Michael Mann in "The Sources of Social Power"，Explained the progress of the dominant empire based on the land logistics economy of the Roman legions。And traditional China, including the Ming and Qing Dynasties, allocated resources bet365 free bets vast inland，Regardless of scale or duration，All are more impressive。Economics explains financial activities based on the intertemporal configuration of the time dimension，The intertemporal operation of national finance provided an important driving force for the formation of the fiscal state and capitalism in early modern times。For the fiscal operations of the Ming and Qing Dynasties，Space issues are primary，But it is often intertwined with the issue of time，There are many interesting ones among them。

　Trans-North-bet365 free bets dispatch brings challenges and opportunities

　China bet365 free bets Ming and Qing Dynasties inherited the legacy from the Tang and Song Dynasties，The economic center of gravity moves further south，The political center was finally stabilized in Beijing, which was founded bet365 free bets Jin and Yuan Dynasties，Before the late Qing Dynasty, the military defense line was mostly based on the northern (mainly northwest bet365 free bets Qing Dynasty) border fortress。Allocate economic resources bet365 free bets South，To meet the military and political consumption of the North，This space issue can be said to be the primary financial issue bet365 free bets Ming and Qing Dynasties。The post system formed by the history of "Great Unification" is naturally the skeleton of the dynastic spatial order，It allows transportation to be continued at sub-stations、Supplies along the way，Otherwise，The carrying capacity of long-distance transportation may not even be enough for consumption on the way。Among them，Although the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal is not as convenient as the natural water system，But compared to land transportation，Still greatly reduces the cost of government transshipment。These infrastructures were not created bet365 free bets Ming and Qing Dynasties，However, the movement of materials between the north and the south carried out by the Ming and Qing Dynasties reached a new height。

Similar to the previous dynasty，The Ming and Qing governments also organized armies、Cattle ship、Transport of labor and other human and material resources。The characteristics of the early Ming Dynasty are，Allow taxpayer households to transport materials to their destinations on a large scale (including allowing service households to serve at the destination)。Although the government tries to break down tasks according to distance，But it still greatly increases social costs。In response to this problem, various changes in grassroots social organizations，Give birth to various patronage relationships、Inclusive relationships and intricate social mobility。The fiscal monetization bet365 free bets middle and late Ming Dynasty will undoubtedly help reduce social costs，At the same time，The government and officials can also share profits from the internalization of non-tax costs and the improvement of accounting efficiency。At least bet365 free bets short term，It’s like killing multiple birds with one stone。Of course，Monetization itself does not solve the problem of material transportation，Essentially, this task is transferred from tax households to businessmen or commercial intermediary organizations。Either by the government or by tax agents，bet365 free bets form of purchasing at military and government consumption destinations，Exchange currency for materials actively or passively provided by merchants。In fact，For temporary military consumption on the border，The "Kaizhong Law" was passed bet365 free bets early Ming Dynasty，Use the salt from the mainland to attract merchants to transship grain and grass。Exchanges in these spaces，From the perspective of merchants, it is the development of long-distance trade。And bet365 free bets development of long-distance trade，Economies of scale and economies of scope between government consumption and private consumption，Making financial operations and market circulation mutually reinforcing。As late as the Qing Dynasty，Such as the Western Expedition of the Kangxi Dynasty、The Battle of Jinchuan during the Qianlong Dynasty, etc.，They all rely on Shanxi businessmen who are experienced in long-distance transportation and have a franchise background to provide food and grass，More expensive than military transportation。

