Xixia is a regime established by the party as the main body of the party，It is an important member of the Chinese civilization family。The West Xia regime fully absorbs the excellent culture of the Central Plains and the surrounding ethnic groups，Creating text、Develop the economy、Development Northwest，I made important contributions in the history of Chinese civilization。Since the 1980s，Organization and publication of unearthed literature helped the rapid progress of Xixia research，The academic world proposed the concept of "Xixue Xue"，and point out that Xixia Language Literature、Xixia Archeology and Xixia History are the three major branches of Xixue。Development of Xixia Archeology、Discovery of archeological materials、The introduction of archeological results，Industry has become one of the most dynamic areas in Xixia research，Not only does it provide new materials for Xixia Studies，and enriched the connotation of Chinese archeology。Review and combing of the archeological discovery of Xixia in the past century，Not only helps to clarify the basic context of the development of Xixia archeology，It also helps the academic community's thinking and prospects of Xixia archeological research。

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Before the establishment of New China，Three important incidents of Guanxia Xixia Archeology: First, the discovery of the "Liangzhou Bei"，The second is the unearthed from Heishui City and Xixia Literature，Third is the survey of the Dunhuang Grottoes。

"Liangzhou Stele" ("Rebuilding the Liangzhou Hu Guo Temple Temple Tower Monument"，Also known as "Xixia Bei") is a famous scholar Zhang Ye, a famous northwest historian scholar in the Qing Dynasty, and friends to visit Liangzhou Mingying Temple (now Da Yun Temple)，Discovery plot and cultural relics are familiar to the academic circles。What needs to be added here is，Although Zhang Ye's accidental discovery cannot be compared with scientific and scientific field archeology，Danxia's monument is now the world，Not only new materials in the physical sense，and attracted the attention of the academic circles for the history of Xixia。Ming and Qing scholars, although the historical materials of sinking、Sort the test，Formed "Xixia Books", "Xixia Chronicle", "Xixia Zhiluo" and other Xi Xia history works，But all are based on the results of historical documents，Rare research on unearthed materials。More importantly，The discovery of the Xixia Bei has disappeared for a few centuries of Xixia text to enter the academic field。Since then，The academic community has opened a journey to interpret the history and text of Xixia。So，From the perspective of academic history，The discovery of Xixia Bei should indeed be the origin of Xixia and Xixia Archeology。

The discovery of the relic of Xixia in Heishui City is an impact event in Chinese academic history in the past century，It also determines the academic direction of Xixia studies。1932，He Changqun pointed out in the article "The Grade of Northwest Archeology in recent years".，Among them, ancient documents in the Western West (West of Gansu and Xinjiang)、Ancient Fine Arts、Seeing the ancient utensils，and point out this item the most important、The most people engaged in research，It can be said to be the central theme of "Oriental Studies"。Related discovery around Heishui City in the early 20th century，It is about this。Russians Cuzlov entered Heishui City twice for inspection，For the first time in Dingyuan Camp, the cultural relics excavated by the Black City in Dingyuan Campaign have allocated 10 pieces of boxes of the Black City，Mailing back to Russia; the second excavated cultural relics are full of 40 peak camels。This batch of literature and cultural relics exist in the St. Petersburg Branch of the Institute of Oriental Academy of the Russian Academy of Sciences，The relevant details of the inspection excavation are in "Mongolia、Anto and Dead City Hahot "are mostly reflected。Heishui City Literature has become an important data foundation and support for Xixia Xue。

