Liu Zuochang (1921-2006)，People from Liaoyang, Liaoning，Professor of Shandong Normal University、Doctoral Supervisor，One of the main founders of the Chinese world bet365 sign up offer discipline。Mainly engaged in modern world bet365 sign up offer、Teaching and research work in American bet365 sign up offer，Representative works include "bet365 sign up offer of the British Bourgeois Revolution", "A Brief bet365 sign up offer of the American War of Independence", "bet365 sign up offer of the American Civil War", "The Biography of Jefferson", "The Complete Biography of Jefferson", etc.。Served as consultant of the Chinese World Modern bet365 sign up offer Society、Director of the Chinese bet365 sign up offer Society、Vice Chairman and Advisor of China American bet365 sign up offer Research Association。

　Innovation in the concept and system of Chinese world bet365 sign up offer discipline

Liu Zuochang was born in May 1921 in Liaoyang County, Liaoning Province (now Liaoyang City) into a family of farming and reading，Father Liu Guolian was a Gongsheng student in the late Qing Dynasty，Have profound attainments in literature and bet365 sign up offer，Teaching in Liaoyang and Shenyang for a long time。Liu Zuochang has been influenced by his family since childhood，Developed the habit of loving reading，Especially like Chinese classical literature、bet365 sign up offer and Culture。

Liu Zuochang is one of the main founders of the discipline of world bet365 sign up offer in my country，He has a strong sense of professionalism and responsibility，Decades as a day，Concentrate on research，Outstanding achievements。

Our country’s world bet365 sign up offer system had been influenced by the Soviet historiography system before the late 1970s，Existential dogmatism、Formulized、Simplify、Facialization and other issues。Since the late 1970s，Liu Zuochang and his colleagues in the field of bet365 sign up offer work together，Engage in research and exploration with a pragmatic and scientific attitude，He has participated in the editing of "World bet365 sign up offer: Modern bet365 sign up offer" (Part 1、Volume 2，People's Publishing House 1984 edition) and "World bet365 sign up offer·Modern bet365 sign up offer" (Part 1、Volume 2，Higher Education Press 1992 edition) and other textbooks。

bet365 sign up offer above textbooks and papers written by him，Liu Zuochang’s contributions mainly include the following aspects。

　　1.Dare to innovate in the theory and structure of modern world bet365 sign up offer。On the concept of bet365 sign up offer and the historical periodization of modern world bet365 sign up offer，Advocates taking the development and evolution of five social and economic forms as the main clue to historical development，Use major changes in the economic form with world significance as the basis for period breaks，According to this historical concept，Explained and applied a new historical periodization method，Change the time limit of modern world bet365 sign up offer imitating the Soviet Union from "1640 to 1917" to 1500 to 1900，That is, the great geographical discovery that occurred around 1500 in the modern bet365 sign up offer of the world，The world finally transitioned to monopoly capitalism around 1900。

　　2.Making substantial improvements to the content and writing methods of modern world bet365 sign up offer textbooks in colleges and universities。Change the past world bet365 sign up offer and focus on politics、The practice of economic bet365 sign up offer，Added social bet365 sign up offer content；Intensified research on modern Western political and economic thoughts and social trends；Attach importance to the research on the industrial revolution and technological revolution；Pay attention to the research of historical figures；Fills the gaps in theory and historical facts in the textbook。About the method of writing textbooks，Adopted the macro research method and comparative research method of overall bet365 sign up offer，From the perspective of all mankind，Strive to have a crisscross and macroscopic grasp of world bet365 sign up offer。

　　3.Proposed his own opinions on many major issues in modern world bet365 sign up offer。If the British "1688 Coup" is defined as the "1688 Revolution" rather than the "Glorious Revolution" or "Coup"。He thinks，The French Revolution is not a typical bourgeois revolution，He rejected the traditional view that "The Thermidor coup in France was counter-revolutionary"，Considering that it “began a new period of consolidating revolutionary achievements and carrying out capitalist construction”。He thinks，There are no two paths to German reunification，Only a "top-down" dynastic war through Prussia is the only way to unify Germany。He thinks，A series of reforms carried out by Western countries at the end of the 19th century stabilized Western social situations and regimes，The emergence of economic prosperity and the second industrial revolution。He also studied the development of rural capitalism in the British Revolution、The land question and the Digga movement，Proposed unique and profound insights。He also added social bet365 sign up offer content to the "Higher Education Edition" textbook，It is unique in the evaluation of characters，These all make the content of this new textbook more vivid and informative，reached new heights academically，Thus creating a system of modern world bet365 sign up offer with Chinese characteristics。

