1972，The international private academic group "Club of Rome" released the report "The Limits to nj bet365"。This report covers economic nj bet365、Population、Resource、Ecological environment、Capital、Technology and other major issues related to the future and destiny of mankind，Has a broad and far-reaching impact internationally，Has been translated into more than 30 languages ​​so far，Global circulation reaches tens of millions。The report also lays the foundation for sustainable development and "de-nj bet365" concepts。2022 is the 50th anniversary of the report，Our reporter recently discussed the origin of “de-nj bet365”、Development、Controversy、Challenges and other issues interviewed Timothée Parrique, a researcher at the School of Economics, Lund University, Sweden。

　　“De-nj bet365” became popular twice

“De-growth” is an economic theory，It is also an economy、nj bet365 and political movements。Its basic meaning is to reduce the scale of production and consumption to sustainable levels，To enhance human welfare、Improve ecological level and nj bet365 equity。“De-growth” is critical of capitalism’s policy of blindly pursuing GDP，Advocate that nj bet365 development should fully consider the ecosystem，Create more space for the harmonious coexistence of man and nature。In a “de-growth” society，Material accumulation no longer dominates，Efficiency priority changes to adequacy priority，Technological innovation focuses on making people live a happy life、Simple life。

According to Parikh，The concept of “de-growth” can be traced back to the political ecology that emerged in the 1970s，It was formed under the combined influence of various political and academic thoughts，Representative figures and doctrines include: Austrian nj bet365 philosopher Andre Gorz’s criticism of wage labor；Romanian mathematician、Economist Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen frames bioeconomics，And introduce the physics concept "entropy" into economics；Greek Philosopher、Economist Cornelius Castoriadis’ concept of “extreme autonomy”；French writer Françoise d'Aubonna (Fran?Ecofeminism of Chioise d′Eaubonne；The concept of “joy” by the Austrian philosopher Ivan Illich；Pioneer of Feminist Economics、New Zealand nj bet365 activist Marilyn Waring’s criticism of the National Accounts。

The first person to use the term “degrowth” was Gautz。1972，He asked questions about the relationship between economic nj bet365 and capitalism at a seminar organized by French news weekly Le Nouvel Observateur，“Non-nj bet365 or even de-nj bet365 of material production is a necessary condition for global equilibrium，Is this equilibrium compatible with the survival of the capitalist system？”Same year，By Dennis Meadows、Jorgen Landers (J?觧rgen Randers) and others from the United States、The report "The Limits to nj bet365" co-authored by 17 scholars from Norway and other countries was released。Reported，If the current world population increases、Industrialization is increasing、Intensified pollution、Trends such as resource exhaustion continue，Earth will reach nj bet365 limit within next century，The most likely outcome will be a sudden and uncontrollable decline in population and industrial production capacity。

"The Limits to nj bet365" caused heated discussions in the economics community，And it coincides with George Escu-Rogan’s discussion of economic nj bet365。The French philosopher Jacques Grinevald and the Belgian jurist Ivo Rens translated George Escud-Rogan's relevant article into French，Published the collection "Tomorrow's Degrowth: Entropy" in 1979、Ecology and Economy》。This work has played a strong role in promoting the "de-nj bet365" movement，further expands the influence of the “de-nj bet365” concept in French academic circles。However，In the 1980s and 1990s，With the rise of neoliberalism，The popularity of “de-nj bet365” has receded。

“De-nj bet365” received a lot of attention again at the beginning of the 21st century。February 2002，French magazine "Silence" launches a special issue with the theme of "degrowth"。Same year，The Institute of Sustainable De-nj bet365 Economics and Society was established and held a special seminar on “De-nj bet365”。Many well-known “de-nj bet365” scholars participated in this seminar，For example, French economist Serge Latouche、Italian economist Mauro Bonaiuti、French political scientist Paul Ariès、French ecologist François Schneider (Fran?譭ois Schneider）。

