In Shanxi Bronze Museum，Two precious bronzes are on display - Yifang bet365 cricket odds and Yizun。Han Binghua's "New View of Yizun and Yifang bet365 cricket odds" ("Jianghan Archeology" Issue 4, 2019) and Zhang Changping's "Talking about New View of Yizun"、The Age and Decoration Style of Yifang bet365 cricket odds" ("Jianghan Archeology" Issue 4, 2019) has done a good study on these two important artifacts。Previously，I was invited by Han Binghua，Also wrote an essay "A Preliminary Exploration of Yizun" (Shanxi Provincial Public Security Department、Compiled by the Shanxi Provincial Cultural Relics Bureau: "National Treasures Returning Home—The Essence of Shanxi Public Security Bureau’s Achievements in Combating Cultural Relics Crime in 2019 (1)"，2019 edition)，Talk about the value of Yizun。Re-read Li Xueqin’s discussion on the dating of Western Zhou bronzes recently，Feeling deeply necessary to further discuss the chronological significance of Yifang bet365 cricket odds and Yizun。

　　Helps resolve the disputes of the ages

Yifang bet365 cricket odds，Tong beam height 49.0cm，Heavy 17.35kg。Xi Kou，Neck contraction，The abdomen is slightly bulging，Shrinking feet，The base plate is extravagant。Four-A-style roof shape。Neck decorated with long nose dragon pattern，Abdomen and cover decorated with animal masks，Encircled feet decorated with bird heads and dragon patterns，All are made of fine cloud and thunder pattern substrate。There are eight hook-shaped edges distributed vertically on the surface of the vessel，The lower end comes out of the halberd at the foot of the circle (Picture 1)。There is an inscription on the inner bottom of the vessel with 4 lines and 23 words: "鹹(only) ten and three months, Ding Hai"，Wu Wang bet365 cricket odds (Xi) Yibei Thirty Friends，Yongzha(zuo)fuyibaozunyi。. ” (Picture 2)

Yizun，Tonggao 34.2cm。The vessel is a three-stage goblet，Decorated with banana leaf pattern on the lower edge of the mouth，Neck decorated with bird and Kui patterns，Abdomen and feet decorated with animal masks，All are made of fine cloud and thunder pattern substrate。There are four hook-shaped edges distributed vertically on the surface of the vessel，The upper end protrudes from the edge of the mouth (Picture 3)。The inscription is basically the same as Yifang bet365 cricket odds (Picture 4)。

About Yifang bet365 cricket odds、Yizun’s Era，The author pointed out in "A Preliminary Exploration of Yizun"，From the perspective of shape and decorative style，Yifang bet365 cricket odds and Yizun have the characteristics of bronzes from the Shang and Zhou dynasties。The word "King Wu" in the inscription，Kezhengyi Fangyi、Yizun is the two standard weapons in the period of King Wu of the Western Zhou Dynasty。Han Binghua and Zhang Changping think bet365 cricket odds Fang bet365 cricket odds、The "Martial King" in Yizun's inscription is a posthumous title rather than a birth title，The casting date was during the reign of King Cheng。Even if it was written during the reign of King Cheng，Also in the early years of becoming king，Still among the earliest bronzes from the Western Zhou Dynasty，So it does not affect the discussion of this article。

What this article is going to say is，Yifang bet365 cricket odds、The appearance of bet365 cricket odds Zun，It is of great significance for us to re-examine and review the century-old disputes about the bronzes of the Western Zhou Dynasty, especially the bronzes of the early Western Zhou Dynasty。

　　There are different opinions on the dating of Western Zhou bronzes

1930s，About the Lingfang bet365 cricket odds unearthed in Mapo, Luoyang in 1929、The age of a group of important bronzes including your father，A far-reaching debate broke out in academia。The significance is profound，Not just because the views of both parties have influenced it to this day，And the resulting important theories and methods on the dating of Western Zhou bronze ware shine with eternal brilliance in the history of bronze ware research。

，1929 edition) article。Since then, more than a dozen scholars have published monographs，Like Guo Moruo、Ma Xulun、Wu Qichang、Tang Lan、Chen Mengjia、Yang Shuda et al，General works also cover many topics。Li Xueqin thinks，"Ling Fang bet365 cricket odds can be regarded as one of the bronzes most valued by academic circles"。

