1972，International folk academic group "Roman Club" released the report "The Extreme of the Growth"。This report involves economic growth、Population、Resource、Ecological Environment、Capital、Technical and other major issues related to the fate of human future，It has developed a wide and far -reaching impact internationally，So far translated into more than 30 languages，Global issuance reaches tens of millions of volumes。The report also lays the foundation for sustainable development and "de -growth" concept。2022 is the 50th anniversary of the release of the report，The reporter of our newspaper has recently "to grow"、Development、Dispute、Challenge and other issues interviewed Timothée Parrique, a researcher at the School of Economics, Sweden。

　　bet365 Play online games

"Remove" is both an economic theory，It is also an economy、Social and Political Movement。Its basic meaning is to reduce the scale of production and consumption to a sustainable level，To enhance human well -being、Improve ecological level and social fairness。"Decoming" a critical attitude towards the blind pursuit of GDP for capitalism，Advocating social development should fully consider the ecosystem，Create more space for the harmonious symbiosis of man and nature。In a "growth" society，Material accumulation no longer occupies a dominant position，Efficiency priority is transformed into sufficient priority，Technical innovation focuses on making people happy、Simple Life。

According to Parik Introduction，The concept of "de -growth" can be traced back to political ecological sciences that emerged in the 1970s，It is formed under the comprehensive influence of various political and academic thoughts，Representatives and doctrine include: Austrian social philosopher Andre Gorz criticized for employment labor; Romanian mathematicians、Economist Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen (Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen) built biological economics，"Entropy" of the concept of physics into economics; Greek philosopher、Economist's "extreme autonomy" concept of Cornelius Castoriadis; French writer Franco Sawa Volobonne Ecological feminism; Austrian philosopher bet365 best casino games Ivan Illich's "joy" concept; pioneer of feminist economics、New Zealand social activist Marilyn Waring's criticism of the national economic accounting。

The first use of the term "deducting" is Gogo。1972，A seminar organized by his "New Observer" in France News Weekly asked about the relationship between economic growth and capitalism，"The non -growth of material production or even growth is a necessary condition for global equilibrium，Is this equilibrium compatible with the survival of the capitalist system? "same year，from Dennis Meadows、J? Rgen Randers, etc. from the United States、17 scholars in Norway and other countries reported "The Extreme of the Growth".。Report name，If the current population of the world increases、Rising degree of industrialization、Invoasant pollution、Resource exhaustion and other trends continue，The Earth will reach the limit limit in the next century，The most likely result will be that the population and industrial production capacity will be suddenly and uncontrollable。

"The Extreme of Growth" has caused warm discussions in the economics world，and coincide with George Esku-Logan's discussion on economic growth。French philosopher Jacques Grineval and Belgian jurist Ivo Renes translated George Esku Rogan into French，In 1979, a collection of essays "Tomorrow's Growth: Entropy、Ecological and Economy "。This work has played a strong role in promoting the "Decoction" movement，Further expanded the influence of the concept of "growth" in the French academic community。but but，By the 1980s，With the rise of neo -liberalism，The popularity of "growth" has retreated。

"Depending on Growth" has attracted a lot of attention again. It was in the early 21st century。February 2002，French magazine "Silent" launched a special issue with the theme of "Decoction"。In the same year，The establishment of the Institute of Economic and Social Research on Sustainable Economic and Social Researchs and held a special seminar on "Going to Growth"。Many well -known "growth" scholars participated in this seminar，If a French economist Serge Latouche、Italian economist Mauro Bonaiuti、French political scholar Paul Ariès、French ecologist Fran? 觭 OIS Schneider。

2007，Schneider and others founded the academic group "Research and Devouring"，and starting from 2008, "Decided in Ecological Sustainable and Social bet365 best casino games Fairness to Growth International Conference"。Since then，The word "Degrowth" that means "growing" in English enters the international academic discussion，Know more people。More and more scientists、Social activists and related industries practitioners take the meeting as exchange、Learning、"Collection Point" for expanding cooperation，The "Decoction" movement has also received increasingly widespread attention。2007-2017，About 100 articles about "growth" in the world have been published by international academic journals。Except economics，Political Science、Sociology、Scholars of disciplines such as philosophy and other disciplines are increasingly using the word "growth"，and will "go to growth" and travel、Health、Culture and Power、Environmental impartment and other issues are combined to discuss。

