The world today is undergoing major changes unseen in a century，Profound adjustment in the balance of international power，The world enters a period of turbulence and change。bonus bet365 is the foundation of all social sciences，Studying world bonus bet365 helps us deeply understand the ins and outs of the international situation。2021，Coincides with the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China，It is also the 10th anniversary of the establishment of the world bonus bet365 discipline as a first-level discipline。In the past year，World bonus bet365 workers across the country actively respond to the concerns of the times，Continuously explore new research areas，A century of development in the discipline、Construction of three major systems、Global bonus bet365 and Transnational bonus bet365 Research、Chinese-style modernization road、Exchanges and mutual learning among human civilizations、Medical bonus bet365 and other aspects，All achieved gratifying results。

　　Summary of a century of bonus bet365

The growth of my country’s world bonus bet365 discipline，Closely related to the century-old bonus bet365 of struggle of the Communist Party of China。On the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China，Many scholars reviewed the development of world bonus bet365。Yan Shaoxiang thinks，Overall，Before the founding of New China，China’s understanding of the ancient world is quite limited。As a subject，The ancient bonus bet365 of the world is closely linked to the development of New China。After the unremitting efforts of several generations of scholars，Remarkable achievements have been made in this field。for example，Established a relatively stable research team；Data construction is becoming increasingly systematic；The research quality of scholars continues to improve，Many young and middle-aged scholars have the ability to read and study ancient documents；The new research results are solid information、Method Science、Diverse viewpoints；The research field has been greatly expanded，Social bonus bet365、Women’s bonus bet365、National identity and other aspects have received varying degrees of attention。Anyway，In ancient world bonus bet365, a research field once monopolized by European and American scholars，Chinese scholars are beginning to make their voices heard。

The study of world medieval bonus bet365 started late in our country，First half of the 20th century，my country’s research on medieval bonus bet365 has not yet begun。After the founding of the People's Republic of China，The study of medieval bonus bet365 has just begun。Since the reform and opening up，This field has truly entered the research stage，Gradually condensed academic characteristics。Liu Jinghua thinks，More than 40 years of reform and opening up，Medieval studies show the rise of a holistic view of world bonus bet365、Comparison between China and the West to thematic exploration、Characteristics such as the rising research boom。Hou Jianxin、Zheng Yang thinks，With the deepening of reform and opening up，Medieval bonus bet365 has become a world bonus bet365 subject and has made significant progress、An academic field with increasingly fruitful results。While fully affirming the achievements，We must also see the shortcomings: we must pay more attention to the use and accumulation of first-hand information；Fill in the shortcomings and gaps in the study of world medieval bonus bet365 as soon as possible；There is fragmentation in research，Insufficient originality。

A hundred years，Modern bonus bet365 of the world has undergone formation、The process of growing and thriving，It has flourished so far。But the process of development is still continuing，Many issues need to be resolved。Qian Chengdan pointed out，The issue of system is the core issue in the study of modern world bonus bet365 and even world bonus bet365。A hundred years，The discipline of modern world bonus bet365 develops amid difficulties、Advance in twists and turns，Remarkable results，But there are still the following shortcomings。First，The influence of “Western-centrism” still exists，A discipline system with Chinese characteristics has not yet been formed。Secondly，Research coverage is still not broad enough。Need to expand coverage，In particular, we must strengthen research on non-Western countries and regions。Again，Affected by various factors at home and abroad，Fragmentation appears in the field of bonus bet365，Modern world bonus bet365 is no exception。Last，We need to comprehensively observe what happened in the modern bonus bet365 of the world，Don’t regard Western bonus bet365 as world bonus bet365。

In the modern bonus bet365 of the world，The world is rapidly moving from fragmentation to unity，and transition to the process of globalization。The modern bonus bet365 of the world is a bonus bet365 in which mankind has achieved integration、True World bonus bet365，Has a particularly important position in the process of human bonus bet365。Zhang Xiang thinks，Set the starting point of modern world bonus bet365 at the beginning of the 20th century，It is more scientific than setting it in 1917 or 1913。The integration process of human bonus bet365 is constantly changing，After the formation of integration, it develops to an advanced stage，Going global。Therefore，About the staging of modern world bonus bet365、Segmentation should also be changed，The lower limit of modern world bonus bet365 is tentatively set at the end of the 20th century。The modern bonus bet365 of the world aims to tell the social practices that have been condensed in the development process of human society，It should be distinguished from the discipline that studies the international status quo。