Xixia is a regime that bet365 Play online games believes in Buddhism，Buddhist Saint -sweet sweet potato prefecture under its rule、Many grotto temples in Shazhou，There are many caves in the Xixia period。but，In the early research stage，The academic community is generally believed that Xixia Temple cave in the Dunhuang area is rare，Occasionally involved in many surveys before the founding of New China。Except Stanin, which is familiar with the academic circles、Boji and、Walner and other foreigners patronize Dunhuangwai，Starting from the 1940s，A batch of archaeologists in our country、Artists also come to Dunhuang for field inspection，For example, Xiangda、Yan Wenru、Xie Zhiliu、He Zhenghuang、Zhang Daqian and others。They not only checked most of the caves，Copy the inscription、Questions，The content of the murals of the cave、An exams were taken in the Jianjian era。1944，The Institute of Dunhuang Art Research Institute was officially established，Research on the Art of Dunhuang Grottoes Entering standardized track。At that time, the knowledge of Xixia Grottoes was extremely limited，Only parts of Xixia in some works。For example，Xie Zhiliu lists the version of the Xixia Suppicker，and pointed out: "Painting on the tap，No one and Xixia。The World of Xixia Poster Renzong，Li Song Li。Two hundred years in the northwest thousands of miles。Its School of Painting Yuanzong Tang Fa，Do not enter the Song people，Miao Neng creation，It seems to become a family。Emperor Er，But the gas is too small。Emperor Er。Yulin Cave 1、2、third、Sixth、Twenty Cave Painting，All the hands of Xixia people。"But，Really conducting in -depth research on the art of Xixia Grottoes in Dunhuang，I am afraid it is something in the past 30 years。

，During this period，Xixia Documents also discovered occasionally in Xixia's hometown。The more important thing is，In 1917, Ningxia Lingwu knows Yu Dingming in the Waste Wall of the Fire Temple in Lingwu City and found two big boxes of Xixia Wenfo Sutra。Some of them are scattered to society，Some are lost overseas。Peiping Library purchased more than a hundred volumes，Become the units with the most Buddhist scriptures in China。The number and product of these batch of Xixia literature，second only to Heishui City Xixia Literature。Belobbin exclusive examination ("Ningxia Lingwu unearthed the Xixia Literature Examination"，"Ningxia Social Science" 2006, No. 1)，This will not go into details。

　　Basic status of 1949-1979

After the founding of the People's Republic of China，Thanks to the establishment of archeological institutions and the expansion of a professional team，field archeology related to Xixia archeology is northern Shaanxi、Ningxia、Gansu、Qinghai、Inner Mongolia and other places gradually expand。

In terms of location，Important archeological work is a small -scale excavation conducted by the Ningxia Museum twice to the south of Shizuishan Temple Commune from 1965 to 1966。Combined with literature judgment，This city site should be the provincial city of the Xixia period。This is the first archeological excavation of the academic community to the site of Xixia City。1962、1963，Inner Mongolia Cultural Relics and Archaeological Teams twice to Black City for archeological survey，Collect a small amount of documents，Discover 25 clay sculpture Buddha statues in the Xixia period while cleaning up a nearby ancient temple。1972，Inner Mongolia's Ejina Banner is placed under the jurisdiction of administrative jurisdiction of Gansu Province，Gansu Provincial Cultural Relics and Archaeological Team went to Black City several times to investigate and excavate，A small amount of documents unearthed。After the 1980s，Li Yiyou led the team to systematically excavate the Black City。This period，Inner Mongolia archeological workers in the Dalat Banner of Ikzo League and the territory of Ortoch Banner，Ancient City of Chengta Village and the Ancient Town of Toyu Village，Preliminary judgment as the site of Xixia City。At the same time，Discovered the ancient city of Gaoyoufang in Linhe County, Bayannaoer。

Tomb archaeological concentration is reflected in the archeological survey and excavation of Xixia Mausoleum。From 1972，Ningxia Cultural Bet365 app download Relics Department conducted a planned excavation work on Xixia Mausoleum，A total of one emperor's mausoleum and four burial tombs。Especially the Mausoleum has become the only excavated Xixia Emperor Mausoleum。Base Table West Xiawen and Chinese Inference，The owner of the tomb should be Li Zunzheng, the eighth generation of Xixia。1975，Ningxia Cultural Relics Department excavated the burial tomb No. 108。1977，Ningxia Cultural Relics Department excavated the burial tomb No. 101，Two important cultural relics were unearthed: gilt, copper cow and big stone horses。1977，In the Xixia Tomb of the West Suburious Forest Farm in Wuwei County, Gansu Province，29 colorful painted wooden prints and wooden tables were unearthed、Wooden frame、Xiaomu Tower、wooden pen frame、Wooden Tower and other wooden artifacts。