These three textbooks are used as general textbooks across the country。"World bet365 sign up offer·Modern bet365 sign up offer" has also been used as a key text in the national "Eighth Five-Year Plan" and promoted nationwide as the "Key Textbook for the 21st Century" by the State Education Commission，And won the first prize for outstanding achievements in humanities and social sciences by the State Education Commission in 1995。

　　4.Remarkable achievements in the field of world bet365 sign up offer research。"A Brief bet365 sign up offer of the American War of Independence" (East China People's Publishing House, 1954 edition) and "The British Bourgeois Revolution" (New Knowledge Press, 1956 edition)，Both are pioneering works in the study of American bet365 sign up offer and modern British bet365 sign up offer in the field of Chinese bet365 sign up offer，Still a must-read for graduate students in American and British bet365 sign up offer。

In addition to being proficient in English，Liu Zuochang is also proficient in Russian and Japanese。1956，Sanlian Bookstore published his translation of "bet365 sign up offer of the Soviet Union"。

　　5.Comparative study of Chinese and Western civilizations。Liu Zuochang has learned both Chinese and Western knowledge，Wide interests，Written in both world bet365 sign up offer and Chinese bet365 sign up offer，Also has profound knowledge in the study of Chinese bet365 sign up offer。He wrote about Confucius、Mencius、Wang Anshi、Research articles by Wang Yangming, Zhuge Liang, etc.。

　　Prestigious American bet365 sign up offer research

Liu Zuochang has made outstanding achievements in the field of world bet365 sign up offer，His research focus is American bet365 sign up offer。His research on American bet365 sign up offer can be divided into three stages。The first stage: 1949 to 1970，Mainly use the research results of the Soviet Union to put forward your own opinions。Second stage: 1970 to 1978，Beginning to break through the constraints of the Soviet historiography system，Use first-hand information directly in English，Avoid formulaic and dogmatic tendencies as much as possible，Write American bet365 sign up offer with Chinese characteristics，Embark on the path of independent research。The third stage: 1978 to 2006，Write articles and monographs with novel viewpoints based on completely independent research。

According to preliminary statistics，He has written more than 30 papers on American bet365 sign up offer，4 monographs，1 translation。1954，"A Brief bet365 sign up offer of the American Revolutionary War" published by East China People's Publishing House，1978，People's Publishing House publishes "bet365 sign up offer of the American Civil War"。"bet365 sign up offer of the American Civil War" uses vivid language to describe the largest war in American bet365 sign up offer、The far-reaching civil war unfolds in front of readers，And introduced the American society at that time、Politics、Economy、Thoughts and other aspects。

Liu Zuochang devoted almost all his energy to the study of Thomas Jefferson in his later years。Jefferson is the author bet365 sign up offer American Declaration of Independence，His thoughts have a great influence on the United States。Liu Zuochang’s research has enabled more people to further understand American bourgeois ideas and systems。He read hundreds of original English works，Accumulated millions of words of information and cards，Written a series of weighty articles on this basis。His monograph "Jefferson Biography" was published by China Social Sciences Press in 1988。1994，He and Deng Hongfeng co-translated "The Collection of Jefferson"，Published by Life·Read·New Knowledge Sanlian Bookstore。2005，"The Complete Biography of Jefferson" is published by Qilu Publishing House，This 1.3 million-word biography of a historical figure，It was Liu Zuochang who reviewed a lot of information、Research and verify historical facts，Carefully crafted，It took 14 years to complete，It is also his final work。

About the American Revolution，Previous research focused on the struggle against Britain and politics、Economic field，And neglected its internal democratic reforms，This dilutes the significance of this revolution。Liu Zuochang in his monograph、In the editor’s textbooks and related papers，Make up for this shortcoming，Highlights political and economic reforms within the United States，Corrected some fallacies in the past academic circles。He proposed: During the War of Independence，The United States has also carried out profound reforms。In "bet365 sign up offer of the American Civil War"，Liu Zuochang focuses on writing about historical figures，“Through the characters’ thoughts and activities and even personality，To reproduce historical events and processes”。Also，He "emphasizes the bet365 sign up offer of blood and tears of black people"，Not only writes about the suffering and sorrow suffered by black people under the slave system in the South，But also write about the heroic struggle of black people and the joy and disappointment after liberation”，Insist on seeking truth from facts，Objective and comprehensive。