　　"Remove" does not mean decline or backward

Parik told this reporter，Understand controversy about "growth"，It is important to thoroughly understand "growth"。Some of these disputes originated from misunderstandings about "growth"。Economist Branko Milanovic, who is famous for research on income distribution and inequality, seems to be，Economic growth is still very important in the 21st century。Parik said，"Remove" is not the same as recession or depression。Although the mainstream growth mode is questioned、The rise of non -mainstream economics is common in periods of economic difficulties，and the performance of "growth" and decline has some similarities，But this does not mean that "growth" must start at a recession。The designed economic transformation must be better than the transformation that is forced to cause，Because the latter is not voluntarily initiated。

So，"Delays" and "Growth" should not be used as synonymous words for "increase" and "reduction"。If the decline is a manifestation of the failure of the growth of the growth society，So "de -growth" is to get rid of the normal operation of a new type of society with "growth first" thinking。Matthias Schmelzer, a researcher at the Institute of Sociology, Fedei Schiller, Jear, Germany, said，"The goal of 'growing' is to eliminate the negative effects of growth on the level of social structure and social imagination"。Similarly，GDP drop is the inevitable result of "going to grow"，instead of target。

Another common criticism of "going to grow"，"Remove Growth" is a kind of reflux bet365 Play online games and nostalgia，is a resistance to changes and progress，Contraday with innovation。Parik responded to this，Past and Future、Tradition and innovation are not absolutely opposed。In fact，"Going to Grow" refuses to turn the past as a paradise that should be returned，Because this will cause stagnation and melancholic mentality; "Deceiving" also refuses to turn the past demon into hell that must be escaped，Because this will cause society to go forward blindly。Budging from the past may not be fully returned to the past，"Go to Growth" claim to inject new meaning into the old practice。Professor Susan Paulson, a professor at the Latin American Research Center of the University of Florida, said，"The purpose of 'going to grow' is not to encourage returning to the original life or an underdeveloped society; on the contrary，After a variety of possible modes of human existence，Build a new future with a broader vision "。

　　"Only GDP" catalyze the addiction to growth

The main growth indicators in the growth society should be GDP。1934，Russian economist Simon Smith Kuznets (Simon Smith Kuznets) for the first time in his report "1929-1935 National Increase" used the modern GDP concept。Since the Bretton Forest Conference，GDP becomes a common indicator of economic performance that measures a country in a certain period of time，It is also an important basis for the economic strength of various countries。Under the influence of the Methodist of Kuznets，The United Nations launched the national account system in 1953。This is an internationally recognized、Standard suggestions on the preparation of economic activity measures。In this proposal，The process of preparing economic activities must follow strict、An accounting rules based on the principles of economics。Where，It includes accounting rules for key indicators such as GDP。

Parik talk about，The "support" of GDP has changed the economy from many aspects。First，Economy becomes controlled。Before the 1930s，Most economists pay attention to endogenous economic cycle fluctuations。That time，Growth is just one means。After the 1920s and 1930s，Affected by the research of Kanes Economics and Kuznets，Growth becomes a policy goal，Government regulating the economy tends to be common。Second，GDP makes social life economy possible，Any social category can be attributed to two categories: producers and consumers。Bet365 lotto review Similarly，GDP laid the foundation for the commercialization of resources and relationships that was not in the market。such as，Education、Scientific Research、Culture begins to be regarded as potential production factors，can be used to stimulate economic growth。third，GDP is used to measure the overall well -being of a country，Blating the boundary between social welfare and economic benefits，The number of items produced and consumed increased into the main source of social welfare。