This period，It is also found that many grotto temples and religious cultural relics in the Xixia period，For example, in 1952, a group of Xixia Cultural and Buddhist Scriptures and Wishing were found in the Grand Buddha Caves of the Tiantai Mountain Grottoes in the southwest of Wuwei County, Gansu Province。1953，Dunhuang Cultural Relics Institute investigates the Xilin Buddha Cave，Discover 9、11、12、13 Caves are newly built or used in Xixia。1964，Chang Shuhong、Wang Jingru、Su Bai and other scholars led，Shijin Po、Bellata、Chen Bingying、Liu Yuquan、Wan Gengyu、Li Chengxian participated，A survey of the Xixia Grottoes in Dunhuang，It is a very influential academic activity。1972，A number of Xixia cultural relics found in a cave in Xiaoxi Gou, Wuwei County, Gansu Province，There are more than a hundred pieces，It is the first discovered Grand Xixia cultural relic after the founding of New China。other，1963，Inner Mongolia Cultural Relics and Archeology Department excavated a Xixia Temple 40 kilometers east of Elina Qida Lailai，Clean up many residual building relics and Buddhist cultural relics。

In the first thirty years after the founding of New China，I have performed some important tasks in the archeological field of Xixia，For example, excavation and survey of Xixia Ling District。Most field archeological surveys and excavations published with field briefing，Let the academic circles understand the archeological situation and important discovery of fields in a timely manner，It also provides important information for history and other disciplines。

　The main harvest since the reform and opening up

More than 40 years since the reform and opening up，With the heating of Xixue research，More scholars engage in or get involved in Xixia research，It has also established related academic research institutions。Under this influence，The archeological work of Xixia fields continues to advance，Orderly publishing archeological report，Research results are continuously launched。

1983、1984，Inner Mongolia Cultural Relics Department twice archeological excavations in Black City，Bet365 lotto review archaeological materials for the construction of this city site and the city layout，It is the most comprehensive after the investigation and excavation of Black City from Kuzlov、The most systematic、The most scientific field work。In the process of cultural relics census and local rescue archeological excavation process，It is also found to have some sites in Xixia Ancient City，If the Institute of Inner Mongolia Cultural Relics and Archeology Institute in 1995, the two ancient tombs on the south side of the Sanchahe Ancient City in Wushan Banner, Ordos City were rescued。Ancient City of Xixia found in the archeological census，And the ancient city of Herbu, the left flag of Alashan Zuo Banner, Inner Mongolia、Otoc Banner Tomatu Ancient City、The ancient city of the city slope、Ningxia Tongxin Weizhou Ancient City、Haiyuan Xi'an Ancient City、Yinchuan Beisha City Old City、Gansu Gulang Datugou Ancient City、Ishii Zi Ancient City、Qiancheng Ancient City, etc.。

Xixia tomb archeology has become the biggest highlight of Xixia archeology during this period。Three -stage field survey and excavation work on Xixia Mausoleum: from the 1980s to the early 1990s，Focus on conducting systematic investigations and surveying and mapping of Xixia Ling; in the 1990s, it focused on exposing and cleaning on the East West Stele Pavilion of Ling 3;。The bet365 live casino games survey and survey of Xixia Ling mainly carried out three aspects: 1、Emperor's Mausoleum of the West Xialing District、The distribution of the burial tomb is divided into partition; two、Touched the "family bottom" of the tomb of Xixia Ling District。After investigation，Nine Emperor Mausoleums in Xixia Mausoleum，207 burial tomb; 3、Clarified the shape of the emperor's tomb and funeral、Layout、Sit direction、Method and other conditions。Architecture site at the northern end of Xixia Cemetery、The excavation of the Ling East West Stele Pavilion No. 3 and the full cleaning work of the ground site No. 3，All are the more influential field work in this period。other，There are also many new discoveries，A large number of "Galin Frequent Gay" unearthed caused by the academic world's high attention，Xixia tombs found in the Hexi Corridor are also worthy of attention。