　Strengthen the construction bonus bet365 three major systems

In recent years，Building Chinese Characteristics、Chinese style、Chinese-style philosophy and social science discipline system、Academic system and discourse system，Becoming an important task and goal of academia。For domestic and world bonus bet365，No exception。2021，Relevant scholars have discussed this issue。

Better observe and understand the world，Is the basic task of world bonus bet365 research。From the time when Chinese people opened their eyes to see the world in modern times，This area has attracted people’s attention，Reflecting the distinctive characteristics of the times in world bonus bet365。Since the founding of New China，The development and growth of the world bonus bet365 major，More closely related to the process of the times。Yu Jinyao thinks，The world today is undergoing profound changes unseen in a century，This judgment has become a broad consensus in Chinese society，The international community also generally recognizes that the world pattern is undergoing major changes。Then，How should world bonus bet365 research answer the questions raised by the times，How should we engage in world bonus bet365 research in the era of great changes？He thinks，First，We need to change our mindset，Combining historical research with practical needs，Study bonus bet365 with realistic concerns。Second，World historians have the responsibility to provide society with the historical perspective and way of thinking needed to understand the real world。Third，To continue macro-historical research，Construct a new grand narrative。The essential characteristic of world bonus bet365 is the macro-construction of human bonus bet365，Revealing grand trends、Narrating big processes is the mission of this profession。To fully understand the great changes unseen in a century，Not only need to understand contemporary changes，You still need to know bonus bet365，We need to review at least the course of world bonus bet365 over the past century，Only in this way can we clearly see the appearance and characteristics of the changing world structure and the essence of this change。bonus bet365 should and can make unique contributions to social science research，Historians have a responsibility to provide the grand narrative needed for our time。

In recent years，The discussion in Chinese academic circles around the profound changes unseen in a century continues to deepen，The outstanding sign is that we no longer focus solely on the definition and expression of major changes，But go deep into new issues and new fields to be discussed in related disciplines。This is a major challenge for the discipline of bonus bet365。Liu Debin thinks，Research on China’s world bonus bet365 under the situation of great changes，Three aspects are worthy of in-depth discussion: first，Research on world bonus bet365, especially on the bonus bet365 of international relations，We have the responsibility to respond to the proposition of "the end of bonus bet365" in Western academic circles，Give your own explanation for the root causes of the current development and changes in the world situation。Second，Currently，The international situation is at a stage where the dominance of the United States and the West is collapsing and transitioning to an unknown world。Such changes and trends can be traced，The discipline of world bonus bet365 should study its historical clues。Third，Great changes have opened up new horizons for the development of the discipline of world bonus bet365，Proposed many new topics that urgently need to be studied and new areas to be opened up: first，To build a new interpretive system for the bonus bet365 of international relations，Incorporate more historical experiences of non-Western countries into the explanatory system of international relations bonus bet365；Secondly，Learn from the experiences of mutual exchanges between different human communities，Expand related research fields，Reinterpret the relationship between China and the world。

Today’s human society is facing various severe tests，The discipline of world bonus bet365 is also facing various challenges and opportunities。In this case，Rethinking Chinese Characteristics in the Study of the bonus bet365 of Western Civilization，It is an inevitable trend。Zhu Xiaoyuan thinks，There are deficiencies in the interpretation of the bonus bet365 of civilization in Western historiography and genealogy，If the content is older、Broad topic selection、Not deep enough、Western scholars control the right to speak, etc.。In response to these questions，Chinese scholars need to establish theories and methodologies with Chinese characteristics，combing、Evaluate and analyze various interpretations in the form of propositions and interpretations in the form of schools；Chinese scholars study the bonus bet365 of civilization，We must adhere to China’s characteristics，Guarantee the right to speak of Chinese scholars；Misconceptions about bonus bet365 that appear in the bonus bet365 of civilization、Wrong position、Error theories and various forced interpretations，We must strengthen our criticism。