The real thorny part of the space problem is，The income and expenditure of various places are not completely certain，In war、Under the influence of temporary shocks such as disasters，The resource allocation route may need to change from time to time。If the central government knew the actual funds in local areas，You can perform dynamic dialing between various places，Optimize configuration efficiency。The culmination of this kind of centralized financial management，It is reflected bet365 free bets Spring and Autumn Dial System that was formed during the Yongzheng period after the development during the Ming and Qing Dynasties。Peng Yuxin lamented that it was “like a chess game，Any talented chess player can move the surrounding chess pieces back, forth, left, and right with ease.”。Only under such coordinated operation，Various local impacts can be “smoothed out” by spatial resource allocation，Revealing the advantages of great unification。Another way to deal with spatial uncertainty，It is a merchant or market。Businessmen keep track of changes in supply and demand in various places，Naturally better in flexibility than hierarchical government directives，This may be the deeper reason why merchants bet365 free bets Ming and Qing Dynasties were involved in financial operations。Even under the spring and autumn allocation system，The solution to material shortages still relies on market flows brought about by rising prices，The central government’s funding allocation only ensures that the purchasing power of local military and political authorities can keep up with prices。If the central government has no money to allocate or cannot dynamically control the actual local inventory，And the cost of cash transfer is also relatively high，Even the allocation of funds sometimes has to be done through businessmen。This falls under the category of “exchange”。

There were many "exchange" practices bet365 free bets Tang and Song Dynasties，Flying money、Convenience money、Guanzi、Huizi and other bills with exchange attributes，is well known。Different from the "exchange" that was mainly issued by the government bet365 free bets Tang and Song Dynasties，After the failure of the Ming Dynasty treasure banknote，The bill financial management of the Ming and Qing governments fell into a trough，However, private commercial exchange developed after the late Ming Dynasty。However，Commercial exchange itself is driven by fiscal space operations。Tax money flows from the south to Beijing and the frontier fortress，Flowed back to the south to buy textiles and other military supplies and consumer goods for the bureaucracy。Of course the northern flow of tax money was initially organized by the government，But there is still a large amount of funds flowing to the capital through unofficial channels。The living expenses of officials and their subordinates，Or donate、Imperial examinations and various immeasurable "rent-seeking" activities，All are enough to bring considerable northward silver flow。Late Ming Dynasty after fiscal monetization，These large convections of silver that are outside the official understanding but related to the bureaucratic group provide considerable space for commercial exchange。bet365 free bets late Qing Dynasty，Even silver coins that should be released by the government are often handed over to bank accounts for exchange or even advance payment，Commercial exchange has also developed to its peak。This is because wars such as the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom increased the difficulty of official interpretation，And the troubles on all sides have made the allocation more complicated，Also because of the Northeast bet365 free bets Qing Dynasty、Northwest、Border areas such as the southwest are more deeply integrated into long-distance trade networks，The long-distance exchange industry represented by ticket numbers has also grown，Can form a strong complementarity with the flow of fiscal funds。To this point，The situation is completely different from that of the Tang and Song Dynasties。

　Responding to bet365 free bets shocks before and after the event

Compared with space problems，Time is not a regular issue，It comes from various temporary shocks。The so-called "30 years of regulation for national use"，For temporary increases in expenses or decreases in income，The basic response is to increase your daily savings and reduce non-emergency expenses in difficult times。However，Different from individuals，Countries do not have established time preferences，Its decisions on saving and consumption involve the balance between various interest groups。In principle，A hereditary emperor will have a stronger tendency to save，Major policy trade-offs, especially military decisions, are generally made by the emperor，Accordingly，Savings and temporary expenditures (as well as military attache salaries) are all reflected bet365 free bets internal revenue and expenditures to a considerable extent。The degree of centralization increased during the Ming and Qing dynasties，The finances of the inner court are not managed by the outer court，The information used by ministers to make financial decisions is actually insufficient。Although the emperor can master both internal and external information，But it is difficult for ministers to infer the true situation of the inner palace from the emperor’s personalized decisions，Inconsistent preferences and internal and external doubts will undoubtedly affect the efficiency of savings decisions。Nevertheless，Wanli Period of Ming Dynasty、During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, both domestic and foreign deposits reached a considerable level，Enough to meet some temporary major expenses，Even establish prominent martial arts。But，bet365 free bets late Ming Dynasty、Late Qing Dynasty，Military expenditures originally expected to be temporary have remained high for a long time，It will never be possible to rebuild a surplus again。For this situation on the verge of bankruptcy，Savings are out of the question，Even if you borrow money，Theoretically speaking, it is difficult to achieve success。When intertemporal smoothing cannot be performed，The dynasty had to increase its tax collection。From this aspect，The late Qing Dynasty seemed more successful。The Qing court was forced to turn to Lijin under the crisis、New sources of revenue such as tariffs，The results show that these new incomes are unexpectedly stable and sustainable，This also improves the government's ability to use them as collateral to borrow debt and respond to crises。

