Michael Man in "Source of Social Power"，The progress of the dominant empire based on the land logistics economy of the Roman Legion。and the traditional Chinese resource allocation of traditional China, including the Ming and Qing Dynasties，Time span, regardless of scale or continuous time，All are more considerable。Economics based on time -dimensional configuration to explain financial activities，And the outdated operation of the state's finance provides an important motivation for the formation of financial countries and capitalism in the early days。For the fiscal operation Bet365 app download of the Ming and Qing dynasties，Space problem is the first，But it often interlaces with time issues，Among them, there are many deep -flavored people。

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　Ming and Qing China inherited the heritage since the Tang and Song dynasties，Economic focus further south，The political center is finally stable in Beijing, which was founded during the golden and Yuan dynasties，Military defense lines before the late Qing Dynasty were the most important thing to be north (the Qing Dynasty was mainly northwest)。Dial the economic resources of the south，To meet the military and political consumption of the north，This space problem can be said to be the primary problem in the Ming and Qing finances。The post -road system formed by the history of "unification of the big one" is naturally the skeleton of the dynasty space order，It allows transportation to be continued in sub -stations、Supply along the way，Otherwise，The load capacity of long -distance transportation may not even consume on the way。Where，The convenience of the Beijing -Hangzhou Grand Canal is not as good as the natural water system，But compared to Lu Yun，still greatly reduces the cost of government transfer。These infrastructure is not pioneering in the Ming and Qing Dynasties，But the removal of North -South materials carried out from the Ming and Qing dynasties reached a new height。

similar to the former dynasty，The Ming and Qing government also organizes troops、Boat、Husband and other manpower and material resources to carry out transfer。The characteristics of the early Ming Dynasty bet365 Play online games are，Large way of letting taxpayers unlock the materials to the destination by themselves (including allowing the active households to serve in the destination)。Although the government is trying to decompose tasks in the road in the road，But it still greatly increases social costs。According to this problem, it has also brought about changes in grass -roots organizations in the society，Referees all kinds of asylum relationships、Getting relationships and intricate social flows。The fiscal monetization in the middle and late Ming Dynasty will undoubtedly help reduce social costs，At the same time，Government and officials can also improve from the internalization of out -of -tax costs and the improvement of accounting efficiency.。At least in the short term，。Of course，Monetization itself does not solve the problem of material resolution，In essence, this task is transferred from the tax households to the businessman or commercialized intermediary organization。Or a government or a tax agent，In the form of buying in military and political consumption destinations，Use currency to exchange materials for businessmen's active or passive supplies。In fact，For temporary military consumption on the border，In the early Ming Dynasty, through the "Kai Central France"，attracted merchants to transfer grain and grass in the Mainland salt。Exchange in these spaces，From the perspective of a businessman, it is the development of long -distance trade。In the development of long -distance trade，The scale economy and scope economy between government consumption and private consumption，Make fiscal operations and market circulation.。and until the Qing Dynasty，Like the Western Expedition of the Kangxi Dynasty、The Jinchuan Campaign of the Qianlong Dynasty, etc.，Shanxi merchants who have experienced long -distance transportation experience and have the background of the franchisee to benefit grain and grass，Save money than military transport。

The real tricks of the space problem lies in，The revenue and expenditure of various places is not completely determined，in war、Under the impact of temporary impact of disasters，There is a need for changes in the route of resource allocation。If the central government knows the real capital of the local government，You can make dynamic fingers on various places，Optimized configuration efficiency。bet365 Play online games This kind of financial centralized management intensive enrichment，The Spring and Autumn Dialing system formed during the Yongzheng period was reflected in the development of the Yongzheng period.。Peng Yuxin's emotion "It's like a game of chess，Ren Sui Genci's chess player moves around, left, left and right, and the surrounding chess pieces are all handy "。Only under these coordinated operations，Various local impacts can "iron" for the allocation of resources in the space，The advantage of showing unification。Another way to deal with the uncertainty of space，is a businessman or market。Merchants track the changes in supply and demand in various places at any time，Government instructions that are naturally better than hierarchical in terms of flexibility，This may be a deeper reason for the fact that the businessmen of the Ming and Qing dynasties were involved in fiscal operation。Even under the Spring and Autumn Dialing System，The resolution of the shortage of supplies still rely on the market flow caused by the rise in price，The central government's funding finger dialing is just to ensure that the purchasing power of the local military and political authorities can keep up with the price。If the central government has no silver or dynamically grasped the actual inventory of the local area，and the cost of cash transfer is relatively high，3133_3151。This belongs to the category of "exchange"。

There are many "exchange" practice in the Tang and Song dynasties，Flying money、Money、Guanzi、Anship with exchange attributes such as Huizi，It is known for people。Different from the "exchange" of the government's distribution in the Tang and Song dynasties，After the failure of Damingbao's banknote，The bill of financial management of the government of the Ming and Qing dynasties fell into a trough，But the folk commercial exchange developed after the Ming Dynasty。but but，Commercial exchange itself is driven by fiscal space operation。Tax Bank flows from the south to Beijing and the border，Consumer products from the south to buy textiles and other military materials and bureaucratic groups。The north flow of taxes is of course at first the start of the government is organized by the government，But there are still a lot of funds flowing to the Beijing Division with an unofficial trip to Beijing.。Whether it is an official or its consuming life,，still donate、imperial Bet365 lotto review examinations and various difficult "rent -seeking" activities，It is enough to bring a considerable northbound silver flow。Late Ming after fiscal monetization，In addition to these official solutions, but the silver pair of silver related to the bureaucratic group provides a considerable space for commercial exchange。to the late Qing Dynasty，Even the silver two that should be officially solved are often submitted to the ticket number exchange or even the remittance，Commercial exchange has also developed to its peak。This is because the war of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom has increased the difficulty of official solution，and the multi -events of all parties have exacerbated the complexity of the distribution，Also because of the Northeast of the Qing Dynasty、Northwest、Southwest and other border borders incorporated the long -distance trade network，The long -distance exchange industry represented by the ticket number also grows up，It can compose a strong complementary composition with the flow of fiscal funds。So far，The situation is very different from the Tang and Song dynasties。

