growth。Standard data for measuring human capital of human capital is usually difficult to obtain，Therefore, quantitative indicators such as alternatives such as book production and skill bargaining (added value) need to be used，The long -term development process that reflects the formation of human capital。Research indicates，"Small Diversion" period，Northwestern Europe has a lower skill bargaining level and higher number of books production than other regions，This has led to the birth of the knowledge economy characterized by technical invention creation。

Economic Performance (Economic Development) is the final criterion for the formation of institutional efficiency and human capital formation in Northwestern Europe and other regions Bet365 lotto review of Eurasia，can be measured by per capita GDP。Fan Zan Deng and others comprehensively considers other scholars to think，1300-1800，The per capita GDP of Northwestern European countries continues to grow，and surpass other parts of Western Europe at different times。1500-1800，Southern Europe and Central Europe have no progress in GDP level。Although the income level of Italy from 1300-1500 years is high，but did not increase after the 15th century。Comparison of comparison，After 1500 years，The per capita GDP of the United Kingdom and the Netherlands continues to grow，1300-1800 increased more than doubled。At the same time，China's per capita GDP may not be different from the entire Western Europe，but obviously lower than the North Sea area。Research indicates，The actual salary also follows the same model。18th Century，Japan、China's actual salary and Italy、Germany、Spain is roughly equivalent，But Britain、The actual salary of the Netherlands and Flanders is much higher than other parts of Eurasia，This indicates that the North Sea region has been leading in other parts of Eurasia。

In recent years，Some members of the California School have begun to reflect on their previous views on mutations and accidental decision on the birth of the birth of Western European industrial society。Wang Guobin has revised the time and reasons for the "big diversion" of Eurana in "The Politics of the Economic Change of China and the Economic Change of China and Europe"，No longer adhere to the "big diversion" in the 19th century，I believe that before the launch of modern economic growth in the 18th century，There is already the "diversion" process of the Chinese and Western economy;，A decisive role of abandoning the accidental factors，It is claimed that "new energy and new resources have indeed changed the economic development trajectory of Europe，It also makes some European countries (such as the British in the 19th century) obtained an increasingly obvious comparative advantage，Bet365 app download But this is not enough or it will cause economic diversion in China and Europe "。Visible，The birth of industrial society is by no means a change and accidents。So，Focus on the decisive role of gradual development and internal factors，It is still the correct path for the comparison of the historical transformation of Europe and Asia.。

(The author is a professor at the School of History of Renmin University of China、Vice President of the World Ancient Medieval History Research Association of the World)