In this discussion，The most representative scholars are Guo Moruo and Tang Lan，Both sides have completely different views。Guo Moruo wrote "A Comprehensive Study of Ling bet365 cricket odds Ling Gui and Other Artifacts" ("Study of Yin and Zhou Bronze Inscriptions") in 1930.，Science Press 1961 edition) and other articles，I disagree with Luo Zhenyu’s statement that Ling Fang bet365 cricket odds was placed behind Cheng Kang，Think that Kang Palace is not the temple of King Kang，Not of chronological significance，Strongly advocated that Fang bet365 cricket odds should be commissioned during the reign of King Cheng。Tang Lanze published an article "A Study and Interpretation of ZuoCi Lingzun and ZuoCi Ling bet365 cricket odds Inscriptions" in 1934 (National Peking University's "Chinese Studies Quarterly" Volume 4, No. 1，1934），On Luo Zhenyu、Wang Guowei’s point of view，Even if the "Kang Palace" in the Fang bet365 cricket odds inscription is the temple of King Kang，And pointed out that King Kang was the ancestor，You Zhao in Kang Palace、Mu、bet365 cricket odds、The temple of King Li and others，Correctly corresponds to the Kangzhao Palace in the bronze inscriptions (see Songding, etc.)、Kangmu Palace (see Ke Yu)、Kang Gong bet365 cricket odds Taishi (seeYou Congding)、Kangla (Li) Palace (See Kezhong)，This proves that the age of Lingfang bet365 cricket odds where the name "Kang Palace" appeared must be after King Kang。This is the famous dating standard for bronzes - the prototype of what was later called the "Kang Palace" principle。

In the 1950s and 1960s，A new round of controversy has arisen about the age of Ling Fang bet365 cricket odds。Chen Mengjia published "The Dating of Bronze Ware of the Western Zhou Dynasty" in 1956 (Acta Archeology, No. 9, 1955、10 volumes，Issue 1-4, 1956)，Shirakawa Jing's "Inscriptions on Bronze Inscriptions" (Hakutsuru Museum of Art, Japan，1963-1980)，Trying to use new evidence to support Guo Moruo’s theory，Considering that Ling Fang bet365 cricket odds was a weapon from the time of becoming king。Tang Lanze published a long article "The "Kang Palace Issue" in the Dating of Western Zhou Bronze Ware" ("Acta Archeology" Issue 1, 1962)，Combined with newly discovered bronzes，Comprehensive、Systematically demonstrated his "Kang Gong" principle。

Dating Fang bet365 cricket odds，Not only directly related to the age of a large number of early Western Zhou bronzes，Furthermore, whether the Kanggong principle is applicable or not also involves the dating of bronzes in the middle and late Western Zhou Dynasty，The influence is very wide。

However，Due to the lack of archaeological data，Whether it is Guo Moruo's "Theory of becoming a king"，It’s still Tang Lan’s “The Theory of King Zhao”，The evidence is not solid enough，There are two reasons。First, due to the complexity of Ling Fang bet365 cricket odds (Figure 5)，You can tell at a glance that the decorative style of this vessel has a strong late Shang style，Three layers full of flowers，Extremely gorgeous，Decorated with animal mask、The dragon pattern is very traditional。What’s more important，The font and calligraphy of its inscriptions are similar to the wave-style calligraphy of the late Shang Dynasty，Especially Bao、D、Father、Zong、王、How to write words such as B，The pen is fat。This can easily lead to misunderstandings，I think this device is from a very early age。The second is the lack of evidence。Although both sides of the debate cited some standard tools，Like Dafeng Gui (i.e., the Heavenly Death Gui)、Qingui、Xiaochen Shanxi and others，But the crux of the matter is，These artifacts are less related to each other，Cannot support each other，It is difficult to form a chain of evidence，So it’s not convincing enough。

　　The Wei family bronzes provide an entry point

A turning point in this discussion occurred in 1976。When the bronze ware group of Bai No. 1 cellar in Fufengzhuang, Shaanxi came out，Li Xueqin is keenly aware of it，The key to solving the problem is touched。He wrote in "Important Ruler of Bronze Wares in the Middle Western Zhou Dynasty——Zhou Yuan Zhuang Bai、A comprehensive study on the two bronze ware hoards of the Qiang family" ("Journal of the Museum of Chinese History", Issue 1, 1979) pointed out，Because of this batch of bronzes from the Wei family，“There are not only horizontal connections between the various vessels (artifacts of the same era as the owner)”，There is also a "vertical connection (artifacts from several generations of the owner's family)"，The corresponding relationship between the owners of the Wei family from the first to the seventh generation and the bronze ware can be arranged:

The first "Gaozu"

The second generation of "Liezu"

The third generation "bet365 cricket odds Zu"

The fourth generation "Ya Zu Zu Xin" Zhe Zhe Fang bet365 cricket odds

The fifth generation "Yigong" Feng Fengzun, Fengyou

　Sixth "Ding Gong" Wall Wall Panel

The seventh life 簋

Li Xueqin pointed out，The valuable thing about this group of bronzes is that the Wei family lineage has two eras。A fixed point is the wall plate，The inscription indicates that the wall panel was built during the Gong Dynasty，It is a standard device；Another fixed point is based on the inscription on the wall plate，The "Lie Ancestor" of the Wei family met King Wu in person，Indicates that "Liezu" was granted the title of King Wu，Activities in King Wu、The period of becoming king。With these two fixed points，The activities of other generations of the Wei family can be delineated more accurately。The first "Gaozu" was from the late Shang Dynasty。The second generation of "heroic ancestors" should live until the time when he becomes a king。The third generation "bet365 cricket odds Zu"，According to the inscription on the wall plate，He served as a confidant of the King of Zhou for a long time，Activities from about the late period of King Cheng to the early period of King Kang。The fourth life "Zhe"，According to the inscription on the wall, he is also a man of longevity，Considering that King Zhao only reigned for 19 years，Zhe Fang bet365 cricket odds inscription indicates that he accompanied King Zhao on his southern expedition and returned safely，So the activity period of "Zhe" should be from the late period of King Kang to the early years of King Mu。The fifth "Feng" served mainly during the period of King Mu。The sixth "Qiang" served mainly in the early years from King Gong to King Xiao，Because we share、The two Zhou kings bet365 cricket odds did not reign long。The seventh life"" was active during the period from King Xiao to bet365 cricket odds Li.

In summary，There is no missing link in the seven generations of the Wei family，The corresponding bronze vessels also have a clear order，The two can check each other。So，Li Xueqin pointed out，“This group of bronzes can be used as a kind of ruler，To check whether our chronological sequence of bronzes is correct”。

One of the typical utensils is Zifang bet365 cricket odds (Picture 6)，Very similar to the above-mentioned Ling Fang bet365 cricket odds，The shape is different from the Fang bet365 cricket odds from the late Shang Dynasty to the early Zhou Dynasty，Develop from tall to wide。Mr. Li specifically pointed out: "Fang bet365 cricket odds's abdomen is bulging" in these two pieces。The abdominal walls of Fangyi from the Yin Shang Dynasty are almost always straight，Enter the Western Zhou Dynasty，Fang bet365 cricket odds’s abdomen begins to bulge，Composer wall shape，There are high-level people under the circle，These are later features。Since Zhe Fang bet365 cricket odds can only be ranked between Zhao and Mu，Not possible to move up or down，Then the group of imperial weapons including Ling Fang bet365 cricket odds can only be the weapons of King Zhao，It is absolutely impossible to advance to the period of becoming a king。Therefore，further proves the reliability of the "Kang Palace" principle，Played an extremely important role in the dating research of Western Zhou bronzes。Mr. Li’s article is excellent in argumentation，Thorough analysis，Inspiring and enlightening，Far-reaching influence，Later, academic circles mostly adopted his statement。

In the history of previous dating research on Western Zhou bronzes，We often see scholars arguing over the age of a certain bronze vessel，The reason is that neither side can provide convincing evidence。So-called convincing evidence，Includes two meanings: one is analysis of archaeological typology，The relative age of the bronzes can be estimated，That is, a certain bronze vessel is before or after another bronze vessel，For example, the above-mentioned Ling Fang bet365 cricket odds、Zhe Fang bet365 cricket odds must be after Yifang bet365 cricket odds；Second, there must be a standard instrument to measure、Inspection。What is outstanding about Mr. Li is his skillful combination of archaeological typology analysis and the use of standard instruments。He noticed the chronological distance and mutual constraints between the bronzes of the Wei family，Also give full play to the role of standard devices such as wall panels as rulers，Let these bronze vessels keep their place，No room for hesitation。So，Mr. Li’s argument is extremely convincing。

