In recent years，Some scholars have spent a lot of energy collecting、Edit Qing Dynasty pictures，Compilation of "Tu Dian" and other books。This is a great thing for merit ourselves，Not only can it greatly promote the study of Qing history，And it is also very good for studying traditional Chinese culture。

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There is a clear generation，Various historical books passed down、Collection、File、Local Zhi、Note、Wild Shi, etc.，can be described as vast.、Khan cow charging building。where，Zhengshi has "The Draft of the Qing Dynasty" and "The Biography of the Qing Dynasty"、Records of the dynasties of the Qing Dynasty、The "Three Links" of the Qing Dynasty, "Continued Three Links", "Fangshi", etc.; various collections、Wild History、Note、The types of 稗 multiplication are quite large。In terms of file，There are nearly 10 million pieces of the Qing Dynasty central archives that exist in the first historical archives of China，Official files and personal files from all over the country and overseas are even more difficult to count。So，Researchers of Qing history for a lifetime energy，It is also impossible for the research on the history of the Qing Dynasty，can only use your own method and means，Improve your research。From this，Three traditions of the research and use of historical materials of the Qing Dynasty。

These three traditions are: (1) Representative of Meng Sen，Reading、Analysis、Based on "Positive History"，Based on other historical materials, you can draw your own conclusion。This faction can be called "Zheng History" faction。(2) Zhu Xizu、Xie Guozhen is represented，Research and analyzing wild history、Note、Based on the historical facts provided by 稗 提供 bet365 best casino games 提供 自己 自己。This faction can be called "wild history"。(3) represented by Li Guangtao，Mainly use files、Contract documents for research，Then get your own conclusion。This faction can be called "archives"。The main history of these three factions、Wild Shi Note、File，Actually it is the triple certificate of the Qing history research。

Compared with the triple certificate of the above -mentioned Qing history research，Use the catalog for historical research，Late start，The influence is also less。Qing history expert Dai Yi attaches great importance to the role of the study in the research of Qing history。When he compiled the history of the Qing Dynasty in the leadership community，Repeated emphasis on the history of the history of the catalog，and decided to include the linked into one of the five main parts of the national Qing history compilation project。Qing history expert Zhu Chengru was as early as the editor -in -chief of "The History of the Qing Dynasty" as early as the early 21st century，Just edited the twelve volumes of the "Qing History Map"。Published in 2016 by Zhu Chengru、The "History of the Qing Dynasty" edited by Bai Wenyu also attached a large number of pictures，Play the role of the catalog，Frequently praised the academic community。

The newly compiled "History of the Qing Dynasty" List part of the co -system、political system、Production、Science Education、Architecture、Society、Literature、Portrait、Finance Trade、Top 10 categories of nation，Appendix pictures have more than 6,000 photos，It provides many valuable historical materials for the study of Qing history，adds the image and intuitiveness to the book，It helps people to fully understand the history of the Qing Dynasty and the historical status of the Qing Dynasty。

　　The history of the graphic and the history of evidence

The first volume of the "History of the Qing Dynasty" is attached with pictures of the Buddhist Ara City Bet365 app download site built after Nurhachi's soldiers.。The city building is on the mountain，This can't help remind people，The name of God and Society in ancient China。At the end of the primitive society or the initial class of class society，The habit of living in Lingfu in the Central Plains region，Show their leader is the rulers of the world，On the one hand, it is the spokesperson of God，They are the medium between God and people，This medium was called "Shen (God)" at the time，"God Shou"。Pictures of the site of the Foiara City Tell us，It is likely to have the theory of "God" from the Manchu to Nurhachi.。This also fully illustrates that the Manchu is a member of the Chinese nation family。

other，The book provided "Jianzhou in the late Ming Dynasty、Haixi、East China Sea Women's Three Most of the Falling Map "，enable readers to use this picture and combine the history of the literature，Clearly understand the history of the beginning and development of the Xianxing of the Qing Dynasty，Therefore the bankruptcy of Emperor Qianlong's advertisement of Qing and Mingxiang as an enemy country。Also，From the "Ara City Sites of Ara City, after the establishment of Nurhachi after the Worship of Nurhachi" provided by the book "，Post -Gold -Qing Bing occupied Liaoyang、Shenyang、Shanhaiguan and other pictures，You can clearly present Nurhachi、Entry of the two generations of Emperor Taiji。

　　Make up the history of Figure

"History of Qing History · List · Finance and Trade Articles" There are many related tea、The picture of cotton trade，​​It reflects the situation of China and Russia in the Zhangjiakou area of ​​the Qing Dynasty。During the Shunzhi period，The low narrow stenosis of the Qing government in the Ming Dynasty、The door of the door of the door with only one car and one horse，12 meters high in the door wall again、13 meters long、9 -meter -wide big realm door，Make it one of the four major gates of the Bet365 app download Great Wall of Wanli。The excavation of the Great Gate has made it a politically friendly exchanges in various nationalities、Economically, the edge of the frontier trade，and the traffic channel and transit station of China -Russia trade，Export tea to Russia with operations、Silk、Cotton，Imported fur、woolen、Lunar and other commodity trade is mainly。Outside Great Gate，Ticket number、shops lined up one after another，Make the "Silk Road" in the north to the heyday。Even today，Stores that can still be renamed outside the Great Gate learned some of the past scenes。