Research on the bonus bet365 of Sino-foreign relations has made achievements that are obvious to all，Initially established a self-contained entity、A grand framework of knowledge system。Chen Fenglin thinks，The bonus bet365 of Sino-foreign relations is not only an important part of Chinese bonus bet365，And it is an important part of world bonus bet365 and even the bonus bet365 of human civilization，Deserves careful summary and systematic analysis。Summary of the historical experience of exchanges between Chinese and foreign civilizations，Absorb the power of continuous social progress，It is the basic social function of bonus bet365。Rethinking the arduous task of studying the bonus bet365 of Sino-foreign relations under the conditions of the new era，It is a concrete action by Chinese academics to consciously participate in social change，It is also a reflection of the academic contribution and mission of Chinese social science theoretical workers。

　　Research on global bonus bet365 and transnational bonus bet365 is becoming increasingly in-depth

Global bonus bet365 emerged after the mid-20th century，Related to four emerging “global” contents: global mechanisms、Global connections、Global challenges and global awareness。Global bonus bet365 advocates a historical perspective beyond Western centers and nation-states，Study the interaction between different subjects through a multidisciplinary approach。Zhang Wentao thinks，Global bonus bet365 is more than just a perspective，And it is a historical method，It is also possible to generate new historical theories。Building China’s Global bonus bet365 Discipline，Not only overcoming Western-centrism、The realistic need to follow your own academic path，And it is a realistic need to build a community with a shared future for mankind。While building China’s global bonus bet365 discipline，We must have a scientific perspective，Establish the concept of big bonus bet365 discipline；You must have a world perspective，In-depth understanding of the relationship between Chinese civilization and world civilization；Have a long-term perspective，Strengthen research on human origins and future trends，Exploring the basic laws of human development based on this。

From an overall perspective，Although global bonus bet365 research has made positive progress in many aspects，But the fundamental problem that needs to be solved is to re-examine the role and significance of nation-state discourse in the construction of global bonus bet365，That is, the relationship between global bonus bet365 and nation-state discourse。Cao Xiaowen thinks，Global bonus bet365 research around the world today has formed two important trends: trying to get rid of the traditional nation-state discourse and breaking through the barriers of Western-centered discourse。The global bonus bet365 with Chinese characteristics we pursue，It is not just the expansion of research space and the deliberate shaping of the diversity of historical subjects，It is a new global bonus bet365 constructed by continuously exploring the cultural accumulation of the time and space connotation of human bonus bet365。It reinterprets major historical issues in the development of the Chinese nation based on a global perspective，While committed to breaking through the barriers of Western discourse，Discover why China is China、The reason why the world is the historical evolution and reality of the world，It is guided by Marxist historical materialism，A new general world bonus bet365 that explores the world significance of Chinese bonus bet365 and China’s influence on world bonus bet365。

The process of global bonus bet365 being introduced into China and initially developing，This is also a process in which Chinese scholars continue to deepen their knowledge and understanding。Liu Wenming thinks，Generally，The global bonus bet365 that Chinese scholars initially understood was just a general bonus bet365 of the world compiled with a "global historical perspective"，Then I realized that it is also a new perspective and method of historical research。Afterwards，Global bonus bet365 as a specialized field and subdiscipline of historical research，It is also gradually accepted by Chinese scholars。He pointed out，In the development process of global bonus bet365，There are two problems we must face: first，How to handle the relationship between the world perspective and the nation-state perspective，That is, how historians with national identity write global bonus bet365；Secondly，How to handle the relationship between foreigners and locals，That is, how to construct a global bonus bet365 theory with Chinese characteristics。