　Copy a temporary impact before and after the post -engaging

Compared with space issues，Time problem is not regular，but from various temporary shocks。The so -called "Thirty -year -old state -used country"，For temporary expenses increases or income decreases，Basic response method is to increase the usual savings and non -emergency expenditures in the difficult period of compression。but but，Different from individuals，The country has no established time preference，Its decision -making in savings and consumption involves balance between interest groups。In principle，The hereditary emperor will have a stronger savings，Major policy weighing, especially military decision -making, is generally declied by the emperor，Correspondingly，Savings and temporary expenses (and military officer Lulu) are quite part of the income and expenditure of the inner government。The degree of centralized power of the Ming and Qing dynasties increased，Inner court finance can not be managed by outer court，The information used by the minister to make financial decisions is actually insufficient。Although the emperor can master the information of both internal and external aspects，But the minister can hardly infer the real situation of the inner Bet365 app download government from the emperor's personalized decision，The inconsistency of the preferences and the doubts between inside and outside will undoubtedly affect the efficiency of savings decision -making。Despite this，During the Ming Wanli period、During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty，enough to cope with some temporary major expenses，even established a prominent martial arts。But，to late Ming、Late Qing，The original expected military expenditure has been high for a long time，It is difficult to rebuild the surplus again。For this situation of endangered bankruptcy，Savings solid can no longer talk，Even borrowing debts，Theoretically, it is difficult to work。When the cross -period is smooth and unable to perform，The dynasty had to increase the convergence。From this aspect，The late Qing Dynasty seemed more successful。The Qing court was forced to turn to gold under the crisis、Tariffs and other new resources，The results show that these new income accidents are stable and sustainable，As a result, the government has improved the ability of the government to mortgage the debt to cope with the crisis。

If there are some fuzzy areas at the national or central level，Then the savings at the local level are even more institutionalized。The statutory income of the local government is corresponding to regular expenditure，Can't talk about special surplus design。After reducing the place in the early Qing Dynasty, retain the place，Activities with savings significance on the local area are even more micro，It is bound to deal with very needs outside customization。Except movement、Activation, etc.，Local governments will see from time to time from wealthy measures and even pre -levy taxes。but but，More routine to donate from local society。Especially for local public welfare expenditures，Local elite itself is also enthusiastic。Just for fundraising activities，Its time problem is mainly the contradiction between one -time income and persistent expenditure。The way to solve this is the way to operate the operation，After the middle of the Qing Dynasty, the "prosperity" that is commonly seen in various places belongs to this category。Although this is not equal to levying taxes directly to businessmen，But the merchants represented by the pawn industry also provided the government with important financial bet365 live casino games services。From this perspective，The more important role of finance in the local finance of the Ming and Qing Dynasties is not to deal with temporary expenditure impact，Instead, it provides a means of response for the sustainable but illegal expenditure in the original output finance。

Of course，If the temporary impact is regional，As mentioned earlier，You can also cope with the spatial distribution。In the late Ming Dynasty, the treasury emptiness，North Crimination，But I still support it for more than ten years，The support of the south in the financial resources and the source of the military is all crucial。As for the opening of the Central France in the early Ming Dynasty，Merchants transport grain and grass from the Mainland to meet military consumption in the border area，and in exchange for salt quotes in the Mainland，Cai、things are from the Mainland，Also the way of space。The temporary demand of only Gan Ruo Gancao exceeds the normal production and sales of salt during the same period (that is, the financial resources of the Mainland cannot meet the border expenditure of the same period)，It will produce the super hair of the salt lead，The salt quotation of the businessman needs to be delayed，The so -called "Shou Zhi" appears。At this time，Salt Yinsang has the meaning of bonds，Space issues substantially convert to time problems。Although the delayed salt lead does not indicate interest rates，But it will be hidden in the salt sales market，All parties are undoubtedly realized this。During the Wanli years，It is difficult for the government to restrain the distribution of salt queries when the government is difficult to restrain the release of salt led，Salt Yin is caught in slow sales，If the government wants to increase current income，It is better to auction the future salt quotation rights and interests，completely eliminating the possibility of super hair，Form the so -called "root nest"。"Genwo" has the nature of equity assets，It may also become a compilation due to government corruption，But from the reform of the Qing Dynasty, it can still attract and create a lot of merchants，Even if its property right is not clear，It is still relatively stable。In the early Qing Dynasty, the government could fill in the fiscal holes through the salt business newspaper，When this is based on this。

In short，In the operation Bet365 app download of the Ming and Qing dynasties，It can be said that many technical problems are worth exploring，Space and time issues are also those who can note。They involve how the dynasty carried out the basic problem of continuous rule in a vast territory，Therefore, it is of great significance for understanding the country of the dynasty。In terms of the early modern times,，They have a particularly close contact with finance。The current comparative study of early modern finances，Pay more attention to how the government uses public debt to hedge a temporary impact，Financial problems at the time level。But for the unified country，Financial activities at the spatial level such as exchange，The conversion of space and time can also provide us with a new angle for the detour of the public debt under the Ming and Qing dynasties。At the same time，The response to space and time issues of finance is also in the form of development in the development form of private business (especially financial industry)，jointly shaped the most dynamic part of the Ming and Qing dynasties。

(The author is a professor at the School of Economics and Management of Wuhan University)