In prehistoric Chinese cultural areas，Most of them are presented as the primitive religion and their social and political structure with the ancestor god as the main god。But，Liangzhu culture located in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River shows a rare and unique natural main god worship and its political body organization，It makes prehistoric Chinese culture show colorful features。

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On all continents in the world、During the development of human civilization in each area，The worship of natural gods, especially the religious beliefs of the worship of the sun god, exist，Most nations in the world have traces of the worship of the Japanese gods。Nikko belief is an important manifestation of natural god beliefs，As ancient Egypt、Two River Basin、Greece and Rome、American Indian tribe, etc.，All admire the sun god。The God has a lofty status in the Americas。Prehistoric China is the same，In the Yellow River、The Yangtze River Basin and many prehistoric culture in northern my country，You can see the ruins of the worship of the sun god。For example，Hunan Gaofiao Cultural Site in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River unearthed on the phoenix birds on the pottery on the pottery on the pottery、獠 (餮) pattern、Octagonal Star Pattern and its combination pattern，and the double bird negative day ornaments found on the pottery of the Hemodu site，was a portrayal of the religious belief of the ancestors at that time and the worship of the sun god。

but，Natural God worship in many regions of prehistoric China is in the process of complex society，All gradually evolved to the primitive form of the ancestor god as the main god，and lead to its increasingly "royalization" and "secularization"。Liangzhu culture in the lower reaches of the prehistoric Yangtze River，The worship of the natural main god has been last for nearly a thousand years，and have an important impact on its social and political structure。

Various jade unearthed in Liangzhu Culture、Stone、Boneware，Jade、Jade、God emblem, etc. are both symbols of divine rights，It also contains complex ancestors' beliefs。The image information discovered from the Liangzhu site，The most important gift instrument in Liangzhu society，For example, jade、ivory device, etc.，Almost all decorated with the image of the gods and beasts，and see in jade、Various bird patterns of Jade 璧。At present, most of the academic circles think，These gods and beast noodles、Bird standing staircase decoration is related to the worship of the Japanese god。For example, the bird standing staircase，Many scholars believe that the bird's worship with the sun god has close contact。Rao Zongyi thinks，This picture shows the altar of Bird Station，Inside the stepped border is engraved with wing sun，The "double phoenix negative day picture" of Hemudu culture is its origin。Du Jinpeng thinks，"Yang Bird Altar Map" in the three layers of symmetrical steps in the altar and altar border lines in the border line of the altar border line，and a pillar of the center of the altar，A bird standing in the top of the pillar shows the image of "God Bird", "Yang Bird" and the worship of the sun god。Li Xiusong thinks，Liangzhu God Ethics shows that the sun god grasps Qiankun，Double birds bear the solar gods to fly from the East to the sky，Run Zhou Tian，It is a composite totem that comprehensively reflects the sun of the sun。Another like the gods and beasts on the jade wares such as jade，Zhang Guang believes that this is a symbol of "Cosmic Mountain" or "Cosmic Axis"。He pointed out，Fangyuan of 琮，The perforation in the middle indicates communication between heaven and earth，Animal images carved by Yuyu indicate that the wizard communicates with the assistance of animals with the help of animals。

Liangzhu's God and Man's Beast Facial Patt.，One of the typical images that often appear in people and beasts are eye -shaped beasts。This animal eye is in shape、Interesting the characteristics of religion and belief。For example，Anti -Mountain M12 God -Man Beast Facial Pattern engraved with oval eyebrows。Yaoshan m10 unearthed jade articles engraved with round eyes、The oval eyebrows of the four -lap circle。Wang Renxiang thinks，The most eye -catching performance on these jade wares is most likely to be Sun worship consciousness。Lin Yinnv thinks，Big eyes under the emblem of God bet365 live casino games symbolize the sun，Its evidence is a fantasy day image that accompanies it around it，This is exactly the longing of the ancestors of the rice -made agriculture for the Sun God。Actually，The prehistoric ancestors carved "Eyes" on religious totems and decorations，often represents the communication between the gods and people。Look at the human science certificate from all over the world，Divine eyes are often the topic of totem worship。In some Yalian myths，The sun is considered "Sky Eye"。On the Polynesia Islands of the South Pacific，The God of the Mangai "La" is considered to be the giant eye of the god Awati。The bronze giant eye mask unearthed from the ancient Shu Sanxingdui site，Its meaning may also be related to this。Therefore，The "Beast Eye" in Liangzhu Jade Image is not accidental，but the seal of the worship of natural gods。