"Qing History · Portrait Vol." There is a portrait of Auxin Minister Aobai in the early years of Kangxi，It is really rare。Aobai's "loyalty for loyalty" for the Qing court，In the Shunzhi period、Prince Su Hao Ge condemned the Ming Army and Zhang Xianzhong's Daxi Farmers' Army led by Hong Chengchou，Each battle is volunteered to be the front drive，Frequent stagnation in the battle，Straight fight，and cut Zhang Xianzhong on the array。Aobai in the portrait fully shows the brave and good and brave movement、Not afraid of the image of sacrifice。From this perspective，Pictures added image and intuitiveness to readers，It provides a rare historical material for Qing history。

In the past，Yongzheng's capture is heatedly discussed。"Qing History · List · Literature and Art Volume" has a picture of Kangxi Fourteen Son of Yunzheng Tombstone，A five -claw gold dragon carved on both sides of the tombstone，In the King's Garden of the Qing Dynasty, there is only one example。This is the descendant of Yunzhang telling people，Emperor Kangxi had to pass the throne to Yunye during his lifetime。This picture provides an example for the dispute over Yongzheng's victory，It helps to play a role in complementing history。

　　Learn from history

"History of Qing History · List · Science and Education Paper" in the Kangxi Dynasty'Bet365 app download s "Full of Map"，This picture is a very famous map in the world。General Secretary Xi Jinping on June 9, 2014 at the 17th Academician Conference of the Chinese Academy of Sciences、During the speech at the Twelfth Academician Conference of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, it was pointed out，Made in this picture，Make the map of China in the forefront of "the forefront of the world" at the time。However, "Such an important achievement has been used as a secret collection in the inner government，I can't see it at all，No effect on economic and social development。On the contrary, Western missionaries who participated in the surveying and mapping brought the information back to the West and published，Make the West's understanding of my country's geography in a considerable period of time to surpass the Chinese。What does this show a problem? That is, science and technology must be combined with social development，Learn more，Bouncing High Pavilion，It's just a kind of hunting，It's just a kind of Yaxing，Even as a trick，It is impossible to have a role in the real society "。

This important idea of ​​General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out the direction of the history of the academic use of various data research, including the history of the history,。According to history，French missionaries Lei Xiaosi handed Kangxi's "Emperor's Full Land" to King Louis XIV，According to France, according to this picture, it is made into "China New Map"，Published extensively in Europe。Kangxi's "Emperor's Full Lounge" and the pre -Opium War pre -war, Guo Shili, and other information formed by "measurement" and "inspection" activities in China，Make Britain knowing and knowing the other in the Opium War，Quickly defeat the Qing Dynasty，Get a large number of interests from China。This is a painful historical lesson，It is worth remembering forever in our descendants。

other，"Qing History · Bet365 lotto review List · Military System Volume" includes the knife stick and inferior explosives used by the Qing Army during the Opium War、Bird Gun and other lower lethal medium -century weapons pictures。This can't help but think of it: when society has developed to modern times，Four inventions of China including gunpowder，It has long been spread around the world，Why did the Qing Army lag behind the West in weapons and equipment? The failure of the Qing Dynasty advocating martial arts policy is likely to be one of the important reasons。

The rulers of the Qing Dynasty repeatedly showed off and said, "I set the world with martial arts。"" Chinese martial arts，First Riding Shooting。""，Riding shooting is the core content of the martial arts of the Qing Dynasty。The Manchu aristocracy relied on the Eight Banners、The Han Army seized the Ming Dynasty，Entering Ding Central Plains。But afterwards，The Eight Banners completely rely on the "supply system" of the Qing government and become more corrupt，The combat effectiveness continues to decline。During the Qianlong period, there was a "archery deficiency，The jokes of the Horse Horse Falling the ground。and Jiaqing、Daoguang Emperor not only did not take effective measures to change this backward situation，Instead, continue to keep the national policy of "Mandarin Riding"。Jiaqing Eighteen Years (1813)，Some officials of the Qing government given the role of the uprising in the "change of the Forbidden City" in view of the role of bird guns，One after another "please practice bird guns"，However, it was severely reprimanded by Emperor Jiaqing，and reiterate "Xiu Ming Wu Bei，The generals of the battalions in the Gongya Spear，All should be in accordance with the rules，Qin plus training，Do not take it seriously，To the abandonment "。It can be seen from this，It is this reason to follow the old、The backward mentality of the mouse is light，It caused the military bet365 live casino games failure of the Opium War。

From the above, it can be seen，The importance of catalog in the research of the Qing Dynasty is becoming increasingly deepened，It is likely to form the fourth traditional tradition of the study and use of historical materials in the Qing Dynasty，On the basis of the research and analysis catalog，Based on other historical materials, you can draw your own conclusion。From this，The author believes that the catalog should be called the fourth certificate of Qing history research。

(The author is a professor at the School of History of the University of China、The Listing Team of the National Qing History Compilation Committee of the Celebration Group)