Statistics of national income have spawned the perspective of unlimited economic growth，In turn, the status of GDP is stronger。Under the incentive effect of GDP，The world economy once grew at high speed，Large -scale population out of poverty and realize housing、Medical、Education、Employment and other basic needs。but，The natural environment is severely damaged、Unemployment increase、Weaken social condensation and other issues also follow。​​Matthew Agarwala, an environmental economist at the Institute of Public Policy Research Institute of Cambridge University, believes，GDP ignores all resources provided by the ecosystem、Social bond that connects people with people、The health and skills of all members of the society，and people's trust in the system depended on knowledge creation and productivity improvement。

Since the second half of the 20th century，Many scholars and politicians have spent social welfare and social costs、Gender Equality、Ecological environment protection、Social Justice、Post -Development Theory and other angles Criticize the abuse of GDP，Other indicators used to replace GDP to measure economic development and social progress can also be born。The earliest was the "Economic Welfare Measurement" founded by American economist William Nordhaus and James Tobin in 1972。other，There is also the "National Pure Welfare" launched by the Japanese government in 1973; the "Human Development Index" released by the United Nations Development Planning Department in 1990; 1989 American ecological economist Herman E. Daly) and American philosopher John B. Cobb, jr.) The "Sustainable Economic Welfare Index" proposed; in 1995, the US policy entrepreneur Ted Halstead and others will expand the "real progress formed" formed by the "sustainable economic welfare index" expansion of the "sustainable economic welfare index" Bet365 app download Indicators "; UN Environmental Planning Agency's" inclusive wealth index "launched in 2012。

Although alternative indicators are getting richer，but not enough to replace GDP，GDP still exerts a huge economy、Political and social influence。Charles Seaford, a senior researcher at the British "National Think Tank", summarizes several obstacles to the use of GDP replacement indicators in policy formulation。First，Limitation of budget，The use of new indicators will increase administrative costs and human resources demand。Second，No available data，or although there are available data，But the data is insufficient、The update frequency is lower。third，Natural conservatism，That is the resistance and risk aversion to breaking the custom of customs。fourth，Alternative indicators are regarded by some people as extra，The market can get the best results through automatic adjustment，Unless the market fails，and people have mature methods to respond to market failure。Fifth，Do not understand the alternative index or understand the understanding of the alternative indicator。sixth，The propaganda of the alternative indicator failed to attract the public。Seventh，Although there are many alternative indicators，But there is no consensus single indicator，Therefore, it is impossible to replace GDP directly。and，Use alternative indicators will also increase the complexity and uncertainty of policy analysis。Eighth，Lack of institutions and officials who lack the active use of alternative indicators，Index designers have not focused on what resistance will be encountered during the decision -making process。Ninth，cross -domain、cross -institution、Cross -department cooperation is difficult，Lack of professional human resources。

　　Construction of sustainable future

American economist Kenneth Rogoff Talking in the article "Reflection of Growth"，"Modern macroeconomics usually regards rapid and stable economic growth as the most important policy，This phenomenon repeatedly appeared in political debate、In the title of the central bank conference room and the header of the newspaper "。Actually，The "growth" described by economists is just the corner of the iceberg，The pursuit of growth has spread all levels of social life，Almost evolved into a kind of political and social worship。Australia Bet365 app download "Deepening" researcher Ted Trainer General，"Not our society has a growth economy，but this is a growth society "。

David Harvey, a British geographical scientist, defined capitalism as such a social form in the "17 Contradictions of Capital Society": "In this social form，Material of social life、Supply and shaping of social and knowledge foundations，Demand by the circulation and accumulation process of capital。"British music critic、Political and cultural theorist Mark Fisher Mark Fisher in "Capitalist Realism: No choice? "Written in the book，"Capitalist realism is like an ubiquitous atmosphere，It determines cultural production、Regulation of work and education，Eliminate people's thoughts and actions like intangible obstacles "。Parik said，If Harvey and Fisher said the "process and accumulation process of capital" and "capitalist realism" change to "economic growth"，We can accurately understand growthism and feel the negative effects it brings。Therefore，If you want to implement "Devil"、Construction for sustainable future，Must break growthism。