The Liangzhu site, such as the "Double Birds", "God -Man Beast Face", "Sky Eye" and other decorations.，It is not uncommon for the Neolithic era in my country。For example，A large -scale sacrifice venue of Hunan Huaihua Gaomao Cultural Site 7000 years ago in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River was unearthed on the phoenix birds on the altar unearthed on pottery.、獠 (餮) pattern、Octagonal Star Pattern and its combination pattern，It should be related to local rice agriculture and sun worship。This is the case in the lower reaches of the Yellow River。"Zuo Zhuan" Zhaogong's seventeenth year Ji Zi said: "My Gao Zu Shao Hao Zhizhizhi，Phoenix Bird is suitable，So Ji Yu Bird，Bird Master and Bird name。Phoenix，Li Zhengye。Xuan Bird's，Division also。"Hao looks from the glyphs as the day of heaven，Literature Lieutenant General Day、Birds combined，There is the sun、Bird and Astronomy、The meaning of the combination of solar terms。This shows that in the Neolithic era，Dongyi Taihao, active in the lower reaches of the Yellow River、Shaohao Group also exists in the concept of worship of the sun god。

The worship of the worship of many prehistoric regions in our country is in the process of complex society，Often gradually dilutes or transforms into worship of the ancestral god。For example, Daxi Culture after Gao Temple Culture、Qujialing culture has appeared from the sun god sacrifice to the ancestral god sacrifice。In the ancient city of Chengtou Mountain, which is more than 6,000 years ago,，Discovered a large altar that belongs to Daxi culture，At the same time, the "ancestor" -shaped big gravel was found in the second phase of Daxi Culture.。Therefore, excavators believe that "this big gravel，Maybe it was the symbol of the later 'ancestor "。Look at the stone "Ancestor" with a significant position in the altar with a signable position in the seat of the altar，Although the altar has the meaning of sacrificing heaven (God)，But more is the nature of sacrificing the ancestors。Dongyi Taihao, who is called "Gao Zu" by future generations in the East of my country、The emergence of Shaohao settlement group，It means that the image of the Japanese god has gradually become personality、Ethics，The leader of the tribe and its ancestors also have the image of the gods，and retain the traditional Japanese god、Seal of the worship of God Bird。

Liangzhu culture still has signs of worship of the ancestors，But compared with the worship of the natural main god，Is a partial and overall relationship，This has existed in other ancient civilizations in the world。In prehistoric，Different modes of the belief of the main god have important significance for the social structure at that time。First，The belief mode of the belief with the natural god (God) as the main god，often surpass the blood of the blood、The narrow deities of the tribe，Divine rights political system that forms a super -blooded ethnic group。This system can make faith、Behavior、etiquette and other combinations are an ideology，and integrate society on the basis of belief。In the belief system of the ancestor god as the Lord，Because the main god of faith is a settlement group or the "ancient city" and "ancient country", the pioneer of high -level tribes、Ancestor，It is essentially to protect the blessing of the kingship and its hereditary descendants on the ground，Therefore, its purpose determines that it is a kind of religious belief that evolved to secularization。It is often shaped by the king's right、Social Structure, mainly military power。2，Natural Lord God belief will continuously strengthen its transcendence god belief，Make this main god's belief grow into a unified supremacy，and make this natural main god that combines local bet365 live casino games protection of God evolved into ethical abstract unification gods，There is no need to contact the surname of a blood family。The secular characteristics of the ancestor god belief，Make the highest deities only be limited to the domains of the internal power of political communities such as the settlement group or the "ancient city" and "ancient country"。It mostly manifested as the divinization of human (ancestor)，The purpose is to form a surrender of secular power、Gathering all the people in the political body。third，Natural Lord God's belief mode has the ability to mobilize large -scale people and social integration through faith。For example, the special Otakan civilization in central Mexico，The earliest primary -scale cities in the Americas through the power of religious beliefs，and Sun Pyramid、Large -scale construction projects such as the Moon Pyramid and the Temple of Yu Snake God。The belief mode of the ancestor god as the main god，The essence of the secularization of the prehistoric religion will be blocked by the early religious religion to rise to the highest deities or even unified the gods，Forms a surrender of secular power、worship。Although it also has a huge social mobilization ability，But this kind of mobilization ability is often and forced、Bloody and violent companionship。