Xixia religious archeology is booming。Dunhuang Research Institute for several years，Thorough investigation and archeological excavation of the cave in the North District of Dunhuang，Clean up 243 caves，Times span from the Northern Dynasties to the Yuan Dynasty，Among them, the cave built in the Xixia period、Literature and cultural relics。This is another important field work in the Xixia Grottoes archeology after inspection of the Dunhuang Grottoes in the 1960s.。1982，Dunhuang Cultural Relics Research Institute and other units investigated the status of the Temple of Dongqian Buddha Grottoes，Dongqianfo Grottoes Temple is known as "Xixia Grottoes Art Treasure"，Caused continuous attention in the Dunhuang academic circles。80s，Wuweihai Mother Cave Cave Temple、Anxi County benchmarking Ziyan North Luxiakou West Cliff Grotto also has a great impact，In particular, a large number of precious cultural relics unearthed from Hai Mu Cave，Only the earliest in the country's only mud live version version of the mud live version version of the West Xia Cultural Buddha Scripture "The Scripture of the Vima" is out of this。Xixia believes in Buddhism，Control Hexi for nearly two centuries，left a lot of Buddhist ruins。Except Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes、Anxi Yulin Cave、Dongqian Buddha Cave、Xiqian Buddha Cave、Outside the Ghanxia Grottoes，Five Temples in Subei, Gansu、Jiuquan Wenshu Mountain、Yongchang Shengrong Temple、Wuwei Celestial Mountains all have Buddhist seals in the Xixia period。Xixia Grottoes are basically distributed in the front line of Hexi Corridor，There are only two places in the eastern part of Xixia: one place is the Shanzui Ditch Grottoes in the Helan Mountain area，The other place is Alzhai Grottoes in the Ordos area。but but，The academic community is still controversial for the latter's era。

Xixia Meta is mainly distributed in the Ningxia and Hexi Corridor area，Among them, the most dense in Ningxia。So，This area started in the 1980s，It has been carried out four important field archeological work in four times.。The first time was the disassembly and repair of the macro pagoda，Founded 14 silk painted Buddhist paintings in the "Tiangong" of the tower、More than 2,000 pieces of Xixiawen woodcarvan version of the residual block、6 Buddha avatars and painted woodcarvings、Xixiawen Mujian、West Xia Document and other precious cultural relics。This batch of cultural relics for Xixue、The research of Buddhist art and ancient Chinese printing has important value，Therefore, he was selected as "Top Ten Archaeological Discovery in the country" in 1990。The second time is the cleanup of the square tower of Baijikougou，Among them, "Auspicious Everywhere and the Incomestence" unearthed is the earliest wooden printing cultural relic。The third time is the maintenance of 108 tower and the double tower of the worship temple，Re -determined its age，Clearly disconnected from the Xixia period，Corrected the statement of the past for the Yuan Dynasty。The fourth time is the excavation of the north side of the two towers on the two towers of Bai Temple，"Wipe" cultural relics were unearthed。

，Since the 1970s，Lingwu, Ningxia、Gansu Wuwei、Inner Mongolia Jegel Banner、Qinghai mutual assistance and other places，Finding Xixia Porcelain Cellar in succession，But the archeological excavation of the Xixia kiln site bet365 live casino games has not been carried out，Therefore, the condition of Xixia porcelain kiln is not clear。1984-1986，The Institute of Archeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences conducts archeological excavations on Ningxia Lingwu Kiln，Provides reliable field archeological coordinates and basis for the classification type of Xixia porcelain。

Since the founding of New China，Ningxia, hometown of Xixia、North Shaanxi、Gansu and other areas have been found in a number of Xixia cellar，Geographical distribution Guang、Mainly coin cellar、The number of unearthed cultural relics and other characteristics。For example，1980，Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Ik Zhaogong Dallate Banner Sanchang Township Xinminqu Village was rushed out of a Xixia cellar，Unearthed ancient money 2096 pounds，272154 pieces。According to incomplete statistics，Only the reports and the organized Xixia coin cellar will not be 30 places，Some caused by stolen and robbing、Destroy of floods、The Xixia cellar with the project destruction is unable to know。

Since the reform and opening up，Xixia Archeology not only achieved important results in field work，There are also rich results in data finishing and academic research。For example，The field archeological reports compiled during this period include "Xixia Givery", "Ningxia Lingwu Kiln Excavation Report", "Xixia Ling -China Field Archeology Report", "Xiuxia Cemetery in Minning Village" "" Shazui Gully Xixia Grottoes "," Xixia No. 3 Mausoleum: Report on Digue on the ground "," Xixia 6 Mausoleum "," Xixiahong Meta "and other more than ten units。