The development of the early United States is part of the overall bonus bet365 of the entire Atlantic world，Early American bonus bet365 has a very prominent transnational character。As a classic topic in American bonus bet365 research，The American Revolution is viewed by more and more scholars from the perspective of transnational bonus bet365，This presents a picture that cannot be shown by the previous simple national bonus bet365 path。Li Jianming pointed out，The transnational nature of the American Revolution is not a new discovery for transnational bonus bet365 researchers，But the actual appearance it has。The American Revolution seen from the perspectives of national bonus bet365 and transnational bonus bet365，It can be said that they are two completely different pictures。In the perspective of transnational bonus bet365，The American Revolution was first and primarily a political revolution，Rather than social revolution or various other "pluralized" revolutions。The reason why the American Revolution became an important transnational event，It is not mainly due to the demands and actions of ordinary people，But rely on the activities and opinions of elite leaders。For that matter，Downplaying the political connotation of the American Revolution，Belittle the role of elite leaders，It is difficult to convincingly explain the world historical significance of the American Revolution。

　　　　，Most of the research on the American social reform movement in the first half of the 19th century was conducted within the framework of the nation-state，Regarded as a natural part of early American bonus bet365。However，This kind of nation-state-centered historical narrative often has a strong teleological color，Researchers often take demonstrating national growth as their research goal in advance，Then look for factors related to this goal from bonus bet365。In the process of looking for evidence，The traditions of this nation are constantly being explored，The uniqueness of nation-states is repeatedly emphasized，Therefore, this kind of historical narrative often has a strong tendency of "exceptionalism"。In the past twenty or thirty years，With a profound reflection on the historical narrative of the nation-state，Scholars began to try to transcend the boundaries of nation-states，Re-examine these events from the perspective and framework of transnational bonus bet365。Cai Meng thinks，Transnational bonus bet365 reflects on the historical narrative of nation-states，Also be wary of the tendency to overcorrect。Transnational bonus bet365 research goes beyond mapping transnational networks，We must also pay attention to the tension between transnational forces and local factors。For the 19th century，Nationalism is the main theme，Although transnational networks exist，But not powerful or stable enough，This is also reasonable。Therefore，Studying the transnational network of the American social reform movement in the first half of the 19th century，Can only be used as a supplement to the bonus bet365 of a nation-state, not a replacement。

Since the rise of transnational bonus bet365 in foreign bonus bet365 circles in the 1990s，His call to transcend nation-state boundaries quickly gained support from many scholars，Scholars engaged in transnational bonus bet365 research turn their attention to the bonus bet365 between or above countries。Therefore，The themes and paths of historical research have been greatly broadened，Transnational bonus bet365 research enables the presentation of other rich contents of world bonus bet365 since modern times besides war and peace，The complex shaping of nation-state bonus bet365 by transnational factors is further demonstrated。At the same time，Controversies surrounding transnational bonus bet365 have always existed。Liu Xiang sorted out the debates and reflections on transnational bonus bet365 in the historians，Considers that transnational bonus bet365 and nation-state bonus bet365 have become inseparable methods of historical inquiry，Future historical research should achieve a balance between transnational bonus bet365 and national bonus bet365。First，The study of transnational bonus bet365 is not necessarily superior to the study of nation-state bonus bet365。Secondly，The study of transnational bonus bet365 will not replace the bonus bet365 of nation-states，The two are not completely opposite。Last，A growing body of research that combines transnational and nation-state histories，Only can we improve our understanding of complex bonus bet365。

　Exploring the road to bonus bet365 at home and abroad

After the founding of the People's Republic of China，Especially over the past 40 years of reform and opening up，China has gradually embarked on a unique modernization path，Created a new form of human civilization。October 14-15, 2021，The Chinese Social Sciences Magazine of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences held the first "Academic China" International Summit Forum，Hundreds of well-known experts and scholars from home and abroad communicated around the theme of "New Path to Chinese Modernization"。Domestic world bonus bet365 experts and scholars give full play to their research expertise，Analyzed the modernization process of different countries。