　2007，Schneider and others founded the academic group "Research and Degrowth"，And the “International Conference on De-Growth Committed to Ecological Sustainability and nj bet365 Equity” has been held since 2008。Since then，The word "degrowth" in English, which means "degrowth", has entered international academic discussion，Be known to more people。More and more scientists、nj bet365 activists and related industry practitioners use this conference as a communication、Learning、The "meeting point" for expanding cooperation，The “de-growth” movement has also received increasing attention。2007-2017，About 100 articles on “de-growth” have been published in international academic journals around the world。Except Economics，Political Science、Sociology、Scholars in philosophy and other disciplines are also increasingly using the term “degrowth”，And "de-growth" and tourism、Health、Culture and Power、Environmental justice and other issues are discussed together。

　　“De-nj bet365” does not mean recession or regression

Parikh told this reporter，Learn about the controversy over “degrowth”，Important for a thorough understanding of “de-nj bet365”。Some of these controversies stem from misunderstandings about “de-nj bet365”。In the opinion of Branko Milanovic, an economist known for his research on income distribution and inequality，Economic nj bet365 remains very important in the 21st century。Parikh said，“Degrowth” does not equate to recession or depression。Although the mainstream nj bet365 model is questioned、The rise of non-mainstream economic theories is common in times of economic hardship，And there are some similarities between “degrowth” and recession，But this does not mean that “degrowth” must begin with recession。Designed economic transformation must be better than forced transformation，Because the latter is not initiated voluntarily by people。

Therefore，“Degrowth” and “Growth” should not be used as synonyms for “Increase” and “Decrease”。If recession is a manifestation of the failure of a growth-oriented society，Then "de-growth" is a manifestation of the normal operation of a new society that has got rid of the "growth first" thinking。Matthias Schmelzer, researcher at the Institute of Sociology at Friedrich Schiller University in Jena, Germany，“The goal of ‘de-growth’ is to eliminate the negative effects of growth at the level of nj bet365 structure and nj bet365 imagination”。Same，The decline in GDP is the inevitable result of “de-growth”，not target。

Another common criticism of “degrowth”，“De-nj bet365” is a kind of retrogressive nostalgia，Is resistance to change and progress，Contrary to innovation。Parikh responded to this，Past and future、Tradition and innovation are not absolutely opposite。In fact，“Degrowth” refuses to idealize the past as a paradise to which one should return，Because this will cause stagnation and depression；Degrowth also refuses to demonize the past as a hell that must be escaped，Because this will lead to society moving forward blindly。Learning from the past does not necessarily mean going back to the past，“De-nj bet365” advocates injecting new meaning into old practices。Susan Paulson, professor at the Center for Latin American Studies at the University of Florida, said，“The purpose of ‘degrowth’ research is not to encourage a return to primitive life or an underdeveloped society；Opposite，After realizing the many possible modes of human existence，We can build a new future with a broader vision”。

　　“Only GDP” catalyzes the addiction to nj bet365

The main nj bet365 indicator in a nj bet365-oriented society should be GDP。1934，Russian economist Simon Smith Kuznets first used the concept of GDP in the modern sense in his report "National Income 1929-1935"。Since the Bretton Woods Conference，GDP has become a common indicator to measure a country’s economic performance in a certain period，It is also an important basis for comparing the economic strength of various countries。Under the influence of Kuznets’ methodology and the U.S. Department of Commerce，The United Nations launched the System of National Accounts in 1953。This is an internationally recognized set of、Standard Recommendations for Compiling Measures of Economic Activity。In this suggestion，The process of compiling measures of economic activity must follow strict guidelines、Accounting rules based on economic principles。Among them，Contains accounting rules for key indicators such as GDP。

Parikh talks about，The “advocacy” of GDP has changed the economy in many ways。First，The economy becomes manageable。Before the 1930s，Economists mostly focus on endogenous business cycle fluctuations。At that time，Growth is just a means。After the 1920s and 1930s，Influenced by Keynesian economics and Kuznets research，Growth becomes a policy goal，Government regulation of the economy becomes more common。Second，GDP makes it possible to economize nj bet365 life，Any nj bet365 category can be divided into two categories: producers and consumers。Same，GDP sets the stage for the commodification of resources and relationships that were once outside the scope of the market。For example，Education、Scientific Research、Culture begins to be regarded as a potential factor of production，Can be used to stimulate economic growth。Third，GDP is used to measure a country’s overall well-being，Blurring the boundaries between nj bet365 welfare and economic welfare，The increase in the number of items produced and consumed has become the main source of nj bet365 welfare。