　　Thinking and looking forward

The above rough sorting the basic context of the archeological work and research of Xixia in the past century，It is still necessary to briefly explain and discuss the following issues。

First，Phase and basic characteristics of the Xixia archeological research over the past century。Work from the field、Achievement output、Three dimensions of discipline development，Xixia Archaeological Research can be divided into three stages: before the founding of New China, it belongs to the discovery stage of archeological data，Although there are major discovery，But there is no clear concept of Xixia archeology during this period，There is no systematic compilation of archeological data; the first 30 years after the founding of New China，Carried out field work led by professional institutions，Although the research power is relatively thin，But the framework of Xixia archeological research has been initially established; since the reform and opening up, it is the rapid development period of Xixia archeology，Each research field is gradually plump。Li Huarui thinks，The Xixue research since the reform and opening up is roughly the announcement of the 1997 Blackwater City Literature，can be divided into two stages。Summary and combing the archaeological data of Xiuxia cultural relics is one of the important results of the first stage。The author also agrees with this view。Because archeology can provide evidence history、History of Test、The beneficial substance evidence of the history of supplement，It has become an important factor in improving the academic quality of Xixia，and there are three obvious features。

First is the imbalance of research。By combing the archeological results of Xixia for centuries，Looking at the spatial distribution of results，Mainly concentrated in Ningxia area，Specific performance in Ningxia area is more targeted at Xixia field archeology，There are also specialized research institutions and personnel engaged in Xixia archeology。This is roughly consistent with the research status of other areas of Xixue，It reflects the status of Ningxia as one of the China Xixia Research Center。From the perspective of the research group，Near the water tower first gets month，The results of Xixia archeological results are mostly from the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Cultural Relics and Archaeological Research Institute、Institute of Cultural Relics and Archeology, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region、Dunhuang Research Institute and other archeological research institutions，There are less archeological studies made by academic people in other fields。From the perspective of the research content，Field Bet365 lotto review archaeological materials are compiled more，Use the published field data for research.。Research on Xixia Grottoes and Xixia Mausoleum in Dunhuang is the two major areas of Xixia Archaeological Research，and Xixia Metropolis、City address、Studies in ordinary tombs and other aspects are slightly thin。

Second is the cross -research。Xixia archeology covers the capital、Emperor Mausoleum、Tomb、City address、kiln site、Grottoes、Cellar Tibetan、The content of the handicraft site and other aspects，All areas involved in Chinese archeology are basically reflected in Xixia archeology。Faces widely，The scope involved in specific research is wider，The blending characteristics between disciplines are very obvious。For example，Dunhuang Xixia Grottoes Study also has archeology、Dunhuang Xue、Xixue Features，and history、religion、Literature、Geographical relationship is very close。Each field in Xixia Archeology can be associated with at least two to three or more disciplines，The characteristics of strong comprehensive archeology can be seen。

Third is the lag of research。This conclusion is based on two observation points: on the one hand，Xixia History、West Xia Language Literature、Xixia Archeology is the three main areas of Xixia Studies，The process of the growth of Xixia Academic Discipline confirmed this。Compared with the first two areas，Xixia archeological research is slightly lagging。On the other hand，Limited by researchers and research conditions，The arrangement of some field archeological data is relatively slow，Ru Xialing No. 8 Tomb only see archeological briefing，The excavation report of the field; the research results of Xixia archeology are also slightly less than the history and language of Xixia。