Liangzhu Culture obviously belongs to the belief mode with the natural god (god) as the main god。Look from the archeological materials，Liangzhu’s Nikko Faith Model lasted for nearly a thousand years。For example, in the Wujin Temple site in the middle and late Liangzhu，M3 big tomb burial a large amount of jade、Yuyu, etc.，And the jade jade is mostly high -fiery，From these Gao Jieyu, it can be seen that it has the previous relationship with Liangzhu's early medium culture and beliefs。In the late tomb of Liangzhu, Wujiachang near Fuquan Mountain，Found ivory sceply inlaid ivory ivory "，The ivory on the scepter is carved with 10 gods and animal noodles，Explain that it has inheritance and the same nature as Liangzhu's early and medium -term religious beliefs。Gaochengdun Site is the highest high -level settlement from the ancient city of Liangzhu。Look at the burial utensils such as jade 琮，Liangzhu's traditional deities still continued for a long time in Gaocheng Pier。This shows that the worship of the Japanese god in the middle and late stages of Liangzhu has not changed essentially，The Natural Lord's belief continues。

　　Social integration and control restraint and gentleness

In prehistoric China，Due to insufficient materials or lack of materials，We are on many settlement groups、"Ancient City", etc., can not be clearly determined that its social stage attributes。But from the current material judgment，These social organizations already have political community attributes and have a primary layered structure，Therefore, this article collects this form of political organizations as "political body"。The nature of Liangzhu Social Organization，The current mainstream understanding believes that Liangzhu society has entered the "ancient country" form of early countries; some scholars believe that Liangzhu culture shows the form of power of the family joint;。I believe that these opinions have some truth，But not comprehensive、Objectively explain the nature of the political community of Liangzhu society。

As described above，Prehistoric China has the difference between the belief of the natural main god and the worship of the ancestor god in the religious beliefs。In the mode of belief in the natural master，Society can tolerate under the belief of unified deities、Fusion of the existence of different blood ethnic groups，Although there is a conflict between divine rights and kingship，But in general，Integration in this society、There is more restrained in the control、Mild features。From the perspective of the archeological site，The political communities within the scope of Liangzhu culture are in the same one、Social stage of high and low。

First，Liangzhu "Ancient City" has entered the early state, namely the "ancient country" stage，But the entire Liangzhu society did not constitute a unified royal country centered on Liangzhu's "ancient country"。Liangzhu Cultural Geosterity is about 800-1000 square kilometers，Divided into a number of large and small political and physical organizations。The stage of development of these political body and social society is different。Where，As Liangzhu Culture Politics、Liangzhu "Ancient City" and its surrounding areas Bet365 app download should have entered the "ancient country" form。and other areas far away from the central "ancient city"，Many political communities should still hover in the previous national period。

From the perspective of the social and political structure of the "ancient city" of Liangzhu,        It already has the conditions of the early countries。For example，Liangzhu "Ancient City" has a strong social mobilization ability and efficient organizational management ability。Liangzhu's "Ancient City" area is huge，There is a large city wall，There is also a high -level building area in the city、The tomb area and large storage, etc.。Some scholars study believes，Liangzhu "Ancient City" rulers have a strong social mobilization ability。For example，"Ancient City" city wall、outer city and large dam dam body，plus Mojiao Mountain highly piled up the soil quantity of the base，Total about 11 million cubic meters，If 300,000 people are worked each year，Then the entire project needs to be built for 110 years。Complete such a huge project，Not only requires a strong mobilization ability，and also need to be carefully planned、Order management。This must have huge management and professional teams，and a certain hierarchical system and compulsory force。

At the same time，琮 琮 found in many tombs、钺 钺 also reflects the high social layering of Liangzhu's "ancient city"。For example, in anti -mountain、Yaoshan、Huiguanshan and other high -level noble graveyards found a large number of magic rights、Etiquette jade for kingship and military power、Stone、ivory dental device and representative religion、Political consciousness of Political Consistence，Explain the class layering of Liangzhu's "ancient city"、authoritarian management has formed。Therefore，Large facilities from Liangzhu's "Ancient City"、Mobilization ability、Considering comprehensive factors such as classification and social division of labor，It Bet365 app download should have entered the "ancient country" threshold。