Another research field of Liu Zuochang is bet365 sign up offer political system，His contribution was to demonstrate that there were a large number of democratic factors in colonial North America。It has long been believed，The British colonies in North America were a dark authoritarian society，Full of national oppression、Religious Despotism、Class exploitation、Indentured servitude and black slavery。Proposed by Liu Zuochang，There are a lot of democratic elements in North America，These democratic factors are conducive to the development of capitalism in North America，And paved the way for the Revolutionary War and postwar American political system。

Liu Zuochang’s research on American bet365 sign up offer has been highly recognized by Chinese and foreign academic circles，"bet365 sign up offer of the American Civil War" was recognized as reaching the highest level of domestic American bet365 sign up offer research at that time。And his "Jefferson" is written in beautiful style、The rigorous logic and incisive discussion have won wide acclaim from the academic community，The book was awarded the first prize for outstanding achievements in social sciences in Shandong Province and the first outstanding achievement award for scientific research in humanities and social sciences in colleges and universities across the country。His article "A Brief Discussion on Thomas Jefferson's Democratic Thoughts" (published in "Historical Research" Issue 10, 1980) was translated into English，Published in "Chinese Studies in bet365 sign up offer" in the United States，Spring，1981）上。1981，Virginia Quarterly Review in the United States，Summer，1981) published comments on this article by American scholars，Called “The Chinese discovered Jefferson”。This article won the "Historical Research" Outstanding Paper Award。1993，Liu Zuochang was invited to attend the "Academic Lecture on the 150th Anniversary of the Birth of Jefferson" hosted by the Library of Congress，And gave an academic report at the meeting，Warmly welcomed。

　　The noble demeanor of a generation of scholars

The reason why Liu Zuochang achieved such academic achievements，Due to his noble character。He thinks，You can’t do nothing in life，You should be a useful person to society，You should fulfill your responsibilities to the country and the people，Only in this way can life be meaningful，So as not to waste time。As a teacher and historian，There should be a greater sense of mission and social responsibility，Doing your part through bet365 sign up offer teaching and writing，Introduce the historical experience and lessons at home and abroad, especially the United States, for reference。

Liu Zuochang has a strong sense of professionalism，This is the fundamental reason why he has achieved such success。He regards "learning as his own wealth and life"。He studies、Writing，Regardless of whether it is a holiday or not，Never stopping。The three-foot desk has a different appeal to him，Whenever he sits in front bet365 sign up offer stage，A cup of tea and a pen in hand，Thoughts will soar like birds in the kingdom of knowledge，Make him feel infinite happiness。No matter it is the heat of summer、Severe cold in winter，Just a stroke of pen，He felt it was a great enjoyment。He is indifferent to material and financial enjoyment，Frugal life，The pursuit of "spiritual happiness"。He thinks，A person can’t just eat, drink and have fun，Reading、Writing is the greatest enjoyment。

Liu Zuochang has perseverance and perseverance。bet365 sign up offer often uses the phrase "Heaven moves vigorously" in the Book of Changes，A gentleman encourages himself by constantly striving for self-improvement。No matter what you do，Once the target is selected，I will stick to it，Failed to achieve the purpose，Never give up。To exercise the body and will，bet365 sign up offer climbs Thousand Buddha Mountain every morning，Regardless of wind or rain、Severe cold and heat，Decades as a day。Encountering heavy snow or rain，Uninterrupted。

Liu Zuochang attaches great importance to "morality"。He has very strict requirements on students，To educate students, we must first learn to "be a human being"，Special emphasis on educating students with the excellent traditional morals bet365 sign up offer Chinese nation。For this，He studied the thoughts of Confucius and Mencius in depth，Especially their traditional moral thoughts，Written many articles on the thoughts of Confucius and Mencius。He is rigorous in his studies，Be meticulous in writing articles，If you have any questions about choosing words or sentences, please ask Cihai for advice，Against opportunism in writing、Shoddy work。He is an upright person，Full sense of justice，Be honest and aboveboard，Be honest and honest，Exhibits the traditional virtues of Chinese intellectuals。

　(Author’s unit: School of bet365 sign up offer and Culture, Shandong Normal University)