If there are some ambiguities in savings at the national or central level，Then savings at the local level are even less institutionalized。The statutory revenue of local governments corresponds to current expenditures，This is not a special surplus design。After the reduction of local reservations bet365 free bets early Qing Dynasty，Local activities with savings significance are even more declining，It is bound to be necessary to meet extraordinary needs in addition to customization。Except moving、Yippai and others are not operating within the scope of the current period，It is also common for local governments to borrow money from wealthy households and even preempt taxes。However，It is more conventional to solicit donations from local societies。Especially for local public welfare expenditures，Local elites themselves are also very motivated。For fundraisers only，The time problem is mainly the contradiction between one-time income and ongoing expenditure。The solution to this is the operation of funds，The "producing business and earning interest" that was commonly seen in various places after the mid-Qing Dynasty falls into this category。Although this does not mean directly taxing merchants，But businessmen represented by pawnbrokers also provided important financial services to the government。From this perspective，The more important role of finance in local finance bet365 free bets Ming and Qing Dynasties was not to deal with temporary expenditure shocks，Instead, it provides a means to deal with the continuous but non-statutory expenditures bet365 free bets normalized finance。

Of course，If the temporary shock is regional，As mentioned before，It can also be dealt with through spatial allocation。The treasury was empty bet365 free bets late Ming Dynasty，Broken North，But still struggling for more than ten years，The South’s financial and military support is crucial。As for the Kaizhong method bet365 free bets early Ming Dynasty，Businessmen transport grain and grass from the interior to meet military consumption in border areas，And exchange for salt from the mainland，财、Everything comes from the mainland，It is also the way of space。Only if the temporary demand for grain and grass exceeds the normal production and sales of salt during the same period (that is, the financial resources of the mainland cannot meet the border expenses for the same period)，It will produce salt-induced super hair，The merchant’s salt quota will need to be delayed to cash out，The so-called "protective support" appears。At this time，Shiohiki has the meaning of bond invisibly，Space problems are essentially converted into time problems。Although the delayed salt quotation does not indicate the interest rate，But it will be hidden bet365 free bets sales quotation of Yanyin，All parties are undoubtedly aware of this。Wanli Period，When the government restrained the issuance of salt in an unbelievable way，Yan Yin fell into slow sales，If the government wants to increase current revenue，It is better to auction off the future Yanyin rights and interests at once，Completely eliminate the possibility of over-delivery，Form the so-called "root nest"。The nature of the equity assets of "Genwo"，It may also become a kind of military service due to the government's greed for rewards，But judging from the fact that it was still able to attract and create many wealthy businessmen until the reform during the Daoguang period of the Qing Dynasty，The property rights are even not clear，Still relatively stable。bet365 free bets early Qing Dynasty, the government was able to fill the financial hole through a large number of salt merchants，It should be based on this。

In short，bet365 free bets financial operations of the Ming and Qing Dynasties，It can be said that there are many technical issues worthy of discussion，Space and time issues are also important to note。They involve the basic question of how a dynasty can continue to rule over a vast territory，So it is of great significance to understand dynastic states。From the perspective of the era of early modern times，They are particularly closely related to finance。Currently conducting comparative research on early modern finance，More attention is paid to how the government uses public debt to hedge against temporary shocks，Financial issues at the time level。But for a unified country，The more natural ones are financial activities at the spatial level such as exchange，The transformation of space and time can provide us with a new perspective for understanding the detours of public debt under the Ming and Qing systems。At the same time，The fiscal response to space and time issues is also in line with the development pattern of private business (especially the financial industry)，Together they shaped the most dynamic part of the economic changes bet365 free bets Ming and Qing Dynasties。

(The author is a professor bet365 free bets School of Economics and Management, Wuhan University)