But，From the other side,，There are also many different types of political and physical organizations in the entire Liangzhu culture。If outside Yuhang area，The area around Taihu Lake has a number of regional centers of Liangzhu culture，Ru Fuquan Mountain, Qingpu，Kunshan Shaoqing Mountain、Zhao Lingshan，Suzhou Grass Shoes Mountain，Wujin Temple pier，Jiangyin Gaocheng Pier，Changshu Luodun, etc.，They are all distinctive high -level settlement sites。Look at the situation of the tomb funeral and funerals of these sites，These regional sites are both consistent with Yuhang "Ancient City"，That is, they are strongly influenced by the god beliefs centered by Liangzhu's "ancient country" as the center; there are also important differences，That is, they have their own unique attributes in political culture。

Some scholars think，Earlier jade situations around Liangzhu's surrounding areas can be divided into three regions and three situations。The first area is the Linping area near "Liangzhu"，The execution is strict; the second area is the vast area of ​​the eastern part of Taihu Lake，The execution specifications are more flexible、Diverse; the third area is Gaocheng Pier in northern Taihu Lake，It north pillow the Yangtze River，Stay away from "Liangzhu"。Gaochengdun Quan Gui only uses jade、Jade，No crown emblem，Different from "Liangzhu" uses jade specifications。Especially in Liangzhu，Jade specifications in these areas have been relaxed，and the newly rising multiple first -level settlements are flexible and changeable。(Song Jian: "Liangzhu -Compound Ancient Kingdoms dominated by divine power"，"Southeast Culture" 2017, No. 1) Another as many as 5 or 6 pieces of burial，Show it does not exceed the difference between the tomb of the "ancient city" of Liangzhu。In the high -level tomb of Wujiachang near Fuquan Mountain，M207 The scepter of the gods and beasts inlaid inlaid with ivory buns。This scepter is very rare in other high -grade tombs in Liangzhu。Liangzhu's late Sudun site found a lot of jade、璧，Especially Gao Jieyao with width and narrow and narrow and different funerals，Expressing the inheritance and differences of the "ancient country" in the ritual system。other，Liangzhu surrounding sites are rarely found large -scale city walls、Palace relics, etc.，Explain that social organizations in various regions were still in the stage of unbalanced development。

For this，Zhang Zhongpei bet365 best casino games also proposed its understanding。He believes that the Fuquan Mountain site，The three segments of the time sequential time and sequence of their representative，It means morning、Mid -term、Two -stage cemetery，Except jade, etc.，Also buried tools，It indicates that the tomb owner of this type of tomb is related to the production labor field。Two tombs in the second section of the two types of the two tombs are used with stone tools、锛 Funeral，It shows that there are high -grade tombs of the character of the same worker and the identity of the army at that time。In the latest three -stage and one type of tombs，The situation of this burial tool is completely extinct。It shows that Fuquan Mountain society has developed in hundreds of years，The leader from the settlement of the settlement has gradually become the leader of the political body that is high in the high -level political body。Zhang Zhongpei also compares through the Fuquan Mountain Cemetery and Yaoshan Cemetery，I believe that there is no tomb of the Yaoshan cemetery.，This reflects the important difference between the two。("Liangzhu Cultural Cemetery and the Civilized Society Shin"，"Journal of Archeology" 2012 4)，In Liangzhu Society，It should be said that there are "ancient countries" that have entered the early national stage，Also there are other political communities at the previous national stage。

Second，Liangzhu society is a political society with divine rights as the highest power。Natural Lord God of Liangzhu Society，Make God rights the highest power。The political body in different social stages in Liangzhu's society can live in a region，It should be due to this religious mode。Discussion and，Natural main god worship is often mainly based on unified deities beliefs，It has more components beyond the world，Its control and integration of society is usually tied to spiritual control，Covering range often includes multiple different ethnic groups。This situation is also reflected in the relationship between the divine rights and kingship of Liangzhu。