Modernization is an important stage in the process of world bonus bet365，Reflects the transformation of human beings from agricultural society to industrial society、Great historical changes in the information society。Yu Pei pointed out，Chinese-style modernization is a unique socialist modernization，It is the modernization of developing countries，It completely changed the face of the world、Super large-scale modernization。This is a new path to modernization unprecedented in human bonus bet365，Shows the glorious prospects of human civilization。Chinese-style modernization path completely breaks the myth that modernization can only be achieved by following the capitalist modernization model。This not only opens up bright prospects for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation，It also expands the ways for developing countries to modernize，Provides a new choice for those countries and nations in the world who want to accelerate development while maintaining their independence，Making the unique contribution of the Chinese nation to the progress of human civilization。

China’s diplomatic development reflects the increasing maturity of China’s modern diplomacy，Proved that China has always been the builder of bonus bet365 peace、Contributor to global development、The defender of the international order and the provider of public goods。Xu Lan pointed out，The frontier issues and key tasks of China’s diplomacy in the new era are: adhering to the concept of fairness and justice，Leading the reform of the global governance system；With the United Nations as the core，Practice true multilateralism，Actively promote the construction of a more balanced、A global governance system that reflects the will and interests of most countries。

Western Modernization Theory，Aimed to guide the direction for developing countries，That is, the free market economic system and the political system of competitive elections are the yardstick of modernization，Think developing countries should follow it。But，The modernization theory based on Western experience has repeatedly encountered discomfort in developing countries。Qian Chengdan pointed out，Construct China’s own modernization theory based on China’s modernization practice，It is already the requirement bonus bet365 times。Modernization requires the completion of three tasks: the first is to establish a modern country，This is the prerequisite and necessary condition for modernization。The second is to develop a modern economy，Through the development of modern economy，Establish a modern economic system based on industry，Complete industrialization。The third is to build a modern society，This task is the most difficult、The most onerous。These three tasks constitute the complete process of modernization，Also constitutes the entire content of modernization。China is following its own path，A people-centered modernization road。The ultimate success of this path，It will be China’s major contribution to all mankind。

Towards modern industrial civilization、Modernize，Also all nationalities in the world、The common pursuit of civilization in all regions、Common goal。This is the commonality and universality of modernization。Look specifically，Various places、Each country’s modernization process has its own characteristics，Different civilizations and cultural traditions are bound to have an impact on their modernization path。The diversity of modernity、Differences in the modernization paths of various countries，Causing the imbalance in the world’s modernization process。Dong Zhenghua thinks，The wave of world modernization that has occurred so far，It has brought about both economic leap and social progress，Also brought about the "modern disaster" revealed by Marx。The development of world bonus bet365 has always been unbalanced。The bonus bet365 of world modernization over the past several hundred years has repeatedly shown this，Leading countries use their strong national power to suppress latecomers who threaten their status and interests，He will not hesitate to resort to force for this purpose。The study of Chinese modernization needs to explain the common trends of world modernization，It is also necessary to be aware of these diversity、Difference。Combination of the two，Only in order to summarize the explanation function、Modernization theory consistent with historical reality。

　Pay attention to exchanges and mutual learning among bonus bet365 civilizations

Throughout the 3,000 years of civilization development in ancient Egypt，Except for the expansion of territory during the New Kingdom，Normally，The territory of ancient Egypt basically remained relatively closed。Therefore，Whenever the characteristics of ancient Egyptian civilization are mentioned，The words we usually think of are "conservative" and "isolated"。Guo Dantong thinks，In fact，No civilization can develop in absolute isolation，We will find out when we examine Egypt’s interactions with other civilizations，The seemingly "conservative" and "isolated" ancient Egyptian civilization was actually very inclusive。Acceptance and tolerance of foreign cultures is one bonus bet365 reasons for the prosperity of ancient Egyptian civilization；Vice versa，When the Egyptians lost their ability to accept and tolerate foreign cultures，The ancient Egyptian civilization is not far away from decline and death。