　　Recent research requires further exploration

Of course，As a point of view，There are still scholars who believe in and develop Guo Moruo’s theory。2002，Shen Changyun and Du Yong published an article "About the Periodization and Dating Issues of the Arcbi Fang bet365 cricket odds" ("Cultural Relics" Issue 8, 2002) (hereinafter referred to as "Arbi")，Specially put forward different opinions on the age of the curved-walled Fang bet365 cricket odds (bulging-belly Fang bet365 cricket odds) made by Ling Fang bet365 cricket odds。The main reason is that the Arc Bi Fang bet365 cricket odds existed in the late Shang Dynasty，Ling Fang bet365 cricket odds is the inheritance of Arc Bi Fang bet365 cricket odds，So it cannot be as late as the Zhao Dynasty。The example of Arc Bi Fang bet365 cricket odds in the Shang Dynasty cited in "Arc Bi"，It is the Oufang bet365 cricket odds unearthed from the Fuhao tomb in the Yin Ruins and the owl Fang bet365 cricket odds handed down from generation to generation (Plate 600 of "Comprehensive Examination of bet365 cricket odds Ware of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties")。They believe that Hubi Fang bet365 cricket odds became popular in the early Zhou Dynasty，Except Lingfang bet365 cricket odds，There is also Rongzi Fang bet365 cricket odds、UncleFang bet365 cricket odds and others。Publishing of the article "Arc Wall"，It is quite useful for further in-depth discussion on the age of curved-walled Fang bet365 cricket odds (bulging-belly Fang bet365 cricket odds) like Ling Fang bet365 cricket odds。But，Knowledge on this issue，There are still some areas that need to be discussed in depth。

First，About Fu Hao Fang bet365 cricket odds，The picture of Fu Hao and Fang bet365 cricket odds relied on by many scholars, including the author of "Arc Wall", is not a front view of the utensil but a side view (Figure 7)。Viewed from the side，Fang bet365 cricket odds’s abdominal wall seems to have a slight curvature。However，You can see clearly from the front view，Fang bet365 cricket odds’s abdominal wall has no curvature at all (Picture 8)。In other words，Its abdominal wall is not bulging，Opposite，From the shoulder、Adduction begins at the abdominal junction，It’s the opposite of a bulging belly。

As for the owl Fang bet365 cricket odds (Picture 9)，Although the belly of this device is bulging，But it is the lower abdomen that bulges，What is commonly known as the drooping belly (for that matter，The author of "Arc Wall" also admitted)，With Ling Fang bet365 cricket odds、Zhe Fang bet365 cricket odds’s drum belly is different，In terms of archaeological typology，Belong to different types，Nature has different laws of evolution，Not to be confused。Unfortunately, the picture of this utensil is still not a front view but a side view，I hope we can discuss it later if we have a front view。

In short，so far，No arc-walled Fang bet365 cricket odds has been found in the Shang Dynasty。bet365 cricket odds Fang bet365 cricket odds is the first curved wall Fang bet365 cricket odds in the Western Zhou Dynasty，Also the earliest arc wall Fang bet365 cricket odds。

　　The standardizer resolves disputes at the beginning of the week

When talking about dating a certain piece of bronze，It is best to use a standard instrument as a reference。Unfortunately，There are too few standard instruments from the Western Zhou Dynasty。Even if there is，For example, in the early Western Zhou Dynasty, there was Dafeng Gui (that is, the Heavenly Death Gui)、Qingui、Xiaochen Shanxi and other standard devices，Also because the objects compared with it do not belong to the same type，Lack of identical or similar observation points，Thus affecting the effect。For example，Jianling Fang bet365 cricket odds、Zhe Fang bet365 cricket odds and Dafeng Gui (that is, the death gui of heaven)、Qingui、Xiao Chen went to compare，Although you can start from the decorative style and inscription glyphs，But it is impossible to compare in terms of shape，And shape is precisely the most important level of observation。Today，With the standard Fang bet365 cricket odds in the early Zhou Dynasty - Yifang bet365 cricket odds，You can compare it with Ya Chou Fang bet365 cricket odds in the late Shang Dynasty (Yinxu Phase 4，Picture 10) and Lingfang bet365 cricket odds during the Zhao Dynasty、Fang bet365 cricket odds for comparison，Clearly see the evolution trajectory and rules of Fang bet365 cricket odds from the late Shang Dynasty to the Zhaomu period of the Western Zhou Dynasty。