In Liangzhu Culture，"Ancient City" is obviously the "holy city" in the minds of all Liangzhu people; the tomb owner of the "King Tomb" of the Anti -Mountain Cemetery should be the "God King" worship of Liangzhu society。Anti -Mountain Cemetery M12 Great Tomb，Discovery includes Big Jade、Da Yuyu、The scented and the beasts of the gods and the beasts "God Embrois" decorated with many funeral jade、Stone Rites，It can be seen that the owner of the tomb is the tallest "God King" and "King Witch"。Anti -Mountain、Yaoshan、Huaguanshan and other tombs, in addition to burial many jade jade with sacred patterns，Also burial with jade coronor、Tridential、璧、Words of the pillar, etc.。but，Most of these tombs can only be buried in one jade，"Supreme" tomb like Anti -Mountain M12 and M20 is no exception。This can be roughly known that Liangzhu society is in the divine right、There are certain regulations in military relationship，The jade cricket that represents the military power is funeral、Etiquette is limited，Jade 琮, which communicates heaven and man, has greater sacred space and power influence。In Fuquan Mountain、Siudun、Grass shoes mountain、Qiu Chengdun、Great Tomb Raiders，Its jade、Stone、The decorations on the ivory dental appliance also show that these noble tombs have a strong Japanese god belief and divine right worship tendency。

So，On the one hand，The politicians in the scope of Liangzhu's culture are still in the stage of unbalanced social development，No early state without forming a unified state centered on Liangzhu's "Ancient City"。On the other hand，Liangzhu culture is also composed of many different sacred politics that are higher than military power。

　　Social integration method is different from other areas

Natural Lord God of Liangzhu Culture Makes Social Integration，Compared with other areas of prehistoric China，There are significant different features。

First，Liangzhu Social Control and integration mainly depends on the power of deity beliefs，instead of passing blood violence、Fierce conflict method。In the history of world civilization，Build a large -scale through religious beliefs、Order society，Not without precedent，It is like this that appeared in the Plateau in central Mexico in 200 BC。Liangzhu Cultural Site，No signs of social conflicts have not yet seen，No found in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River in Yangshao Culture、Dawenkou Culture's large -scale ring settings seen in the transition period of Longshan Times、The bet365 Play online games confrontation of the high wall deep ditch city，and a large number of war weapons such as Ge、spear、Arrow 镞 镞。Generally speaking，Liangzhu society with thousands of years，Social conflicts inside and outside and the competition of class competition are relative to the unified god belief、Relieve。This is because Liangzhu's divine rights as the highest power and spiritual belief in the whole society，Those Liangzhu nobles who control power to protect their vested interests，Often needs to use the belief of the deity as a spiritual weapon to control the people，to strengthen social integration and control。The biggest feature of the worship of the natural master is that it can pass the ritual、Belief of symbols and sacrifice buildings，Let the deity belief as an ideological basis and legalize the power of the rulers。So，Use the religious "sacred" spiritual power that surpasses the early social blood organization，instead of naked authority、Violence is the basis for its rule，It will make the society relatively mild in the class in class layers，Relieve blood in social transformation、violence and mandatory means。

Next，Comprehensive consideration of various factors，Mojiao Mountain Palace District distributed in the ancient city of Liangzhu、Anti -Mountain King Mausoleum and other large buildings，and the exquisite jade ceremony unearthed from the tomb、Complicated patterns, etc.，It shows that the city is full of religion at that time、The sacred and solemn atmosphere，It seems to be the "Holy City" worshiped by the ancestors of the Liangzhu Society and the God of God.，instead of simply as a city of political center。Liangzhu's "Ancient City" city wall slope gentle，Wall site width，Basic paving stone surface width of the city wall is 40-60 meters，Lack of angle like other cities like other areas and the ground，Easy to be climbed、Turn over。Therefore, do some scholars hold questions about the city wall with war significance。The author believes that the ancient city wall of Liangzhu should be a "holy city" logo with comprehensive functions。It has the role of the "Holy City" regional boundary，There is also anti -enemy、Following flood control and religious etiquette。It is in this fierce religious atmosphere，Liangzhu "Ancient City" has a lofty sacred status and strong social integration and mobilization ability，Make Liangzhu Culture stabilized without a big fierce conflict。

　　Holy Political Body has its specific social root

The formation and continuity of the rare Liangzhu sacred political body in prehistoric China，There are various special factors。