Alexander’s Eastern Expedition and Zhang Qian’s passage to the Western Regions were the contacts between the two major civilizations of Greece and China、Major events in the bonus bet365 of communication。Although the two are separated by two centuries，But they all made epoch-making contributions to the full connectivity of the Silk Road。BCE，Although the Hellenistic kingdoms have disappeared，But the heritage and information of the Hellenistic world came through the Silk Road，via Central Asia、India enters China，Classics in ancient China、Buddhist Art、Imprints left on local coins and other relics。Yang Juping thinks，On the Silk Road，Except for Chinese and foreign merchants who traffic in silk and other rare items，There are also envoys with official missions，There are also Chinese monks who traveled west to seek Dharma，And from India、Central Asia、Buddhism in West Asia、Manichaeism、Nestorian believers。These businessmen from afar、Envoy、Monk、Believers brought cultural information from their respective locations。Although this information came over time，Unavoidable distortion variation、Unclear、Unclear，But still visible，Shows Chinese civilization during the Han and Tang Dynasties、The deep interaction and integration of Hellenistic civilization and other Silk Road civilizations。

　　　　，People are accustomed to understanding the development of ancient civilizations according to the current concept of intercontinental geography，In particular, independent observation bonus bet365 earliest cultures formed in relevant civilization areas。Chen Zhiqiang thinks，In terms bonus bet365 early development of relevant civilization areas or what is now known as the "civilization circle"，There is something unreasonable about this understanding。Byzantine obelisks reflect the rich diversity of Byzantine cultural heritage，That is, the fusion of classical cultural heritage in the context of Christian official ideology；The obelisk also reveals the inheritance of ancient Roman culture from the ancient Mediterranean cultural traditions，That is, the ancient Roman Empire inherited various ancient cultures represented by ancient Egypt。We must grasp the development clues of "diversity and unity" presented in the origin and development bonus bet365 Mediterranean civilization circle，Including Babylon、Hittite、Assyria、Phoenicia、Conflicts between ancient Egypt and many other ancient cultures、Collision、Integration and development，The classical culture is based on this integration of ancient Judaism、Ancient Greece、A new stage in the development of ancient Rome and other cultures。It was during the development stage of classical culture，Ancient Greek culture reached a new peak，Byzantine culture represents the decline of this civilization。In the past, academic circles classified this civilization circle from a modern and contemporary intercontinental perspective、Split、Isolated observation，Seems very unreasonable。We need to adjust our thinking，Regard the civilization circle as a whole，And strengthen research in related fields。

After the great voyage，Sea route，Human bonus bet365 begins to enter the era of globalization。Zhang Xiping thinks，The 16th to 18th centuries were the honeymoon period for cultural relations between China and the West；The cultural relationship between China and the West in the 19th to the first half of the 20th century was an unequal relationship；The rise of China has ushered in the return of cultural relations between China and the West—an equal cultural relationship。He pointed out，The Eastern and Western cultural concepts formed in the 19th century should be re-examined，Especially Western cultural outlook。The prerequisite for cultural exchange and dialogue is recognition and respect for the other party，If this premise is lost，There is no dialogue。

　　Deepening the research on the bonus bet365 of medical diseases

In world bonus bet365，Disease and human civilization go hand in hand，Greatly affected the course of bonus bet365。The raging new coronavirus pneumonia epidemic，Prompted historians to pay more attention to and study the bonus bet365 of medical diseases。

Ancient Rome suffered from various plagues，Especially the three major plagues in the middle and late period bonus bet365 Roman Empire became one bonus bet365 main factors that caused the empire to fall into a comprehensive crisis and even decline。Ji Qinghong thinks，Limited by the medical knowledge and medical conditions at the time，The ancient Greeks and Romans often regarded the majority as difficult to cure、Deadly infectious diseases are collectively called plagues。Under primitive and irrational cognition，Whether a polytheist or a Christian，All attribute the mysterious and terrifying plague to divine intervention or punishment。They usually pray to God to drive away the plague、Witchcraft activities of divination and warding off evil spirits，And the act of “purification” that removes the scapegoat from spiritual purity and physical form。But some agriculturists、Elites such as medical scientists and historians did not wait for divine punishment，Not only records valuable epidemic information，Also conducted preliminary scientific research on the infectious characteristics and causes of epidemics，Proposed many suggestions that are beneficial to public epidemic prevention、Reasonable suggestions for fighting the epidemic，such as isolation、Reduce aggregation、Bath cleansing and incense disinfection, etc.。These scientific cognitions and suggestions，Played a direct or indirect guiding role in the Romans' response to the plague。