There are five differences between Fang bet365 cricket odds in these three different periods。First，Different overall shape。Yachou Fang bet365 cricket odds is the basic form of Fang bet365 cricket odds in the Shang Dynasty，Make a cuboid，And Ling Fang bet365 cricket odds is the basic form of Fang bet365 cricket odds in the Western Zhou Dynasty，The abdomen becomes wider。Yifang bet365 cricket odds is between the two，The shape is neither "thin" nor "fat"。Second，Differences in abdominal wall，This is the most obvious difference。Yachou Fang bet365 cricket odds is straight wall，Yifang Yishi Qubi，The abdomen is slightly bulging，This is a new style that is different from commercial wares，Ling Fang bet365 cricket odds is also a curved wall，But the abdomen is obviously more bulging than Yifang bet365 cricket odds，This is a sign of late age。Third，Different circle feet。The lower end of Ya Chou Fang bet365 cricket odds’s circle feet is slightly outward，There is obviously a shallow platform at the foot of Ling Fang bet365 cricket odds's circle，Yifang bet365 cricket odds is close to Lingfang bet365 cricket odds，There is obviously a shallow platform at the foot of the circle，Explain that this is a new style that is different from commercial wares。Fourth，Different types and styles of decoration。Yachou Fang bet365 cricket odds uses the old Kui pattern，Ling Fang bet365 cricket odds、Zhe Fang bet365 cricket odds uses the late double dragon pattern and Gu Long pattern。The lines of the Ya Chou Fang bet365 cricket odds pattern are relatively straight，Erling Fang bet365 cricket odds、The lines of Zifang bet365 cricket odds’s decoration are relatively soft、Delicate。Yifang bet365 cricket odds is between the two，The decorative style is close to Ya Chou Fang bet365 cricket odds，But the Kui pattern used is different from Ya Chou Fang bet365 cricket odds。Fifth，Different fonts and calligraphy styles。Yachou Fangyi inscriptions are relatively pictographic，Although the inscriptions of Lingfang bet365 cricket odds have a certain degree of wave style，Same as Zhe Fang bet365 cricket odds，Some characters have fat pens，danzi and zi、The spacing between rows is becoming neater，Yifang bet365 cricket odds is between the two，Various sizes，Patchwork，The charm is close to that of merchants，On the contrary, it is with Ling Fang bet365 cricket odds、Zifang bet365 cricket odds is quite far away (Figure 11: 1、2、3）。

In comparison，The difference between bet365 cricket odds Zun as Yuan Zun and Ling Fang Zun as Fang Zun is not so obvious，About three points。First，Different overall shape。Yizun has the basic form of Yuanzun at the end of Shang Dynasty，Slender，And Ling Fang Zun has the basic form of Fang Zun from the Western Zhou Dynasty，The abdomen becomes wider。Second，Ling Fang Zun and bet365 cricket odds Zun are both curved walls，But the former is more bulging than the latter，This is a later performance。Third，Different patterns and calligraphy styles。Same as the distinction between Lingfang bet365 cricket odds and Yifang bet365 cricket odds mentioned above，No more details。

In short，Yifang bet365 cricket odds、The appearance of bet365 cricket odds Zun，It is enough to dissuade some people who want to make Fang bet365 cricket odds、Your Majesty arrives at King Wu in advance、Thoughts of becoming a king。Since Ling Fang bet365 cricket odds is very different from Yifang bet365 cricket odds，So it can only be a device from the Zhao Dynasty，It is impossible to be ranked as King Wu with Yifang bet365 cricket odds、During the period of becoming a king。

and so on,Fang bet365 cricket odds, Rongzi Fang bet365 cricket odds, Qi Fu Fang bet365 cricket odds,Fang bet365 cricket odds was made in the late Zhao Dynasty or the early Mu Dynasty。Qi Sheng Lu Fang bet365 cricket odds Gai and Zuo Wu Fang bet365 cricket odds Gai，No container, only lid，The animal mask pattern decorated is a decomposed animal mask pattern，The inscriptions are neatly styled，Stroke thickness is the same，is the standard jade chopstick body，It should also be an artifact from the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty。Therefore，The emergence of Yifang bet365 cricket odds，The study on the dating of Western Zhou bronzes will have a good chain reaction effect。

The emergence of Yifang bet365 cricket odds，Further confirmed Li Xueqin’s insights on the dating of Western Zhou bronzes。From this we can understand his academic philosophy and methods。First，He has a keen awareness of new information unearthed by archaeological excavations，And connect it to previous data，To explain long-standing unanswered questions。Secondly，He has a profound insight into the shape of objects，Can detect very subtle differences between objects。Last，He is good at following shapes、Decoration、Comprehensive evaluation of inscriptions and other aspects，So as to accurately grasp the age of the artifact。

(Author’s unit: College of History and Culture, Shaanxi Normal University)