First，The interaction between the ecological environment and social culture is an important reason for the formation of Liangzhu society。Liangzhu Culture is in the semi -closed environment around the Taihu Basin，Taihu Lake is surrounded by the broad environment of rice agriculture and the need to resist floods，Make it develop agricultural on the one hand、Reinforcement of agricultural production collaboration between regions (such as building large water conservancy projects and irrigation facilities); on the other hand, its semi -closed environment is not easy to be invaded by foreign ethnic groups。This makes Liangzhu society's worship of the Bloody Clan and the ancestors of the ancestors，But this phenomenon has not developed to the point where the tribute to the traditional "God" belief is resisted。This faith mode has made Liangzhu society in a relatively stable environment for a long time，It also enables the traditional worship of the Japanese gods。This is different from many prehistoric Chinese sets of "small area" in the "small watershed" steps.、Bloody、closedness，and the corresponding ancestor worship mode，So as to have its own characteristics in the social integration method of this area。

Next，The public service function of the Nikko faith plays an important role in social development。Nikko belief represents the spiritual life of Liangzhu's ancestors and deity beliefs。Look from anthropological materials，One of the important reasons for the formation of this early human religious belief is that the ancestors of the ancestor's production、Public service needs of life activities。Ru Guantian Testing of the Nikko belief、Master the solar terms、Trailer wind and rain、Exorcism, eliminating disease, etc.，It is the public service product that Liangzhu Rice Agriculture and its ancestors need。Religion and science contained in these prehistoric religions、psychedelic and rational bet365 best casino games functions that are compatible with actual needs，The broad social foundation that constitutes the faith in the gods。Liu Bin and others have passed to Yaoshan、Many years of observation of two altars in Huiguanshan，The direction of the sunrise and the finger position of the four corners of the altar have amazing consistency，It is speculated that its function should be used to observe the sun for the annual test (Liu Bin et al.: "Liangzhu: The Kingdom of God"，"Chinese Cultural Heritage" 2017 No. 3)。It can be said，Liangzhu Nikko belief aggregated many scientific and technological knowledge of early rice agriculture、Life experience，Incorporate sacrifice、In the religious belief of divination。Due to the spiritual needs and public service of the ancestors due to this belief，In the absence of a violent turmoil in society，It will continue naturally。

again，Liangzhu Nika belief has a strong social integration and constructive role。Look from the archeological materials，The degree of political and physical development in Liangzhu society is not balanced。The ethical rules contained in the religious spirit connotation of the main god of nature through the unified religious deity belief and the "holy city" status of Liangzhu "、The ancient ethics and customary rules of the tribe，Make the aristocrat and the people voluntarily achieve the inherent needs of maintaining the real social structure and order of the belief。The burial "artifact" and related rituals unearthed from the tomb，It can be seen that these direct or indirect reflection of the ancestors' beliefs、Ethical rules presented by the materialized carrier of psychological，It can also be speculated that people's collective social consciousness at that time。

Last，The diversity of the complexity path of the early human society is caused by the diversity。Looking at the current anthropological materials，Early human civilization has no absolutely unified evolution mode，Prehistoric China is the same。At present, some scholars in our country are exploring the evolution path of civilization in prehistoric regions，Proposed divine rights、Military Rights、Combination of royal power，and countries that are mainly divine rights; military rights、The king's country and other modes combined with the kingship。From a macro perspective，This is undoubtedly valuable。but，If a fine analysis，We will see that there are different features in various prehistoric areas under this big pattern。For example, Qujialing -Shijiahe Culture，The worship of the natural main god gradually shifted to the worship of the ancestor god in the evolution of society，This makes its social organizations more trendy for compulsory level social models。It's like the "Dongyi" area in the lower reaches of the former Yellow River，The conversion of the worship of the ancestors due to its faith in the god of the sun，Make it formed a powerful "Taihao", "Shao Hao" ethnic group and the fierce confrontation and conflict in social evolution。Therefore，In the process of social complexity in prehistoric China，Due to the differences in the ecological and human environment、Differences of the original religious belief mode，The features of the evolution of civilization，and form a diverse path of ancient Chinese civilization。

　　(The picture in the text is taken from the "Anti -Mountain" and the official website of the Liangzhu Museum)

(The author is the second -level professor of the History and Social College of Chongqing Normal University、Former Vice President of the Chinese Society of Social History)