National income statistics gave rise to the view that economic growth has no limits，In turn, it also makes the position of GDP stronger。Under the incentive of GDP，The world economy once grew rapidly，Large-scale population lifted out of poverty and achieved housing、Medical、Education、Basic needs such as employment。But，The natural environment has been severely damaged、Rising inequality、Problems such as the weakening of nj bet365 cohesion have also followed。Matthew Agarwala, an environmental economist at the Bennett Institute of Public Policy at the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom, believes，GDP ignores all resources provided by the ecosystem、nj bet365 ties that connect people to each other、Health and skills of all members of society，and trust in the institutions upon which knowledge creation and productivity improvements depend。

Since the second half of the 20th century，Many scholars and politicians have discussed nj bet365 welfare and nj bet365 costs、Gender equality、Ecological environment protection、nj bet365 Justice、Criticizing the abuse of GDP from the perspective of post-development theory，Other indicators used to replace GDP to measure economic development and nj bet365 progress have also emerged。The earliest of them is the "Economic Welfare Measure" created by American economists William Nordhaus and James Tobin in 1972。In addition，There is also the “Net National Welfare” launched by the Japanese government in 1973；“Human Development Index” released by the United Nations Development Program in 1990；1989 American ecological economist Herman E. Dali（Herman E. Daly) and American philosopher John B. Jr.. John B. Cobb, Jr.)；In 1995, American policy entrepreneur Ted Halstead and others expanded the "Sustainable Economic Welfare Index" to form the "Real Progress Indicator"；The "Inclusive Wealth Index" launched by the United Nations Environment Program in 2012。

Although alternative indicators are becoming more and more abundant，But they are not enough to replace GDP，GDP still plays a huge role in the economy、Political and nj bet365 influence。Charles Seaford, a senior researcher at the British National Think Tank, summarized several obstacles to using GDP alternative indicators in policy making。First，Budget limitations，That is, the use of new indicators will increase administrative costs and human resource requirements。Second，No data available，Or although data is available，But the data is not timely enough、Less update frequency。Third，Natural conservatism，i.e. resistance and risk aversion to breaking conventions。Fourth，Alternative indicators are considered redundant by some，The market can achieve optimal results through automatic adjustment，Unless the market fails，And people have mature methods to deal with market failures。Fifth，Not understanding or misunderstanding of alternative indicators。Sixth，The promotion of alternative indicators has not sufficiently engaged the public。Seventh，Although there are many alternative indicators，But there is no single consensus indicator yet，So GDP cannot be directly replaced。And，Using alternative indicators also increases the complexity and uncertainty of policy analysis。Eighth，Lack of agencies and officials actively using alternative indicators，Indicator designers did not focus on the resistance that alternative indicators would encounter in the decision-making process。Ninth，Cross-field、Cross-agency、Cross-departmental cooperation is difficult，Lack of professional human resources。

　　Building nj bet365

American economist Kenneth Rogoff said in the article "Rethinking the Necessity of Growth"，“Modern macroeconomics usually regards rapid and stable economic growth as the most important policy，This phenomenon appears repeatedly in political debates、In central bank conference room and newspaper front page headlines”。Actually，What economists describe as “growth” is just the tip of the iceberg，The pursuit of growth has spread to all levels of nj bet365 life，Almost evolved into a political and nj bet365 cult。Summary by Australian “de-growth” researcher Ted Trainer，“It is not our society that has a growth economy，But this is a growth society”。

British geographer David Harvey defined capitalism as such a nj bet365 form in his book "17 Contradictions of Capital Society": "In this nj bet365 form，Materials of nj bet365 life、Provision and shaping of nj bet365 and knowledge base，Subject to the circulation and accumulation process of capital。”British music critic、Political and cultural theorist Mark Fisher in Capitalist Realism: No Alternative？》Written in the book，“Capitalist realism is like a ubiquitous atmosphere，It determines cultural production、Regulation of work and education，Like an invisible barrier that restricts people’s thoughts and actions”。Parikh said，If the “circulation and accumulation process of capital” and “capitalist realism” mentioned by Harvey and Fisher are replaced by “economic growth”，We can accurately understand growthism and feel its negative effects。Therefore，If you want to implement “de-growth”、Building a sustainable future，Growthism must be broken。