Human bonus bet365 has experienced three plague pandemics，The Plague of Justinian in the 6th century、The Black Death in the 14th century and the Hong Kong plague in 1894。Among them，The “Second Plague Pandemic” began with the Black Death in the 14th century，The subsequent wave of plague lasted until 1720-1722，Popular range includes Europe、Middle East and North Africa。This plague is the largest in human bonus bet365、Longest duration、The epidemic that caused the most deaths。Xiang Rong thinks，Responding to major epidemics is not a purely medical issue，It’s not just a public health issue，Involving all aspects of society，Especially closely related to national governance capabilities。He analyzed the different performances of Italy and Britain in the face of plague in the 17th century，In order to fully understand the complexity and twists and turns of historical development。First，During the second plague epidemic，European anti-epidemic and public health construction were formed with the Renaissance and early modern European countries、The substantial improvement of national governance capabilities is closely related。Secondly，Whether it is public health or national governance capacity，All are affected by many factors such as the shape of the country、Constrained by the ruler’s will and mainstream ideas。Therefore，We should avoid the linear view of progress，Fully understand the complexity of historical development、Turtuosity。Last，We must pay attention to the unity and diversity of historical development，Avoid using a single standard to judge past advancement and backwardness。

Human society has been facing the problem of depression since its inception。Depression is a painful disease experience for human beings，It is also an object of cultural construction。In British bonus bet365，The concept of "depression" evolved from "melancholia"。In the evolution of the concept of depression，People’s understanding of this mental illness has also undergone a change。Zhao Xiurong thinks，Examine the evolution of the concept of depression and the change in the understanding of this disease in modern Britain and Europe，Not only can it reflect the progress of civilization and rationality，And it helps to have a deeper understanding of the cultural construction of British society。

British society before modern times，Folk medicine plays an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of daily diseases，It is mainly connected with Christian ethics，Have complex theories and diagnosis and treatment practices。Early modern times，With the changes in all aspects of society，Various disciplines、Occupations show a trend of specialization，Medicine has also begun its professionalization process。This process roughly lasted from the mid-to-late 16th century to the end bonus bet365 18th century and the beginning bonus bet365 19th century，The main content is that folk medicine was purged and excluded and eventually declined。Zou Xiang thinks，The decline of folk medicine in Britain、In the process of official medicine gradually taking over the dominant position，Religion、Politics and culture played an important role，Medical progress itself does not play an important role。Since modern times，Especially the common sense understanding of scientific development since the Enlightenment，Not entirely consistent with the actual situation of British medicine in early modern times。

Britain is the first country in the bonus bet365 to enter modernization，With the development of industrialization and urbanization in the 19th century，People’s living environment is becoming increasingly crowded，Industrial pollution continues to grow，All kinds of diseases are spreading wildly，The sanitary situation continues to deteriorate。Therefore，The British government begins to fully intervene in public health management，And establish a systematic and complete health inspection system。Wang Guangkun thinks，Large-scale health inspections have put all areas of British society under the supervision of hygiene and cleanliness，The efficiency of public health management has been greatly improved，People’s health and welfare are fully protected。But，Because classical liberalism is deeply rooted in British society，People will also resist health inspections on the grounds of respecting personal freedom，Public opinion generally supports this。This reflects the strong position of liberalism in British society。

　2021，There are numerous domestic world bonus bet365 research results，The above list is naturally a loss of ten thousand。While achieving these results，There are still many weak links in world bonus bet365 research。for example，About Beauty、Russia、English、法、There are many studies on the bonus bet365 of major countries such as Germany，Not enough attention is paid to the bonus bet365 of small and medium-sized countries and developing countries，Great disparity in research power；On research topic selection，There are still many weak areas and even research gaps；In terms of the use of historical data，There is a serious lack of exploration of the original archives of relevant countries，There are still few research results that make full use of primary historical materials。These phenomena restrict the further development of world bonus bet365 research，To be gradually solved in future research。

(Author’s unit: Department of bonus bet365, Chinese Social Sciences Magazine)