Next，The status of Xixia archeology in Chinese archeology。Wang Tianshun、Wu Fengyun and others earlier proposed the concept of "Xixia Archeology"。I think，"Xixia Archeology" is the same as the meaning of Xixia archeological research，This concept has not risen to the sense of discipline。Taking the content framework of Chinese archaeological teaching materials as the entry point，Can look at this problem more comprehensively。"China Archeology" edited by An Jinhuai (1992 edition of Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House) is a training textbook designated by the National Cultural Relics Bureau，This book will archeological and archeology of the Xixia and Liao Dynasty、Golden Archeology is included in the category of the Golden and Yuan Archaeological category of the Song, Liao, Liao, Liao。Zhang Zhiheng's "Chinese Archeology Theory" (Nanjing University Press 1991) is a widely used university archeological textbook，This book is only mentioned in the section of the "tomb" in the Song and Yuan Dynasties.。The content system of "Introduction to Archeology" edited by Malley Qing (2010 Edition of Renmin University of China)。Cai Fengshu、"Archeology Theory" edited by Song Baichuan (1988 edition of Shandong University Press) only talks about Sui and Tang archeology，No involved in the archeology of the Song and Yuan Dynasties，Xixia archeology therefore no "position" to find。Qin Dashu's "20th Century Chinese Cultural Relics Archaeological Discovery and Research Series: Song Yuanming Archeology" (2004 edition of Cultural Relics Publishing House)，But the Xixia archeology has not been recorded。Su Bai "Han, Tang, Song Yuan Archeology -Chinese Archeology (Part 2)" (2010 Edition of Cultural Relics Publishing House) will be ranked "Xixia and Dali Relics"，Obviously treat Xixia as a frontier ethnic regime，However, in terms of content selection, other aspects of Xixia Archeology。

To sum up，We can divide the status of Xixia archeology into three situations in Chinese archeology: First, Xixia archeology is the same as Liaoning and Jin archeology，All are the organic components of the "Song and Yuan Archeology" in Chinese history and archeology，such as Zhang Zhiheng, etc.; The second is to include Xixia archeology in the category of the frontier archeology of the Song and Yuan Dynasties，Ru Su Bai; the third is to classify Xixia archeology into the late period of Chinese history and archeology，or not incorporated into the category of Chinese historical archeology，such as Qin Dashu, etc.。Although this conclusion Bet365 lotto review is summarized from the perspective of textbook compilation，Perhaps there is a certain deviation with the intention of the author，But this inference is also beneficial to our understanding of the status of Xixia archeology in Chinese archeology。

Last，Outlook of Future Research。Academic research is like the Olympic torch，It must be in the inheritance and development of a generation of scholars in order to maintain the vitality and continuation of academic life。Through the combing of Xixia archeological research context，You can also see some future academic dawn and forward direction，It is mainly reflected in:

a、We must pay attention to the collection and combing work of the basic data of Xixia。Whether it is historical research or archeological research，Data work is basic work。As a border minority regime in the northwest，The relics left by Xixia cannot be comparable to the Han style Tang Yun; no matter what status does Xixia archeology in Chinese archeology，It is undeniable that，Xixia Archeology is still rich in regional characteristics and cultural connotation，Also carried out a lot of valuable field archeological work，Unfortunately, the information is more scattered，No system。other，The current understanding of Xixia relics mainly comes from the "Chinese Cultural Relics Atlas"，I haven't seen the system field survey of the system of Xixia relics。

2、For some important sites、Areas and problems still need to "follow"。Chen Xingcan once pointed out on an archeological forum，Some high -quality archeological results are actually continuous excavation and academic accumulation from years of continuous excavation。Xixia Archaeological Research is the same，The results of high -quality output need to be accumulated and continuously followed in some key areas，Xixia Ling、Xixia Grottoes、Yinzhou City、Fangwancheng and other Xixia sites have such conditions。Some important issues in Xixia archeology also need to be solved urgently，For example, as the shape of Xingqing Mansion, Xixia City、Layout、scale and other information basically lacks the support of field archeological data，I have not carried out special field archeological work。other，There is still regional imbalance in the archeological work of Xixia，Field Survey in the Gyeonggi area of ​​Xixia and the Hexi Corridor area、Archaeological excavation and research more，And the archeology and research work of Ordos and northern Shaanxi are relatively weak，It has only attracted the attention of academic circles in recent years。

3、In the future, the cross -characteristics of archeological research and other fields will be more prominent。Because Xixia Xue has a deficiency of literature and materials，Therefore, every time the archeological survey and excavation of Xixia fields will become the Zhenyu beauty in Xixia research。In a sense,，Xixia Archaeological Research will be an important force to promote the overall improvement of Xixia academic discipline in the future。This is the personal experience of every colleagues engaged in Xixia research。We believe，Comprehensiveness of archeology、Cross -sex characteristics are in future Xixia studies，will be fully verified。

(Author Unit: School of Ethnic Academy of Ethnic University in Northern Nationalities)